Long noncoding RNA TUG1 promotes cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer via upregulation of DNA polymerase eta.

Chemoresistance is a major cause of high mortality and poor survival in patients with ovarian cancer (OVCA). Understanding the mechanisms of chemoresistance is urgently required to develop effective therapeutic approaches to OVCA. Here, we show that expression of the long noncoding RNA, taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1), is markedly upregulated in samples from OVCA patients who developed resistance to primary platinum-based therapy. Depletion of TUG1 increased sensitivity to cisplatin in the OVCA cell lines, SKOV3 and KURAMOCHI. Combination therapy of cisplatin with antisense oligonucleotides targeting TUG1 coupled with a drug delivery system effectively relieved the tumor burden in xenograft mouse models. Mechanistically, TUG1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA by downregulating miR-4687-3p and miR-6088, both of which target DNA polymerase eta (POLH), an enzyme required for translesion DNA synthesis. Overexpression of POLH reversed the effect of TUG1 depletion on cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. Our data suggest that TUG1 upregulation allows OVCA to tolerate DNA damage via upregulation of POLH; this provides a strong rationale for targeting TUG1 to overcome cisplatin resistance in OVCA.

A New Drug Discovery Platform: Application to DNA Polymerase Eta and Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1.

The ability to quickly discover reliable hits from screening and rapidly convert them into lead compounds, which can be verified in functional assays, is central to drug discovery. The expedited validation of novel targets and the identification of modulators to advance to preclinical studies can significantly increase drug development success. Our SaXPyTM ("SAR by X-ray Poses Quickly") platform, which is applicable to any X-ray crystallography-enabled drug target, couples the established methods of protein X-ray crystallography and fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) with advanced computational and medicinal chemistry to deliver small molecule modulators or targeted protein degradation ligands in a short timeframe. Our approach, especially for elusive or "undruggable" targets, allows for (i) hit generation; (ii) the mapping of protein-ligand interactions; (iii) the assessment of target ligandability; (iv) the discovery of novel and potential allosteric binding sites; and (v) hit-to-lead execution. These advances inform chemical tractability and downstream biology and generate novel intellectual property. We describe here the application of SaXPy in the discovery and development of DNA damage response inhibitors against DNA polymerase eta (Pol η or POLH) and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1 or APEX1). Notably, our SaXPy platform allowed us to solve the first crystal structures of these proteins bound to small molecules and to discover novel binding sites for each target.

Nontraditional Roles of DNA Polymerase Eta Support Genome Duplication and Stability.

DNA polymerase eta (Pol η) is a Y-family polymerase and the product of the POLH gene. Autosomal recessive inheritance of POLH mutations is the cause of the xeroderma pigmentosum variant, a cancer predisposition syndrome. This review summarizes mounting evidence for expanded Pol η cellular functions in addition to DNA lesion bypass that are critical for maintaining genome stability. In vitro, Pol η displays efficient DNA synthesis through difficult-to-replicate sequences, catalyzes D-loop extensions, and utilizes RNA-DNA hybrid templates. Human Pol η is constitutively present at the replication fork. In response to replication stress, Pol η is upregulated at the transcriptional and protein levels, and post-translational modifications regulate its localization to chromatin. Numerous studies show that Pol η is required for efficient common fragile site replication and stability. Additionally, Pol η can be recruited to stalled replication forks through protein-protein interactions, suggesting a broader role in replication fork recovery. During somatic hypermutations, Pol η is recruited by mismatch repair proteins and is essential for VH gene A:T basepair mutagenesis. Within the global context of repeat-dense genomes, the recruitment of Pol η to perform specialized functions during replication could promote genome stability by interrupting pure repeat arrays with base substitutions. Alternatively, not engaging Pol η in genome duplication is costly, as the absence of Pol η leads to incomplete replication and increased chromosomal instability.

Identification of Frameshift Variants in POLH Gene Causing Xeroderma Pigmentosum in Two Consanguineous Pakistani Families.

