Alpinia officinarum Hance: a comprehensive review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetic and pharmacology.

The dried root and rhizome of Alpinia officinarum Hance (A. officinarum) have been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years to alleviate pain, promote digestion, warm the stomach, and disperse cold. This review aims to comprehensively and in-depth summarize the most recent research on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacology of A. officinarum. By searching various databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Springer, ScienceDirect, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) for literature on "A. officinarum Hance," as well as relevant textbooks and digital documents, an overall and critical review of the subject was conducted. The traditional uses of A. officinarum were summarized, and 337 compounds from A. officinarum were summarized, including flavonoids, diarylheptanoids, volatile oils, and other compounds. Studies have found that the crude extract of A. officinarum and its compounds has a wide range of biological activities, such as improving gastrointestinal function, anti-inflammatory properties, anti-tumor activity, antibacterial properties, memory enhancement, and analgesic effects. Modern pharmacological studies have provided strong evidence and explanations for the traditional medicinal uses of A. officinarum, which brings a broad prospect for its medicinal use. However, more research is needed to explore the structure-activity relationship and potential mechanisms of action of its bioactive chemicals. Furthermore, it is essential to conduct more clinical trials in order to accelerate research and development of the drug.

Alkaloids in Chelidonium majus L: a review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology.

Chelidonium majus L. (C. majus), commonly known as "Bai Qu Cai" in China, belongs to the genus Chelidonium of the Papaveraceae family. It has rich medicinal value, such as alleviating coughs, asthma, spasms and pain. Recent studies have demonstrated that C. majus is abundant in various alkaloids, which are the primary components of C. majus and have a range of pharmacological effects, including anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-tumor effects. So far, 94 alkaloids have been isolated from C. majus, including benzophenanthridine, protoberberine, aporphine, protopine and other types of alkaloids. This paper aims to review the research progress in phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of C. majus alkaloids, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the application of C. majus in the field of medicinal chemistry and to afford reference for further research and development efforts.

Phytochemical characterisation of dichloromethane and methanolic extracts of the Ziziphora tenuior leaves and evaluation of their antioxidant and antibacterial activities.

Medicinal plants, known for their antibacterial phytocompounds and secondary metabolites, offer promising potential in combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to perform a phytochemical analysis of the methanol and dichloromethane extracts obtained from Ziziphora tenuior leaves using GC-MS. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated through the DPPH assay. And, their antibacterial activity was assessed against S. aureus, E. coli, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) bacterial strains. Based on the results 90-92% of these extracts consisted of phytocompounds with pharmaceutical properties. Of these, 5-methyl- 2-(1-methylethylidele), Cyclohexanone (Pulegone; C10H16O) comprised the highest percentage of the extracts, constituting 62% of methanolic extract and 81% of dichloromethane extract. Also, both methanolic and dichloromethane extracts showed potent antioxidant activity with IC50 of 277.6 µg/ml and 49.6 µg/ml, respectively. Moreover, these extracts demonstrated considerable antibacterial activity against the tested pathogens, especially against S. aureus and VRE.

Eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids: Structural diversity and biological activity.

Sesquiterpenoids are integral constituents of terpenoid-bearing plants, comprising a diverse and abundant class of natural compounds, among which eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids have bicyclic structures that feature the fusion of two six-membered carbon rings, thereby attracting considerable attention. They are widespread in nature, with multifaceted biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antimalarial, and insecticidal activities, thus gaining focus in life science research. The discovery and identification of these active compounds have laid a foundation for unraveling their potential medicinal value. In this review, we comprehensively explore the natural eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids isolated (totaling 391 compounds) between 2016 and 2022, elucidating their chemical structures, plant distribution patterns, and pertinent biological properties. Accordingly, the study serves not only as a framework for researchers to thoroughly comprehend these compounds but also as a robust reference for future endeavors aimed at exploring the pharmaceutical potential and prospective applications of these molecules.

