The circular economy through the prism of machine learning and the YouTube video media platform.

The transition to a Circular Economy (CE) is rapidly gaining ground across countries and industries. It is the means of achieving more sustainable development by adopting innovative environmentally friendly strategies and saving primary resources. There are several studies indicating the increasing public and corporate interest in the CE but still remain limited in terms of the multitude and utilization of social media data. This work aims to shed light on the most common topics discussed on the YouTube platform, related to the CE. For this reason, we selected 17 videos including the term "Circular Economy" since these have been the most relevant with a sufficient number of comments and views. The model identified two main topics referring to "Sustainable industry and environmental responsibility" and "Circular Economy and resource management" which is a strong indicator of the people's interest in the utilization of resources alongside industrial and corporate activities. The two-topic configuration presented the highest coherence score; however, five and ten-topic configurations have been deployed since there was no extreme differentiation in the model's performance, which could provide more detailed insights. This work's innovation lies in utilizing Machine Learning techniques and social media data to unravel CE's debates.

Educational Level of Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy Videos on YouTube™.

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the educational quality and appropriateness of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy videos on YouTube using the LAParoscopicsurgery Video EducationalGuidelineS (LAP-VEGaS) criteria. It focuses on understanding the role of online resources in medical education and objectively assessing their quality. Methods: A search was conducted on YouTube™ for "laparoscopic radical nephrectomy" on August 15, 2023, leading to the selection of the first 125 videos. Videos were chosen based on length (over 1 minute), content (laparoscopic radical nephrectomy), language (English), and nonindustry sponsorship. The LAP-VEGaS criteria, encompassing 16 items under five main categories: video introduction, case presentation, procedures, outcomes, and educational content, were used for evaluation, assigning 0 or 1 point per criterion. Results: Out of 100 videos meeting the criteria, they were divided into two groups: personal uploads by expert surgeons (Group-1) and institutional uploads by hospitals and organizations (Group-2). Group-2 videos had longer durations and higher LAP-VEGaS scores. The transperitoneal approach was preferred in 88% of the videos, and 84% were right laparoscopic nephrectomies. Group-2 had significantly higher LAP-VEGaS scores (6.3 ± 2.2) compared with Group-1 (4 ± 2.1) (P < 0,001). The number of videos published over the years increased, while LAP-VEGaS scores fluctuated. Conclusion: Assessing laparoscopic radical nephrectomy videos on YouTube™ using the LAP-VEGaS criteria helped understand the role of online sources in medical education. Institutional uploads were found to be more successful in educational aspects, emphasizing the need for continuous quality review of online medical education materials. This study also guides how to evaluate and improve medical education materials on online platforms.

Assessment of Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS) Content on YouTube.

BACKGROUND:  Online video hosting websites such as YouTube have been increasingly used by medical institutions to spread information about new and exciting topics. However, due to the large number of videos uploaded daily and the lack of peer review, few attempts have been made to assess the quantity and quality of information that is uploaded on YouTube. For this study, our team assessed the available content on the transoral robotic surgery (TORS) procedure. METHODS: A qualitative case study model was employed. Videos related to TORS were collected using a unified search protocol. Each video was then analyzed, and metrics of the following data points were collected: views, likes, comments, upload date, length of video, author type, author, and region of origin. Each dataset was analyzed by two distinct authors, and interrater reliability was calculated. Quantitative and qualitative statistics were curated. RESULTS: A total of 124 videos were analyzed for this review. The breakdown of videos was as follows: 15.32% (19) in the educational for patients category, 16.94% (21) in the educational for trainees category, 30.65% (38) in the procedural overview category, 8.87% (11) in the patient experience (PE) category, 10.48% (13) in the promotional category, 12.10% (15) in the other category, and 5.65% (7) in the irrelevant (IR) category. The total number of views across all videos analyzed was 2,589,561. The total number of likes was 14,827, and the total number of comments was 2,606. The average video length was 8.63 minutes. The most viewed category was the PE category at 1,014,738 and the most liked at 1,714. The least viewed category was IR at 21,082. The PE category had the most engagement based on combined comments and likes. The most watched video, with 774,916 views, was in the PE category under the "TORS for Thyroidectomy" search term and was titled "Thyroid Surgery (Thyroidectomy)." CONCLUSION: As the prevalence of online videos regarding medical devices, procedures, and treatments increases, patients and trainees alike will look toward resources such as YouTube to augment their understanding. Patients, providers, and medical education platforms should take heed of the promise and pitfalls of medical content on YouTube.

A Comparison of Quality and Reliability of YouTube Videos About the MRI Technique and Its Various Aspects.