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by severe sensitivity of skin to sunlight and an increased risk of skin cancer. XP variant (XPV), a milder subtype, is caused by variants in the POLH gene. POLH encodes an error-prone DNA-polymerase eta (pol eta) which performs translesion synthesis past ultraviolet photoproducts. The current study documents the clinical and genetic investigations of two large consanguineous Pakistani families affected with XPV. In family 1, whole exome sequencing (WES) revealed a novel frameshift variant, c.1723dupG (p.(Val575Glyfs*4)), of POLH, which is predicted to cause frameshift and premature truncation of the encoded enzyme. Indeed, our ex vivo studies in HEK293T cells confirmed the truncation of the encoded protein due to the c.1723dupG variant. In family 2, Sanger sequencing of POLH exons, revealed a recurrent nonsense variant, c.437dupA (p.Tyr146*). POLH forms a hetero-tetrameric POLZ complex with REV3L, REV7, POLD2 and POLD3. Next, we performed in silico analysis of POLH and other POLZ complex genes expression in publicly available single cell mRNAseq datasets from adult human healthy and aging skin. We found overlapping expression of POLH, REV3L and POLD2 in multiple cell types including differentiated and undifferentiated keratinocytes, pericytes and melanocytes in healthy skin. However, in aging human skin, POLH expression is reduced in compare to its POLZ complex partners. Insights from our study will facilitate counseling regarding the molecular and phenotypic landscape of POLH-related XPV.

Hemochromatosis and Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Two (Un)Suspicious Neighbors.

A 51-year-old woman, clinically diagnosed with Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), showed abnormalities in liver enzymes, high ferritin and transferrin saturation levels, with ultrasonographic features of chronic liver disease, in addition to skin hyperpigmentation. Genetic testing confirmed the clinical hypothesis of hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). Due to the known proximity of HFE (6p22.2) and POLH (6p21.1) genes, accountable for HH and the XP-V variant, respectively, a genetic test was offered and a rare variant of the POLH gene was identified. We report the first confirmed case, to our knowledge, of a patient diagnosed both with XP and HH, in whom two mutated neighbor genes - POLH and HFE - were identified, possibly the result of genetic linkage.

Uma mulher de 51 anos, com antecedentes pessoais de Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), apresentava, além de hiperpigmentação cutânea, alterações nas enzimas hepáticas, elevação da ferritina sérica e da saturação da transferrina, bem como alterações ecográficas compatíveis com doença hepática crónica. A realização de um teste genético permitiu confirmar a hipótese diagnóstica de Hemocromatose Hereditária (HH). Pela proximidade conhecida dos genes HFE (6p22.2) e POLH (6p21.1), responsáveis pela HH e pelo XP-V, respetivamente, foi realizado um teste genético que detetou um polimorfismo raro do gene POLH. Reportamos o primeiro caso de uma paciente diagnosticada com XP e HH, na qual foram identificados dois genes vizinhos mutados ­ POLH e HFE ­, possivelmente como resultado de ligação genética.

Early Drug Discovery and Development of Novel Cancer Therapeutics Targeting DNA Polymerase Eta (POLH).

