Arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides production from unexploited agro-industrial sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) hulls waste.

This work demonstrates that sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) hull, an unexploited food industrial waste, can be used as an efficient source for the extraction of hemicellulose and/or pectin polysaccharides to further obtain functional oligosaccharides. Different polysaccharides extraction methods were surveyed including alkaline and several enzymatic treatments. Based on the enzymatic release of xylose, arabinose, glucose, and galacturonic acid from sesame hull by using different enzymes, Celluclast®1.5 L, Pectinex®Ultra SP-L, and a combination of them were selected for the enzymatic extraction of polysaccharides at 50 °C, pH 5 up to 24 h. Once the polysaccharides were extracted, Ultraflo®L was selected to produce arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides (AXOS) at 40 °C up to 24 h. Apart from oligosaccharides production from extracted polysaccharides, alternative approaches for obtaining oligosaccharides were also explored. These were based on the analysis of the supernatants resulting from the polysaccharide extraction, alongside a sequential hydrolysis performed with Celluclast®1.5 L and Ultraflo®L of the starting raw sesame hull. The different fractions obtained were comprehensively characterized by determining low molecular weight carbohydrates and monomeric compositions, average Mw and dispersity, and oligosaccharide structure by MALDI-TOF-MS. The results indicated that sesame hull can be a useful source for polysaccharides extraction (pectin and hemicellulose) and derived oligosaccharides, especially AXOS.

Bioactive polysaccharides from Aegle marmelos fruit: Recent trends on extraction, bio-techno functionality, and food applications.

Polysaccharides from non-conventional sources, such as fruits, have gained significant attention recently. Aegle marmelos (Bael), a non-conventional fruit, is an excellent source of biologically active components with potential indigenous therapeutic and food applications. Apart from polyphenolic components, this is an excellent source of mucilaginous polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are one the major components of bael fruit, having a high amount of galactose and glucuronic acid, which contributes to its potential therapeutic properties. Therefore, this review emphasizes the conventional and emerging techniques of polysaccharide extraction from bael fruit. Insight into the attributes of polysaccharide components, their techno-functional properties, characterization of bael fruit polysaccharide, emulsifying properties, binding properties, reduction of hazardous dyes, application of polysaccharides in film formation, application of polysaccharide as a nanocomposite, and biological activities of bael fruit polysaccharides are discussed. This review also systematically overviews the relationship between extraction techniques, structural characteristics, and biological activities. Additionally, recommendations, future perspectives, and new valuable insight towards better utilization of bael fruit polysaccharide have been given importance, which can be promoted in the long term.

Atomic Force Microscopy in the Characterization of the Structure of Cell Wall Components.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has broken boundaries in the characterization of the supramolecular architecture of cell wall assemblies and single cell wall polysaccharides at the nanoscale level. Moreover, AFM provides an opportunity to evaluate the mechanical properties of cell wall material which is not possible with any other method. However, in the case of plant tissue, the critical step is a smart sample preparation that should not affect the polysaccharide structure or assembly and on the other hand should consider device limitations, especially scanner ranges. In this chapter, the protocols from the sample preparation, including isolation of cell wall material and extraction of cell wall polysaccharide fractions, through AFM imaging of polysaccharide assemblies and single molecules until an image analysis to obtain quantitative data characterizing the biopolymers are presented.

A review on extraction, composition, structure, and biological activities of polysaccharides from different parts of Nelumbo nucifera.

Nelumbo nucifera (lotus plant) is an important member of the Nelumbonaceae family. This review summarizes the studies conducted on it since the past 15 years to provide an understanding on future areas of focus. Different parts of this plant, that is, leaves, roots, and seeds, have been used as food and for the treatment of various diseases. Polysaccharides have been extracted from different parts using different methods. The manuscript reviews the methods of extraction of polysaccharides used for leaves, roots, and seeds, along with their yield. Some methods can provide better yield while some provide better biological activity with low yield. The composition and structure of extracted polysaccharides have been determined in some studies. Although monosaccharide composition has been determined in various studies, too little information about the structure of polysaccharides from N. nucifera is available in the current literature. Different useful biological activities have been explored using in vivo and in vitro methods, which include antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor, anti-osteoporotic, immunomodulatory, and prebiotic activities. Antitumor activity from polysaccharides of lotus leaves is yet to be explored, besides lotus root has been underexplored as compared to other parts (leaves and seeds) according to our literature survey. Studies dedicated to the successful use of combination of extraction methods can be conducted in future. The plant provides a therapeutic as well as nutraceutical potential; however, antimicrobial activity and synergistic relationships of polysaccharides from different parts of the plant need further exploration.