INTRODUCTION: The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machine is a subset of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging technology that produces images of the body using magnetic field gradients. The MRI Machine has two components: the computer-based control centre room and the adjacent MRI machine room where the patient undergoes the scan. AIMS: This study aimed to assess the quality and reliability of YouTube videos about MRI machines, MRI scans, and MRI claustrophobia and compare the quality and reliability of the videos among different types of uploaders.  Methodology: The YouTube Search Algorithm and a Google Sheets questionnaire were used to evaluate 10 videos that satisfied the inclusion criteria of the study. The video analytics included were title, number of views, likes and dislikes, comments, duration, source, and content. The quality of each video was established using the Global Quality Score (GQS), Reliability Score, and Video Power Index (VPI), where each quantifier went through statistical analysis using SPSS software, version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) to determine if there was any significance. RESULTS: In order to determine statistical differences between the groups, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used on the quantifiers GQS, reliability score, and VPI to generate p-values. The p-value for VPI is 0.467, GQS is 0.277, and reliability is 0.316. All the p-values are greater than 0.05, showing that there is no statistical support for any significant difference between the groups in their VPI, GQS and reliability scores. CONCLUSIONS: YouTube videos with high-quality and reliable information on MRI machines, MRI procedures, and claustrophobia, especially those uploaded by clinicians and hospitals, can provide correct information, helping patients decide to undergo these procedures and alleviate claustrophobia.

Dissemination of health content through social networks: YouTube and opioid use disorders.

INTRODUCTION: Most Americans now access social media platforms, including YouTube, to obtain health information. However, few studies have evaluated the quality of YouTube content related to opioid use disorder (OUD), including medications for OUD (MOUD; buprenorphine) and harm reduction resources (e.g., naloxone). The purpose of this cross-sectional analysis was to assess the quality, accuracy, and reliability of MOUD and harm reduction-related video content available on YouTube. METHODS: The study team conducted a YouTube search between June 2022 and July 2022 using key words related to MOUD and harm reduction content (e.g., "suboxone," "methadone," "Narcan"). The 5 most viewed videos from each search term were analyzed for quality (i.e., Global Quality Scale; GQS), accuracy (i.e., JAMA Benchmark Criteria), and reliability (i.e., DISCERN). Videos that were non-English, duplicate, or that did not directly mention OUD, MOUD, or harm reduction were excluded from the review (N = 6). RESULTS: YouTube videos (N = 70) were mostly produced by medical professionals (27.1 %), independent nonmedical users (21.4 %; e.g., vloggers, individuals documenting their experiences), medical organizations (17.1 %; e.g., hospitals, treatment programs), and/or media (14.3 %; e.g., news agencies). The target audience was primarily the general public (65.7 %), people who use opioids (20.0 %), and healthcare providers (10.0 %). Videos containing MOUD content (N = 64, 61.4 %) mostly focused on suboxone (25.0 %), methadone (23.4 %), Sublocade (14.1 %), and subutex/buprenorphine (14.1 %). The median quality score was 2 based on the GQS with 3 videos receiving the highest quality rating (5). Two videos were highly rated for accuracy per all three JAMA Benchmark criteria. Videos produced by nonmedical educational channels had the highest overall reliability scores on the DISCERN criteria (median 4), followed by medical professionals (median 3), and medical organizations (median 2.5). CONCLUSION: The overall quality, accuracy, and reliability of MOUD and harm reduction related content posted on YouTube is poor. The lack of evidence-based content posted on YouTube reinforces the need for public health expert involvement in disseminating guideline-based content on social media.

Is YouTube Reliable to Teach Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass?

AIM:  The increasing prevalence of obesity has led to the popularity of bariatric surgery. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) is one of the most complex methods in bariatric surgery. The main steps of LRYGB were determined in the Delphi Consensus. This study investigated the instructiveness and reliability of YouTube videos about LRYGB based on the Delphi Consensus. METHODS: In February 2024, three different searches were done in the search bar of the YouTube platform with the terms "laparoscopic gastric bypass" "laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass" and "laparoscopic RYGB". The first 50 videos in each search were evaluated. Animations, lectures, advertisements, non-English videos, and non-surgical videos (pre-surgery, post-surgery vlog, etc.) were excluded from the study. Delphi consensus steps were used to determine the reliability of the videos. The quality of the videos was measured using the Global Quality Scale (GQS) and modified DISCERN test. RESULTS: Forty-five videos were included in the evaluation. While 14 (31.1%) of these videos were classified as reliable, 31 (68.8%) were not found reliable. In reliable videos, video description, high definition (HD) resolution, GQS, and modified DISCERN were significantly higher (p-value 0.023, 0.004, 0.017, and 0.025 respectively). CONCLUSION: The rate of unreliable videos was higher on the YouTube platform. We conclude that YouTube alone is insufficient to learn LRYGB.