Polymerase eta (or Pol η or POLH) is a specialized DNA polymerase that is able to bypass certain blocking lesions, such as those generated by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) or cisplatin, and is deployed to replication foci for translesion synthesis as part of the DNA damage response (DDR). Inherited defects in the gene encoding POLH (a.k.a., XPV) are associated with the rare, sun-sensitive, cancer-prone disorder, xeroderma pigmentosum, owing to the enzyme's ability to accurately bypass UVR-induced thymine dimers. In standard-of-care cancer therapies involving platinum-based clinical agents, e.g., cisplatin or oxaliplatin, POLH can bypass platinum-DNA adducts, negating benefits of the treatment and enabling drug resistance. POLH inhibition can sensitize cells to platinum-based chemotherapies, and the polymerase has also been implicated in resistance to nucleoside analogs, such as gemcitabine. POLH overexpression has been linked to the development of chemoresistance in several cancers, including lung, ovarian, and bladder. Co-inhibition of POLH and the ATR serine/threonine kinase, another DDR protein, causes synthetic lethality in a range of cancers, reinforcing that POLH is an emerging target for the development of novel oncology therapeutics. Using a fragment-based drug discovery approach in combination with an optimized crystallization screen, we have solved the first X-ray crystal structures of small novel drug-like compounds, i.e., fragments, bound to POLH, as starting points for the design of POLH inhibitors. The intrinsic molecular resolution afforded by the method can be quickly exploited in fragment growth and elaboration as well as analog scoping and scaffold hopping using medicinal and computational chemistry to advance hits to lead. An initial small round of medicinal chemistry has resulted in inhibitors with a range of functional activity in an in vitro biochemical assay, leading to the rapid identification of an inhibitor to advance to subsequent rounds of chemistry to generate a lead compound. Importantly, our chemical matter is different from the traditional nucleoside analog-based approaches for targeting DNA polymerases.

The Iberian legacy into a young genetic xeroderma pigmentosum cluster in central Brazil.

In central Brazil, in the municipality of Faina (state of Goiás), the small and isolated village of Araras comprises a genetic cluster of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients. The high level of consanguinity and the geographical isolation gave rise to a high frequency of XP patients. Recently, two founder events were identified affecting that community, with two independent mutations at the POLH gene, c.764 + 1 G > A (intron 6) and c.907 C > T; p.Arg303* (exon 8). These deleterious mutations lead to the xeroderma pigmentosum variant syndrome (XP-V). Previous reports identified both mutations in other countries: the intron 6 mutation in six patients (four families) from Northern Spain (Basque Country and Cantabria) and the exon 8 mutation in two patients from different families in Europe, one of them from Kosovo. In order to investigate the ancestry of the XP patients and the age for these mutations at Araras, we generated genotyping information for 22 XP-V patients from Brazil (16), Spain (6) and Kosovo (1). The local genomic ancestry and the shared haplotype segments among the patients showed that the intron 6 mutation at Araras is associated with an Iberian genetic legacy. All patients from Goiás, homozygotes for intron 6 mutation, share with the Spanish patients identical-by-descent (IBD) genomic segments comprising the mutation. The entrance date for the Iberian haplotype at the village was calculated to be approximately 200 years old. This result is in agreement with the historical arrival of Iberian individuals at the Goiás state (BR). Patients from Goiás and the three families from Spain share 1.8 cM (family 14), 1.7 cM (family 15), and a more significant segment of 4.7 cM within family 13. On the other hand, the patients carrying the exon 8 mutation do not share any specific genetic segment, indicating an old genetic distance between them or even no common ancestry.

Perfil genômico da síndrome do xeroderma pigmentoso no Brasil: avaliação de alterações germinativas e somáticas / Genomic profile of xeroderma pigmentosum syndrome in Brazil: assessment of germline and somatic alterations