Structural and functional properties of alginate obtained by means of high hydrostatic pressure-assisted extraction.

The effects of the high hydrostatic pressure (HPP) pre-treatment on the alginate extraction were seen to greatly depend on the recalcitrant nature of two algae species. Alginates were deeply characterized in terms of composition, structure (HPAEC-PAD, FTIR, NMR, SEC-MALS), functional and technological properties. The pre-treatment significantly increased the alginate yield in the less recalcitrant A. nodosum (AHP) also favoring the extraction of sulphated fucoidan/fucan structures and polyphenols. Although the molecular weight was significantly lower in AHP samples, neither the M/G ratio nor the M and G sequences were modified. In contrast, a lower increase in alginate extraction yield was observed for the more recalcitrant S. latissima after the HPP pre-treatment (SHP), but it significantly affected the M/G values of the resulting extract. The gelling properties of the alginate extracts were also explored by external gelation in CaCl2 solutions. The mechanical strength and nanostructure of the hydrogel beads prepared were determined using compression tests, synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM). Interestingly, the application of HPP significantly improved the gel strength of SHP, in agreement with the lower M/G values and the stiffer rod-like conformation obtained for these samples.

Physicochemical properties and prebiotic activities of polysaccharides from Zizyphus jujube based on different extraction techniques.

Zizyphus jujube polysaccharide was extracted with hot water, ultrahigh pressure, deep eutectic solvent (DES) and ultrahigh pressure-assisted DES. Comparative analyses were conducted on the yield, physicochemical properties and prebiotic activity of four polysaccharides (JP-H, JP-U, JP-D and JP-UD). The yield of JP-UD (10.42 %) was 3.3 times that of JP-H (3.12 %), and its sugar content was the highest. JP-UD possessed the lowest Mw, while JP-H possessed the highest. Four JPs were acidic pyranose and mainly composed of galacturonic acid, arabinose and galactose. NMR results demonstrated that they contained not only similar glycosidic linkage but also the specific glycosidic linkage of →4)-α-D-Glcp-(l→ appeared in JP-U and JP-UD, the esterified units of GalA and CONH2 group appeared in JP-D and JP-UD, and the Terminal ß-D-Galp and →4)-α-GalpA-(1→ appeared in JP-UD. JPs showed different proliferation effects on four lactobacillus strains, among which JP-UD exhibited the strongest prebiotic activity. Zizyphus jujube polysaccharides have great potential for application in the functional food and medical industry.

The Chemical Profiling and Anticancer Potential of Functional Polysaccharides from Flos Sophorae Immaturus.

Polysaccharides from Flos Sophorae Immaturus (FSI) are one of its pharmacological compounds that can perform effective activities. Aiming to extract the most effective polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the polysaccharides were separated from FSI through ultrasonic microwave extraction, and the first comparison was carried out on the characterization of the structure and its cytotoxic properties on HCC SMMC 7721 cells of undeproteinized purified polysaccharides (PFSI-1) and papain-deproteinized polysaccharides (PFSI-2) from FSI. The findings indicated that PFSI-1 and PFSI-2 had characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides; PFSI-1 contained three monosaccharides and PFSI-2 contained ten; and SEM, AFM, and NMR were consistent with the verification of IR polysaccharide characteristics, suggesting probable additional latent activities. The pharmacotoxic effects of both PFSI-1 and PFSI-2 on SMMC 7721 cells (p < 0.05), attenuated the migration ability of SMMC 7721 cells (p < 0.05) and promoted apoptosis (p < 0.05), with an increase in G0/G1-phase cells and decrease in S-phase cells in the PFSI-1 as well as a decrease in G0/G1-phase cells, increase in S-phase cells, and decrease in apoptosis in the PFSI-2 (p < 0.05). The significant cytotoxic effect of PFSI-2 on SMMC 7721 cells (p < 0.05) and its protective effect on human hepatic L02 cells (HL-7702) at low concentrations (p > 0.05) could indicate its potential as a new drug for the treatment of HCC.

Plant/algal polysaccharides extracted by microwave: A review on hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, prebiotic, and immune-stimulatory effect.

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is an emerging technology to obtain polysaccharides with an extensive spectrum of biological characteristics. In this study, the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, prebiotic, and immunomodulatory (e.g., antiinflammatory, anticoagulant, and phagocytic) effects of algal- and plant-derived polysaccharides rich in glucose, galactose, and mannose using MAE were comprehensively discussed. The in vitro and in vivo results showed that these bioactive macromolecules with the low digestibility rate could effectively alleviate the fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity, acute hemolysis, and dyslipidemia status. The optimally extracted glucomannan- and glucogalactan-containing polysaccharides revealed significant antidiabetic effects through inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase, improving dynamic insulin sensitivity and secretion, and promoting pancreatic ß-cell proliferation. These bioactive macromolecules as prebiotics not only improve the digestibility in gastrointestinal tract but also reduce the survival rate of pathogens and tumor cells by activating macrophages and producing pro-inflammatory biomarkers and cytokines. They can effectively prevent gastrointestinal disorders and microbial infections without any toxicity.