Bruxism treatment on Youtube: evaluating reliability and information accuracy.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the content and quality of videos about bruxism treatments on YouTube, a platform frequently used by patients today to obtain information. METHODS: A YouTube search was performed using the keywords "bruxism treatment" and "teeth grinding treatment". "The sort by relevance" filter was used for both search terms and the first 150 videos were saved. A total of 139 videos that met the study criteria were included in the study. Videos were classified as poor, moderate or excellent based on a usefulness score that evaluated content quality. The modified DISCERN tool was also used to evaluate video quality. Additionally, videos were categorized according to the upload source, target audience and video type. The types of treatments mentioned in the videos and the demographic data of the videos were recorded. RESULTS: According to the usefulness score, 59% of the videos were poor-quality, 36.7% were moderate-quality and 4.3% were excellent-quality. Moderate-quality videos had a higher interaction index than excellent-quality videos (p = 0.039). The video duration of excellent-quality videos was longer than that of moderate and poor-quality videos (p = 0.024, p = 0.002). Videos with poor-quality content were found to have significantly lower DISCERN scores than videos with moderate (p < 0.001) and excellent-quality content (p = 0.008). Additionally, there was a significantly positive and moderate (r = 0.446) relationship between DISCERN scores and content usefulness scores (p < 0.001). There was only a weak positive correlation between DISCERN scores and video length (r = 0.359; p < 0.001). The videos uploaded by physiotherapists had significantly higher views per day and viewing rate than videos uploaded by medical doctors (p = 0.037), university-hospital-institute (p = 0.024) and dentists (p = 0.006). The videos uploaded by physiotherapists had notably higher number of likes and number of comments than videos uploaded by medical doctors (p = 0.023; p = 0.009, respectively), university-hospital-institute (p = 0.003; p = 0.008, respectively) and dentists (p = 0.002; p = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although the majority of videos on YouTube about bruxism treatments are produced by professionals, most of the videos contain limited information, which may lead patients to debate treatment methods. Health professionals should warn patients against this potentially misleading content and direct them to reliable sources.

Cyber social proof and hazard: Investigating the impact of social media on pediatric burn incidents - Analysis and comprehensive literature review.

Investigating the growing concern of pediatric burn injuries caused by social media challenges. Adolescents, seeking fame or succumbing to peer pressure, engage in risky behaviors, recording and sharing them online. The study presents two case reports detailing severe burn injuries resulting from such challenges, highlighting the physical and psychological toll on affected children and their families. In Case report 1, a 14-year-old suffered severe burns attempting a TikTok challenge involving igniting a soaked t-shirt. The patient's critical condition necessitated intensive care, surgical procedures, and skin grafts, accompanied by complications like anemia and sepsis. Case report 2 features a 9-year-old who sustained extensive burns while attempting another social media challenge. Treatment included escharolysis, skin grafts, and surgeries, with complications managed during the recovery process. A literature review explores social media-generated burn injuries, revealing their physical and psychological impact. The influence of social proof and peer pressure on adolescents' behavior in the digital age is discussed. The pandemic's effect on mental health is considered, emphasizing the vulnerability of adolescents to such challenges. In conclusion, the paper highlights the rising incidence of teen burn injuries linked to social media challenges. Urgent measures are needed to restrict the promotion of risky behaviors on social platforms. Alongside state-of-the-art burn treatments, comprehensive psychological care is essential for young patients and their families to cope with trauma. Increased content monitoring and the dissemination of prevention materials are recommended to mitigate the occurrence of such incidents.

Using a Human-Centered Design Process to Evaluate and Optimize User Experience of a Website (InPACT at Home) to Promote Youth Physical Activity: Case Study.