A síndrome do Xeroderma Pigmentoso (XP) ocorre frente à herança monogênica e bialélica de variantes germinativas patogênicas de perda ou redução de função em genes das vias de reparo por excisão de nucleotídeos ou síntese translesão. Consequentemente, é estabelecida deficiência na correção de lesões induzidas, principalmente por radiação ultravioleta, favorecendo alta sensibilidade à radiação solar e risco aumentado para o desenvolvimento de múltiplas lesões cutâneas pré-malignas e malignas. Visto que a heterogeneidade na manifestação clínica da síndrome é uma questão em discussão na literatura, para investigar este aspecto propusemos avaliar o perfil de variantes germinativas e variantes somáticas de tumores cutâneos e não cutâneos de indivíduos portadores de XP. Foi realizado o sequenciamento de alto desempenho utilizando a plataforma NextSeq (Illumina) para avaliar as regiões codificantes de 114 genes selecionados pela sua relevância em desordens dermatológicas, tumorigênese e fisiologia cutânea e resposta de dano ao DNA. Seis pacientes com fenótipo clínico da síndrome do XP e portadores de variantes germinativas clinicamente relevantes nos genes XPC ou POLH/XPV foram avaliados no estudo. Variantes germinativas de significado incerto foram identificadas, em heterozigose, no DNA de leucócito de cinco dos seis pacientes avaliados ocorrendo nos genes DNAH11, PCDHB3, RGS22, SLC27A5, TTN e UGT2B10 e nenhuma das variantes identificadas apresentou perda de heterozigose do alelo selvagem nos tecidos tumorais. O polimorfismo de risco para carcinoma basocelular de pele (CBC) rs3769823[A] no gene CASP8 não foi identificado em apenas um caso do estudo, o qual desenvolveu o menor número de tumores. O polimorfismo de risco rs1126809[A] no gene TYR foi detectado apenas no caso que apresentou o maior número de CBC. Amostras de DNA de nove CBCs de tecido armazenado em parafina e duas amostras de tumor gástrico de uma mesma peça cirúrgica, de tecido armazenado em parafina e congelado a fresco, foram avaliadas de forma pareada com o DNA de leucócito correspondente, para pesquisa de variantes somáticas. Variantes somáticas não foram identificadas na amostra de CBC da paciente XP-C com fenótipo menos agressivo da síndrome. O total de 235 variantes missense e 29 variantes de perda de função foram identificadas em 71 genes para sete amostras de CBC, mínimo de 11 e máximo de 127 variantes por amostra, com 85,2% destas apresentando frequência alélica ≥20%. Com exceção de um CBC, mais de 95% das variantes somáticas identificadas representam alterações tipicamente fotoinduzidas (C:G>T:A e G:C>T:A). Embora pacientes XP acumulem maior número de mutações devido deficiência no mecanismo de reparo, não observamos carga mutacional diferente do observado em CBCs esporádicos. Vinte e sete genes apresentaram variantes somáticas em mais de uma amostra de CBC. Nenhum gene foi compartilhado entre as sete amostras de CBC. Entre os genes alterados em maior número de tumores estão incluídos genes drivers de CBC (LATS1, NOTCH2, PTCH1, PTPN14 e TP53), bem como genes não clássicos na carcinogênese do CBC (APC, FLG e TTN). Uma variante driver em SMO foi recorrente em três CBCs de um mesmo paciente. Duas variantes somáticas foram identificadas no tumor gástrico de tecido congelado a fresco ocorrendo nos genes GLI3 e RB1, não sendo as mesmas detectadas no tecido armazenado em parafina. Nesse trabalho, ressalta-se a heterogeneidade na manifestação clínica da síndrome do XP e a identificação de dois polimorfismos de risco, bem como destaca-se o papel central das vias Sonic Hedgehog e Hippo na carcinogênese do CBC de pacientes XP (AU)

The Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) syndrome occurs on base of biallelic inheritance of pathogenic germline variants of loss of function or function reduction in genes that plays role in nucleotide excision repair and translesion synthesis. Consequently, patients are deficient in correct DNA lesions mainly induced by ultraviolet radiation, present high sensitivity to solar radiation and increased risk for the development of multiple premalignant and malignant skin lesions. Since the heterogeneity in the clinical manifestation is under constantly discussion in the literature, to investigate it we proposed to explore the profile of germline variants and somatic variants in skin and non-skin tumors from XP patients. High-performance sequencing using the NextSeq (Illumina) platform was performed to assess the coding regions of 114 genes selected for their relevance in dermatological disorders, skin carcinogenesis, cutaneous physiology and DNA damage response. Six patients with clinical phenotype of XP syndrome and carriers of clinically relevant germline variants in the XPC or POLH/XPV genes were evaluated in the study. Heterozygous germline variants of uncertain significance were identified in the leukocyte DNA from five of the six patients occurring in DNAH11, PCDHB3, RGS22, SLC27A5, TTN and UGT2B10 genes. None of the identified variants showed loss of heterozygosity of the wild allele in tumor tissues. The CASP8 risk polymorphism for basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC) rs3769823[A] was not identified in only one case of the study which developed the minor number of tumors. The TYR risk polymorphism rs1126809[A] was detected only in the case with the highest number of BCC. Somatic variants were investigated in DNA from nine samples of BCCs (tissue stored in paraffin) and two samples of gastric tumor from the same surgical (tissue stored in paraffin and fresh frozen), all paired with the corresponding leukocyte DNA. Somatic variants were not identified in the BCC sample of XP-C patient with a less aggressive syndrome phenotype. A total of 235 missense variants and 29 loss of function variants were identified in 71 genes for seven BCC samples. A minimum of 11 and a maximum of 127 variants per sample were detected, with 85.2% showing an allelic frequency ≥20%. Except for one BCC, more than 95% of the identified somatic variants represented typically photoinduced mutations (C:G>T:A and G:C>T:A). Although XP patients accumulate a greater number of mutations due to deficiency in the repair mechanism, we did not observe different mutational load compared with sporadic BCCs. Twenty-seven genes showed somatic variants in more than one BCC sample. Genes shared between the seven BCC samples were not found. Among the altered genes in a greater number of tumors, it was identified BCC driver genes (LATS1, NOTCH2, PTCH1, PTPN14 and TP53), as well as genes non-classical for BCC carcinogenesis (APC, FLG and TTN). A driver variant in SMO was recurrent in three BCCs from the same patient. Two somatic variants in GLI3 and RB1 genes were identified occurring only in the fresh frozen tissue of gastric tumor, not in the tissue stored in paraffin. In this work, the heterogeneous clinical manifestation of XP syndrome is highlighted, as well as the identification of two risk polymorphisms. In addition, this work emphasizes the central role of the Sonic Hedgehog and Hippo pathways in BCC carcinogenesis of XP patients.

Highly efficient production of rabies virus glycoprotein G ectodomain in Sf9 insect cells.

In the present study, we developed a complete process to produce in insect cells a high amount of the ectodomain of rabies virus glycoprotein G (GE) as suitable antigen for detecting anti-rabies antibodies. Using the baculovirus expression vector system in Sf9 insect cells combined with a novel chimeric promoter (polh-pSeL), the expression level reached a yield of 4.1 ± 0.3 mg/L culture, which was significantly higher than that achieved with the standard polh promoter alone. The protein was recovered from the cell lysates and easily purified in only one step by metal ion affinity chromatography, with a yield of 95% and a purity of 87%. Finally, GE was successfully used in an assay to detect specific antibodies in serum samples derived from rabies-vaccinated animals. The efficient strategy developed in this work is an interesting method to produce high amounts of this glycoprotein.

Whole-Exome Sequencing Enables the Diagnosis of Variant-Type Xeroderma Pigmentosum.

BACKGROUND: Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal, recessive, inherited disease. XP patients exhibit high sensitivity to sunlight and increased incidence of skin cancer. The different XP subtypes, which are caused by mutations of eight distinct genes, show some specific clinical manifestations. XP variant (XPV) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding DNA polymerase eta (POLH). CASE PRESENTATION: We report a family that included two XP patients whose parents were first cousins. The proband is a 36-year-old male who developed a large number of pigmented freckle-like lesions starting at 4 years of age; later, he displayed typical psoriasis manifestation, abnormal renal function and hyperglycaemia. He was suspected as suffering from dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH), but negative results were obtained in candidate gene analyses. Whole-exome sequencing was performed in four subjects, including the two patients and two controls, and a new pathogenic homozygous nonsense mutation (c.353dupA, p. Y118_V119delinsX) of the POLH gene, which was identified in all nine family members by Sanger sequencing, was detected in the patients. CONCLUSION: A novel XPV pathogenic homozygous nonsense mutation in the POLH gene was identified. Our case proves that next-generation sequencing is an effective method for the rapid diagnosis and determination of XP genetic etiology.