An updated and comprehensive review of the morphology, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activity of Aster tataricus L. f.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Aster tataricus L.f., an extensively used herb in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 2000 years, is known as "Zi wan" or "Fan huncao". Its dried root and rhizome hold great promise in the treatment of cough, asthma, tumor, inflammation, etc.Aim of the study: This literature review summarizes the morphology characteristics, ethnopharmacological use, phytochemical properties, pharmacological effects, and potential applications of Aster tataricus. Furthermore, this review will discuss the future research trends and development prospects of this plant. Materials and methods: Using "Aster tataricus L.f.", "Traditional medicinal usage", "Phytochemistry", "Pharmacological effects" as the keywords and gathered relevant data on Aster tataricus L.f. using electronic databases (Elsevier, PubMed, ACS, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science), relevant books, and classic literature about Chinese herb. Result: A total of 186 compounds have been isolated and identified from Aster tataricus, including terpenes, organic acids, peptides, and flavonoids. And Aster tataricus has been widely used as a natural cough suppressant and has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressive, and anti-tumor effects. In addition, Aster tataricus has also been reported to have damaging effects on the liver as well as other toxicities were discussed in this review. Conclusions: Aster tataricus is an ancient herbal medicine with a broad spectrum of pharmaco logical activities that has been used for thousands of years in China, and has shown remarkable effectiveness in the treatment of various diseases, especially cough, asthma, inflammation. Although its rich chemical constituents have various pharmacological activities, the underlying mechanisms, as well as its toxicity and safety, remains unclear and warrant further investigation.

Hepatoprotective dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from the fruits of Kadsura coccinea.

The phytochemical investigations on the fruits of Kadsura coccinea led to the isolation of six undescribed dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans named kadcolignans B-G, together with eleven previously described analogues. The structures of these compounds were established by spectroscopic methods including NMR, HRESIMS, and CD experiments. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their hepatoprotective activity by measuring the levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in FFA-induced HepG2 cells. As a result, compounds 4, 5, 9, 13, and 15 showed potent inhibitory effects on hepatocyte lipid accumulation at a concentration of 100 µM. Our research not only broadens the understanding on the chemical composition of K. coccinea but also provides experimental and theoretical evidences supporting the fruit's active ingredients in alleviating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Botanical characterization, phytochemistry, biosynthesis, pharmacology clinical application, and breeding techniques of the Chinese herbal medicine Fritillaria unibracteata.

Fritillaria unibracteata (FRU) belongs to the genus Fritillaria of the Liliaceae family. It is one of the original plants of the Chinese medicinal material "Chuanbeimu" and also a biological resource featured in the Tibetan Plateau of China. The dried bulbs of FRU are used in traditional Chinese medicine. The chemical constituents of FRU that have been isolated and identified include alkaloids, sterols, organic acids and their esters, nucleosides and volatile oils. FRU has antitussive, expectorant, anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, acute lung injury-reducing, antifibrosis, antitumor, and other pharmacological effects. This valuable plant has an extremely high market demand, and over the years, due to over-exploitation, FRU has now been listed as a key species that is endangered and scarcely cultivated in China as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. However, research on FRU is rare, and its effective components, resource control, and mechanisms of action need further study. This review systematically discusses the herbal characteristics, resource distribution, chemical composition, biosynthesis, pharmacological effects, clinical application, and breeding techniques of FRU, hoping to provide a reference for further research and the use of FRU.

Corrigendum: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of garlic (Allium sativum), a storehouse of diverse phytochemicals: a review of research from the last decade focusing on health and nutritional implications.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.929554.].

A review of the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of the Ferulago genus based on Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) of coumarins.

BACKGROUND: The Ferluago W.D.J. Koch genus includes 48 accepted perennial herbs that are distributed in the Mediterranean region, Southeast Europe, Central and Middle East of Asia. These plants are widely used in folk and conventional medicine due to their biological benefits such as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory properties. Conducting a comprehensive review based on the structure activity relationships (SARs) of the coumarins, which has not been previously documented, can lead to a better insight into the genus Ferulago and its beneficial therapeutic activities. METHODS: This review covers literature from 1969 to 2023, were collected from various scientific electronic databases to review phytochemical, pharmacological, and ethnopharmacological data of Ferulago species, as well as latest information on the SAR of reported coumarins from this genus. RESULTS: Phytochemical studies showed that the biological actions of this genus are mediated by the reported specialized metabolites, such as coumarins and flavonoids. Simple coumarins, prenylated coumarins, furanocoumarins, and pyranocoumarins are the largest subclasses of coumarins found in diverse Ferulago species, which have discussed the biological effects of them with a focus on the Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR). For example, prenylated coumarins have shown potential leishmanicidal and anti-neuropsychiatric effects when substituted with a prenyl group at the 7-hydroxy, as well as the C6 and C8 positions in their scaffold. Similarly, furanocoumarins exhibit varied biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-convulsant effects. Modifying substitutions at the C5 and C6 positions in furanocoumarins can enhance these activities. CONCLUSION: This study conducted a comprehensive review of all available information on the phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics of Ferulago species. Given the high occurrence of coumarins in this genus, which exhibit potential anti-Alzheimer and anti-microbial properties, it presents promising new therapeutic avenues for addressing these common issues. Further investigation is needed to understand the molecular-level mechanisms of action and to explore their clinical applications.