Background: Web-based physical activity interventions often fail to reach the anticipated public health impact due to insufficient use by the intended audiences. Objective: The purpose of this study was to use a human-centered design process to optimize the user experience of the Interrupting Prolonged sitting with ACTivity (InPACT) at Home website to promote youth physical activity participation. Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted to assess engagement and pain points with the InPACT at Home website. Interview data were used to create affinity maps to identify themes of user responses, conduct a heuristic evaluation according to Nielsen's usability heuristics framework, and complete a competitive analysis to identify the strengths and weaknesses of competitors who offered similar products. Results: Key themes from end user interviews included liking the website design, finding the website difficult to navigate, and wanting additional features (eg, library of watched videos). The website usability issues identified were lack of labeling and categorization of exercise videos, hidden necessary actions and options hindering users from decision-making, error-prone conditions, and high cognitive load of the website. Competitive analysis results revealed that YouTube received the highest usability ratings followed by the Just Dance and Presidential Youth Fitness Program websites. Conclusions: Human-centered design approaches are useful for bringing end users and developers together to optimize user experience and impact public health. Future research is needed to examine the effectiveness of the InPACT at Home website redesign to attract new users and retain current users, with the end goal of increasing youth physical activity engagement.

Current insights on social media as a tool for the dissemination of research and education in surgery: a narrative review.

The purpose of our narrative review is to summarize the utilization of social media (SoMe) platforms for research communication within the field of surgery. We searched the PubMed database for articles in the last decade that discuss the utilization of SoMe in surgery and then categorized the diverse purposes of SoMe. SoMe proved to be a powerful tool for disseminating articles. Employing strategic methods like visual abstracts enhances article citation rates, the impact factor, h-index, and Altmetric score (an emerging alternative metric that comprehensively and instantly quantifies the social impact of scientific papers). SoMe also proved valuable for surgical education, with online videos shared widely for surgical training. However, it is essential to acknowledge the associated risk of inconsistency in quality. Moreover, SoMe facilitates discussion on specific topics through hashtags or closed groups and is instrumental in recruiting surgeons, with over half of general surgery residency programs in the US efficiently leveraging these platforms to attract the attention of potential candidates. Thus, there is a wealth of evidence supporting the effective use of SoMe for surgeons. In the contemporary era where SoMe is widely utilized, surgeons should be well-versed in this evidence.

Assessment of YouTube Videos in Patient Education for Coronary Artery Disease: A DISCERN-Based Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Introduction Cardiovascular disease has one of the highest mortality rates and continues to grow. Therefore, it is important for the medical community to get involved in widespread patient education efforts. As technology has steadily advanced, YouTube (Google LLC, Mountain View, California, United States) has become a popular source for patients to gather medical information. In this study, we aim to assess the quality of YouTube videos pertaining to coronary artery disease.  Methods We searched the following key terms on June 20, 2023, using the view count filter: coronary artery disease, coronary artery disease treatment, cardiac catheterization, and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The top twenty videos for each keyword were recorded. After videos that were over 20 minutes, non-English, procedural videos without words, and duplicates were excluded, forty-five videos remained. Each video was assessed by three viewers using the DISCERN criteria (http://www.discern.org.uk). Numerical data was averaged into composite scores. Two-sided t-tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used to compare mean ratings between groups. A Spearman correlation was done to compare each of the following terms to one another: overall quality of videos, total likes a video received, and total views.  Results The mean ratings for coronary artery disease, coronary artery disease treatment, cardiac catheterization, and CABG were 2.30, 2.60, 2.05, and 2.92, respectively, with an overall mean of 2.42. The means between coronary artery disease and coronary artery disease treatment were significantly different (p adj = 0.01). The overall rating for videos with board-certified physicians was significantly higher than those without a board-certified physician (p < 0.001). There was a low correlation between likes and overall ratings (0.03) and views and overall ratings (-0.068). Conclusion The videos on coronary artery disease, coronary artery disease treatment, cardiac catheterization, and CABG had poor overall quality based on DISCERN criteria. The overall ratings from videos with board physicians are higher than those from non-physicians, suggesting that physicians should be encouraged to create content about important medical conditions. There was also a low correlation between the overall quality of a video and the likes and views, respectively, indicating a disconnect between what the public values and the actual value of a video.

Pediatric Asthma Inhaler Technique: Quality and Content Analysis of YouTube Videos.

This study aims to analyze the quality, reliability, and content of YouTube videos on pediatric asthma inhaler techniques both for parents and children. The study has a descriptive, retrospective, and cross-sectional design. The research was conducted by searching YouTube using the "Pediatric Metered Dose Inhaler," "Pediatric Accuhaler," and "Pediatric Diskus." The video's popularity was measured using the Video Power Index. The quality and reliability of the videos were evaluated using the modified DISCERN and Global Quality Scale (GQS). This study analyzed 55 YouTube videos on the pediatric inhaler technique. In total, 19 of the videos were related to the pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDI) with a spacer for tidal breathing, 14 pMDI inhalers with a spacer for single breath, and 22 diskus devices. Findings show that videos demonstrating the use of pMDI devices for single breath have more reliable modified DISCERN scores. However, videos related to tidal breathing are more popular than those showing the use of diskus devices and pMDI single breath. Based on the checklist for videos on diskus devices, the steps with the highest error rates are 'Check dose counter' at 72.7% and 'Breathe out gently, away from the inhaler' at 63.6%. A moderate correlation was observed between the modified DISCERN score and the GQS. While YouTube videos on the pMDI single-breath technique may be useful for pediatric patients and caregivers, it is crucial for them to receive inhaler technique education from their healthcare provider. This study's findings hold great significance for pediatric patients and caregivers, particularly those who rely on YouTube for health-related information.