A Case of Corneal Dysplasia with Identification of POLH Gene Variants in Xeroderma Pigmentosum

PURPOSE: To discuss the clinical course and diagnosis of corneal dysplasia in a xeroderma pigmentosum patient based on a genetic evaluation. CASE SUMMARY: A 42-year-old female visited our clinic for decreased left visual acuity and corneal opacity. She had undergone several surgeries previously due to the presence of basosquamous carcinoma in the left lower eyelid, neurofibroma, and malignant melanoma of the facial skin. The patient showed repeated corneal surface problems, with a suspicious dendritic lesion; however, antiviral therapy was ineffective, and herpes simplex virus polymerase chain reaction results were negative. Despite regular follow-ups, the patient showed neovascularization around the corneal limbus and an irregular corneal surface. We performed corneal debridement with autologous serum eye drops for treatment. The patient's visual acuity and corneal surface improved after the procedure. The impression cytology result was corneal dysplasia. In whole exome sequencing, two pathogenic variants and one likely pathogenic variant of the POLH gene were detected. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first genetically identified xeroderma pigmentosum case with ophthalmological lesions of the eyelid and cornea in Korea. Debridement of the irregular corneal surface and autologous serum eye drop administration in xeroderma pigmentosum could be helpful for improving visual acuity.

DNA polymerase η mutational signatures are found in a variety of different types of cancer.

DNA polymerase (pol) η is a specialized error-prone polymerase with at least two quite different and contrasting cellular roles: to mitigate the genetic consequences of solar UV irradiation, and promote somatic hypermutation in the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes. Misregulation and mistargeting of pol η can compromise genome integrity. We explored whether the mutational signature of pol η could be found in datasets of human somatic mutations derived from normal and cancer cells. A substantial excess of single and tandem somatic mutations within known pol η mutable motifs was noted in skin cancer as well as in many other types of human cancer, suggesting that somatic mutations in A:T bases generated by DNA polymerase η are a common feature of tumorigenesis. Another peculiarity of pol ηmutational signatures, mutations in YCG motifs, led us to speculate that error-prone DNA synthesis opposite methylated CpG dinucleotides by misregulated pol η in tumors might constitute an additional mechanism of cytosine demethylation in this hypermutable dinucleotide.

Diagnosis of Xeroderma pigmentosum variant in a young patient with two novel mutations in the POLH gene.

We describe the characterization of Xeroderma Pigmentosum variant (XPV) in a young Caucasian patient with phototype I, who exhibited a high sensitivity to sunburn and multiple cutaneous tumors at the age of 15 years. Two novel mutations in the POLH gene, which encodes the translesion DNA polymerase η, with loss of function due to two independent exon skippings, are reported to be associated as a compound heterozygous state in the patient. Western blot analysis performed on proteins from dermal fibroblasts derived from the patient and analysis of the mutation spectrum on immunoglobulin genes produced during the somatic hypermutation process in his memory B cells, show the total absence of translesion polymerase η activity in the patient. The total lack of Polη activity, necessary to bypass in an error-free manner UVR-induced pyrimidine dimers following sun exposure, explains the early unusual clinical appearance of this patient.

Uncommon nucleotide excision repair phenotypes revealed by targeted high-throughput sequencing.