Recent Research Progress on the Chemical Constituents, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics of Alpinae oxyphyllae Fructus.

Alpinae oxyphyllae fructus (AOF), the dried mature fruit of Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel of the Zingiberaceae family, shows many special pharmacological effects. In recent years, there has been an abundance of research results on AOF. In this paper, the new compounds isolated from AOF since 2018 are reviewed, including terpenes, flavonoids, diarylheptanoids, phenolic acid, sterols, alkanes, fats, etc. The isolation methods that were applied include the microwave-assisted method, response surface method, chiral high-performance liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MRM-MS) analytical method, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS) method, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method, hot water leaching method, ethanol leaching method, and so on. Additionally, the pharmacological effects of AOF found from 2018 to 2024 are also summarized, including neuroprotection, regulation of metabolic disorders, antioxidant activity, antiapoptosis, antiinflammatory activity, antidiabetic activity, antihyperuricemia, antiaging, antidiuresis, immune regulation, anti-tumor activity, renal protection, hepatoprotection, and anti-asthma. This paper provides a reference for further research on AOF.

Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr. roots: a comprehensive review of botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control, and toxicology.

Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr. is a traditional herb generally distributed in most areas of China, north Korea and Japan. The dried roots of Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr. (REP), famous as 'Jing Da Ji' () have been applied as traditional herb medicines to expel water and rheum; disperse swelling, dissipate binds and to treat edoema, pleural effusions, uraemia, nephritis, cirrhosis with ascites, as well as other diseases. Recent advances in botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control, and toxicology of E. pekinensis roots are methodically outlined and current limitations as well as future perspectives also are discussed in order to guide scientifical investigation and rational application of REP. Up to now, 79 structurally diverse compounds have been obtained and characterised from REP, principally including diterpenoids, triterpenoids, tannins, phenols, and 29 volatile constituents. Among which, diterpenoids are considered as primary characteristic and active constituents. The extracts and individual compounds from REP have demonstrated significant pharmacological effects such as diuretic and purgative, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects. REP are widely used in traditional medicine due to diverse chemical constituents with obvious pharmacological effects. Modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies justified and explained relevant traditional uses of REP and offer worthy clues for new medical fields of industrial application. Nevertheless, a great number of thorough and detailed investigations should be carried out in active constituents, mechanisms of action, quality-marker, toxicology assessment, and detoxification mechanisms of REP.

Kalanchoe tomentosa: Phytochemical Profiling, and Evaluation of Its Biological Activities In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico.

In this work, the leaves of K. tomentosa were macerated with hexane, chloroform, and methanol, respectively. The phytochemical profiles of hexane and chloroform extracts were unveiled using GC/MS, whereas the chemical composition of the methanol extract was analyzed using UPLC/MS/MS. The antibacterial activity of extracts was determined against gram-positive and gram-negative strains through the minimal inhibitory concentration assay, and in silico studies were implemented to analyze the interaction of phytoconstituents with bacterial peptides. The antioxidant property of extracts was assessed by evaluating their capacity to scavenge DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 radicals. The toxicity of the extracts was recorded against Artemia salina nauplii and Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes. Results demonstrate that the hexane and chloroform extracts contain phytosterols, triterpenes, and fatty acids, whereas the methanol extract possesses glycosidic derivatives of quercetin and kaempferol together with sesquiterpene lactones. The antibacterial performance of extracts against the cultured strains was appraised as weak due to their MIC90 values (>500 µg/mL). As antioxidants, treatment with extracts executed high and moderate antioxidant activities within the range of 50-300 µg/mL. Extracts did not decrease the viability of A. salina, but they exerted a high toxic effect against C. elegans during exposure to treatment. Through in silico modeling, it was recorded that the flavonoids contained in the methanol extract can hamper the interaction of the NAM/NAG peptide, which is of great interest since it determines the formation of the peptide wall of gram-positive bacteria. This study reports for the first time the biological activities and phytochemical content of extracts from K. tomentosa and proposes a possible antibacterial mechanism of glycosidic derivatives of flavonoids against gram-positive bacteria.

Halophila stipulacea: A Comprehensive Review of Its Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Activities.