Vegetable wastes derived polysaccharides as natural eco-friendly plasticizers of sodium alginate.

In this paper, lemon and fennel wastes were recovered and used as secondary-raw polysaccharide sources. These polysaccharides were exploited as natural plasticizers of sodium alginate (A) based films, in order to improve sodium alginate performances, limited by its fragility, extending its potential application in a cost effective and eco-friendly way. Different green processes, such as maceration (MAC), ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE), were carried out for obtaining high yield of lemon and fennel polysaccharides (LP and FP). Actually, HPAE-PAD and TLC analyses evidenced the presence of xyslose, galactose, glucose and rhamnose monomers and galacturonic acid, typical of polysaccharides like pectin and xyloglucan chains. These findings were confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectroscopic analyses. Moreovers, gel filtration chromatography assessed the high molecular weight of recovered polysaccharides, particularly of FP waste fraction. The extracted polysaccharides were used as eco-friendly and cost-effective plasticizers of sodium alginate films (AFP and ALP). DSC analysis evidenced a significant decreasing of glass transition temperature of the polymer, tensile tests showed an enlightened rising of elongation at break and TGA analysis showed a faster degradation kinetics of AFP and ALP films, as expected in a plasticized system.

Box-Behnken design for extraction optimization, characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity of Cicer arietinum L. hull polysaccharides.

The optimal extraction conditions with a yield of 5.37±0.15% for extraction of polysaccharides from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) hull (CHPS) were determined as extraction temperature 99°C, extraction time 2.8h and ratio of water to raw material 24mL/g. Three fractions of CHPS-1, CHPS-2 and CHPS-3, with average molecular weight of 3.1×10(6), 1.5×10(6) and 7.8×10(5)Da, respectively, were obtained from crude CHPS by chromatography of DEAE Fast Flow and Sephadex G-100. CHPS-1 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, galactose, galacturonic acid, glucose and arabinose, CHPS-2 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, galactose, xylose and arabinose, CHPS-3 was composed of galacturonic acid, galactose and rhamnose. CHPS-3 showed the strongest reducing power and protective effect on H2O2-induced oxidative injury in PC12 cells and highest scavenging activities against DPPH and ABTS radicals, while CHPS-2 showed the highest scavenging activity against superoxide anion radical.

Optimised extraction of Erythronium sibiricum bulb polysaccharides and evaluation of their bioactivities.

In this study, the extraction of Erythronium sibiricum bulb polysaccharides (ESBP) through hot water decoction was optimised using response surface methodology (RSM) and a three-level, four-factor Box-Behnken design. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time of 4.28h, extraction temperature of 90°C, ratio of liquid to raw material of 37 mL/g and extraction cycle number of three. The experimental yield (37.25%±0.17%) agreed with the predicted value of the RSM model (37.465%). Preliminary ESBP characterisation was conducted through physicochemical analysis. Biological activity test results showed that ESBP exhibited antioxidant activities and excellent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, indicating its potential as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent.

Optimized Extraction of Polysaccharides from Grateloupia livida (Harv.) Yamada and Biological Activities.

Polysaccharides from Grateloupia livida (Harv.) Yamada (GL) were extracted by a heating circumfluence method. Single-factor experiments were performed for the three parameters: extraction time (X1), extraction temperature (X2) and the ratio of water to raw material (X3) and their test range. From preliminary experimental results, one type of the response surface methodology, the Box-Behnken design was applied for the optimizing polysaccharide extraction conditions. The experimental data obtained were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation. The optimal conditions were extraction time 5 h, extraction temperature 100 °C and ratio of water to raw material 70 mL/g. Under these conditions, the experimental yield was 39.22% ± 0.09%, which well matched the predicted value (39.25%), with 0.9774 coefficient of determination (R²). GL polysaccharides had scavenging activities for DPPH and hydroxyl radicals in vitro. The scavenging rates for both radicals peaked at 20 mg/mL GL concentration. However, the positive standard, VC (ascorbic acid), possessed stronger antioxidant activities than GL polysaccharides. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of GL polysaccharides on HepG2 cell proliferation increased dose- and time-dependently, but the positive standard, 5-fluorouracil (5-fu) showed more significant anticancer activity in this study. Overall, GL polysaccharides may have potential applications in the medical and food industries.