BACKGROUND: Deficient nucleotide excision repair (NER) activity causes a variety of autosomal recessive diseases including xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) a disorder which pre-disposes to skin cancer, and the severe multisystem condition known as Cockayne syndrome (CS). In view of the clinical overlap between NER-related disorders, as well as the existence of multiple phenotypes and the numerous genes involved, we developed a new diagnostic approach based on the enrichment of 16 NER-related genes by multiplex amplification coupled with next-generation sequencing (NGS). METHODS: Our test cohort consisted of 11 DNA samples, all with known mutations and/or non pathogenic SNPs in two of the tested genes. We then used the same technique to analyse samples from a prospective cohort of 40 patients. Multiplex amplification and sequencing were performed using AmpliSeq protocol on the Ion Torrent PGM (Life Technologies). RESULTS: We identified causative mutations in 17 out of the 40 patients (43%). Four patients showed biallelic mutations in the ERCC6(CSB) gene, five in the ERCC8(CSA) gene: most of them had classical CS features but some had very mild and incomplete phenotypes. A small cohort of 4 unrelated classic XP patients from the Basque country (Northern Spain) revealed a common splicing mutation in POLH (XP-variant), demonstrating a new founder effect in this population. Interestingly, our results also found ERCC2(XPD), ERCC3(XPB) or ERCC5(XPG) mutations in two cases of UV-sensitive syndrome and in two cases with mixed XP/CS phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that NGS is an efficient technique for the analysis of NER-related disorders on a molecular level. It is particularly useful for phenotypes with combined features or unusually mild symptoms. Targeted NGS used in conjunction with DNA repair functional tests and precise clinical evaluation permits rapid and cost-effective diagnosis in patients with NER-defects.

A novel POLH mutation causes XP-V disease and XP-V tumor proneness may involve imbalance of numerous DNA polymerases.

Xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XP-V) is a subtype of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) disease with typical pigmentation and types of cancer in the oral maxillofacial and other sun-exposed regions. Few factors of tumor proneness in XP-V have been completely elucidated with the exception of the POLH [which encodes DNA polymerase η (pol η)] mutation. The aim of the present study was to identify the POLH mutation in an XP-V patient and to explore the roles of specific additional polymerases in XP-V tumor proneness. The POLH gene was sequenced in the patient and the expression of pol η, ι, κ, θ and ζ was tested in XP-V tumor cells and cell lines, as well as in HeLa cells with POLH knockdown. The results revealed a novel, large homozygous deletion of POLH (del exon 5-9) in the patient. Lower expression of pol κ, θ and ζ were observed in the XP-V cells and similar changes were observed in HeLa cells with POLH knockdown. Consistent with XP-V tumor cells, following UV irradiation, the expression of pol κ and θ presented was significantly increased in the XP-V cell lines compared with that in the normal control cells. The unusual expression of other polymerases, besides pol η, identified in the present study indicated that these polymerases may also be key in XP-V cells genetic instability, which accelerates tumor formation.

Pirh2: an E3 ligase with central roles in the regulation of cell cycle, DNA damage response, and differentiation.

Ubiquitylation is currently recognized as a major posttranslational modification that regulates diverse cellular processes. Pirh2 is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that regulates the turnover and functionality of several proteins involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, cell cycle checkpoints, and cell death. Here we review the role of Pirh2 as a regulator of the DNA damage response through the ubiquitylation of p53, Chk2, p73, and PolH. By ubiquitylating these proteins, Pirh2 regulates cell cycle checkpoints and cell death in response to DNA double-strand breaks or the formation of bulky DNA lesions. We also discuss how Pirh2 affects cell proliferation and differentiation in unstressed conditions through ubiquitylation and degradation of c-Myc, p63, and p27(kip1). Finally, we link these different functions of Pirh2 to its role as a tumor suppressor in mice and as a prognosis marker in various human cancer subtypes.

Identification of a novel nonsense mutation in POLH in a Chinese pedigree with xeroderma pigmentosum, variant type.

Xeroderma pigmentosum-variant (XPV) is one type of XP, a rare autosomal recessive disorder, and caused by defects in the post replication repair machinery while nucleotide-excision repair (NER) is not impaired. In the present study, we reported a Chinese family with XPV phenotype, which was confirmed by histopathological results. Genetic variants were detected by polymerase chain reaction and exon sequencing. Furthermore, the reported molecular defects in XPV patients from previous literatures were reviewed. A homozygous c.67C>T mutation in the exon 2 of DNA polymerase eta (POLH), a novel non-sense mutation in POLH, was discovered.