Halophila stipulacea (Forsskål and Niebuhr) Ascherson is a small marine seagrass that belongs to the Hydrocharitaceae family. It is native to the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Indian Ocean and has successfully invaded the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas. This article summarizes the pharmacological activities and phytochemical content of H. stipulacea, along with its botanical and ecological characteristics. Studies have shown that H. stipulacea is rich in polyphenols and terpenoids. Additionally, it is rich in proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, contributing to its nutritional value. Several biological activities are reported by this plant, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-metabolic disorders, and anti-osteoclastogenic activities. Further research is needed to validate the efficacy and safety of this plant and to investigate the mechanisms of action underlying the observed effects.

Phytochemistry, pharmacological effects and mechanism of action of volatile oil from Panax ginseng C.A.Mey: a review.

Panax ginseng (P. ginseng), a traditional and highly valued botanical drug, has been used for thousands of years and is known around the world for its uses in food, medicine, and healthcare. The comprehensive study of P. ginseng is crucial for the quality assurance of medicinal materials and optimal resource utilization. Despite being present in trace amounts, P. ginseng volatile oil has a wide range of chemical metabolites with important medicinal potential. The volatile oil has shown promise in defending the cardiovascular system, as well as in terms of its ability of antibacterial, anti-aging, anti-platelet coagulation, anti-inflammatory, support the nervous system nutritionally, and shield it from harm. Due to its low composition and lack of thorough investigation, P. ginseng volatile oil's therapeutic applicability is still restricted although it exhibited many benefits. This review aims to provide insights into the chemical composition, extraction processes, pharmacological effects, and mechanisms of action of P. ginseng volatile oil, and to provide theoretical support and guidelines for future research and clinical application.

Anogeissus latifolia : A Comprehensive Review from Ethanobotanical Insights to Future Pharmacological Frontiers.

Anogeissus latifolia, commonly known as Axlewood, Indian Gum Tree, or Gum Ghatti, belongs to the Combretaceae family and is native to India, Nepal, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. It thrives in most tropical and subtropical regions of India. Different parts of the plant contain various proteins, carbohydrates, sugars (arabinose, galactose, mannose, xylose, rhamnose, and glucuronic acid), minerals (magnesium and calcium salts of ghattic acid), and a wide range of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, sterols, saponins, tannins, coumarins, quinine, and ellagic acid. Studies have indicated the potential of Anogeissus latifolia in managing various health conditions, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-parasitic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, wound healing, and hypolipidemic effects. However, like many medicinal plants, Anogeissus latifolia demonstrates a dose-dependent toxicity profile, particularly when administered intraperitoneally. Research efforts have been directed towards elucidating its safety profile, and findings suggest that it can be considered safe when administered within prescribed dosages. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review encompassing the ethnobotanical significance, morphological characteristics, phytochemistry, pharmacological actions, and toxicological aspects of Anogeissus latifolia. Additionally, it explores future research perspectives in the field of Anogeissus latifolia pharmacology and therapeutics.

From Traditional Use to Modern Evidence: The Medicinal Chemistry of Antimalarials from Genus Artemisia.

While the use of plants in traditional medicine dates back to 1500 B.C., modern advancements led to the development of innovative therapeutic techniques. On the other hand, in the field of anti-infective agents, lack of efficacy and the onset of resistance stimulate the search for novel agents. Genus Artemisia is one of the most diverse among perennial plants with a variety of species, properties, and chemical components. The genus is known for its therapeutic values and, in particular, for its role in the origin of antimalarial agents derived from artemisinin. In this review, we aim to provide an updated overview of the evolution of natural and natureinspired compounds related to the genus Artemisia that have been proven, in vitro and in vivo, to possess antimalarial properties. An overview of the chemical composition and a description of the ethnopharmacological aspects will be presented, as well as an updated report on in vitro and in vivo evidence that allowed the translation of artemisinin and its derivatives from traditional chemistry into modern medicinal chemistry. The biological and structural properties will be discussed, also dedicating attention to the challenging tasks that still are open, such as the identification of optimal combination strategies, the routes of administration, and the full assessment of the mechanism of action.

Research progress on plant-derived cardenolides(2010-2023).

Cardenolides are a class of steroidal glycoside compounds that are mainly distributed in plants, have significant physiological activity in the heart, and have been used clinically for over 200 years. To provide a reference for further research and development of these compounds, the phytochemical and biological properties of natural cardenolides (295 compounds in total) isolated between 2010 and 2023 from 17 families and hundreds of species belonging to 70-80 genera were reviewed. In vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that antitumor, antibacterial, and antiviral activities are the most commonly reported pharmacological properties of cardenolides. Antitumor activities have been thoroughly studied to understand their structure-activity relationships, revealing numerous potential anticancer molecules that lay the theoretical foundation for further development of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs and the creation of new drugs.

A review of the safety profile, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and bronchorelaxant activities of Waltheria indica Linn (Malvaceae): A potential antiasthmatic phytomedicine.

Introduction: Waltheria indica Linn (Malvaceae) is a widely distributed plant in West Africa. It is commonly used in Burkina Faso to treat inflammation-related diseases, including asthma. Previous reviews have focused on the ethnobotanical, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of Waltheria indica. This report aims to compile the biological and pharmacological activities that highlight the anti-asthmatic properties of Waltheria indica L. (W. indica). Method: Electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Hinari, SciFinder, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, were used to gather data on Watheria indica. Data on the toxicological, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and bronchorelaxant effects of W. indica were collected. Results: Twenty-three studies describing the biological and pharmacological activities relevant to assessing the anti-asthmatic properties of W. indica were found. Nine articles investigated the anti-inflammatory effects, and three manuscripts were found to have bronchorelaxant activity. Five publications reported the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts. Research on the extracts revealed a tolerable safety profile in rats and mice with an LD50 ranging from 300 to 5000 mg/kg body weight, depending on the parts of the plant used. Phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, were found to be responsible for the activities involved in the assessment of anti-asthmatic properties. Conclusion: The results of this review suggest that W. indica could be a valuable resource for the treatment of asthma and other respiratory diseases. However, further chemical and pharmacological investigations are needed to understand its mechanism of action in treating asthma.

A review of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi) for kidney disease: phytochemistry, toxicology, herbal processing, and pharmacology.

Background: Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata, commonly known as Fuzi in. traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is widely utilized in clinical practice despite its inherent toxicity. Since ancient times, TCM practitioners have explored various processing techniques to broaden its clinical applications and enhance its safety profile. This review aims to summarize the effects of processing on the chemical composition, toxicity, and pharmacological properties of Fuzi, as well as investigate potential underlying mechanisms. Methods: Data on phytochemistry, toxicology, pharmacology, and processing methods of Fuzi were gathered from the literature of electronic databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and CNKI. Results: Fuzi contains over 100 kinds of chemical compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, among which alkaloids are the main active compounds. Diester-diterpenoid alkaloids are the main contributors to Fuzi's toxicity and have side effects on some organs, such as the heart, liver, kidneys, nervous system, and reproductive system. The chemical composition of aconite, particularly its alkaloid content, was changed by hydrolysis or substitution reaction during processing to enhance its efficacy and reduce its toxicity. Salted aconite could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of Fuzi in treating kidney diseases and influence its pharmacokinetics. Conclusion: Processing plays an important role in increasing the efficiency and decreasing toxicity of aconite. Further studies are needed to elucidate the changes of aconite before and after processing and the underlying mechanisms of these changes, thereby providing evidence for the clinical safety of drug use.

A comprehensive review on ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, toxicology, and pharmacological activities of Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter.

Dittrichia viscosa is a perennial herb that has been used for generations in traditional medicine to address a variety of diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, cancer, microbial disorders, inflammatory conditions, and wound healing. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of existing knowledge on D. viscosa with regards to its botanical description, ethnomedicinal uses, and pharmacological properties. Databases such as Scopus, Wiley-Online, PubMed, Springer, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were used to select relevant articles based on their title and abstract. The reviewed studies found a strong correlation between D. viscosa's traditional uses and its observed biological effects. Pharmacological research has shown that the essential oils and extracts from D. viscosa possess a variety of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, and antioxidant properties. The chemical compounds found in D. viscosa include sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids; some of these compounds, such as tometosin and inuviscolide, have been isolated and displayed promising cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity. The present review suggests that the pharmacological properties of D. viscosa align well with its ethnomedicinal uses. These findings support the traditional use of D. viscosa in treating various illnesses. Additionally, toxicological examinations of D. viscosa extracts and essential oil have demonstrated the plant's safety, which supports the need for comprehensive pharmacological studies, in vivo studies, and clinical trials to evaluate the best doses for optimal medicinal effects. This work underscores the medicinal value of D. viscosa and its potential in developing new pharmacological agents to address major health challenges like antibiotic resistance and cancers.