YouTube™ Videos as a Source of Information on Necrotizing Gingivitis: A Content-Quality Analysis.

Background This study aims to evaluate the quality, reliability, and content of the information provided in YouTube™ videos on necrotizing gingivitis (NG), demonstrate the effectiveness of the videos for patients, and help dentists use this platform as a resource to properly guide their patients. Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted by two experienced periodontologists. They began the study by searching for YouTube™ videos using the keywords "necrotizing gingivitis" and "trench mouth." Descriptive parameters such as the source of upload, country of origin, duration, upload date, number of likes, dislikes, views, and comments were evaluated. After this initial evaluation, the viewing rate and interaction index were calculated. Videos were categorized into high content (HC) and low content (LC) based on a 7-point scale. The quality of video content was assessed using the Global Quality Scale (GQS) and the Video Information and Quality Index (VIQI). The data were analyzed using various statistical tests, with a significance level set at p<0.05. Results Initially, 148 videos were screened, and 50 videos on NG that met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Out of the 50 videos, 28 (56%) were uploaded by healthcare professionals. Overall, 68% of videos (n=34) were classified as HC and 32% (n=16) as LC. The most common topic was clinical symptoms and signs of NG, with 86% (n=43), while NG prevention was the least common topic, with 26% (n=13). Statistically significant differences were found between video duration, time since upload, and VIQI scores according to TCS scores (p<0.05). Video duration and VIQI scores were higher for HC videos compared to LC videos. The time since upload for LC videos was higher than for HC videos. Positive correlations were observed between TCS scores, video duration, and VIQI, as well as between GQS scores, video duration, viewing rate, and VIQI. Conclusions The majority of NG videos on YouTube™ are useful and comprehensive, but their number is insufficient. Poor-quality and inadequate videos may mislead practitioners and patients. However, this also presents an opportunity for healthcare professionals to leverage YouTube™ as an educational tool. Periodontologists should upload more comprehensive videos and play a more active role in providing high-quality information.

YouTube as a possible learning platform for patients and their family caregivers for gastrostomy tube feeding: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Many patients and family caregivers have informational needs, especially regarding gastrostomy care and home gastrostomy tube feeding. YouTube is a potential accessible option for educational resources concerning these topics. METHODS: This study aimed to explore the educational quality and content of informational YouTube videos. We used "gastrostomy," "G-tube," "enteral feeding," and "enteral nutrition," as search keywords on YouTube on October 3, 2021. A total of 229 videos were evaluated using the global quality scale (GQS) and modified DISCERN scoring system. Variables extracted from the videos included general features, video parameters, and content themes. RESULTS: The GQS and modified DISCERN scores were 3.31 ± 0.90 and 2.63 ± 1.23, respectively. There were educational quality and differences among videos uploaded by various agencies. Frequent video content themes included "cleaning and dressing a gastrostomy tube," "bolus method," and "replacing a balloon-type of gastrostomy tube." CONCLUSION: Results showed that YouTube can be a supplemental educational resource for people requiring gastrostomy care and for their caregivers. However, given the open-access nature of YouTube, healthcare professionals' guidance is needed for video selection. Healthcare professionals should know and use specific, reliable resources to effectively guide and educate patients with gastrostomy and their caregivers, enhancing their self-management skills and knowledge.

A cross-sectional analysis of the content and quality of presurgical infant orthopedics videos on YouTube.

BACKGROUND: Caregivers seeking additional information about Presurgical Infant Orthopedics (PSIO) may turn to online sources, but the quality of information on platforms like YouTube is uncertain. AIM: To investigate the content and quality of PSIO videos on YouTube. DESIGN: YouTube videos were searched using keywords related to PSIO appliances. Videos that met the eligibility criteria (n = 52) were categorized as care provider or caregiver-based. Engagement metrics were analyzed and quality assessments were performed by two raters using the Global Quality Score (GQS), Video Information and Quality Index (VIQI), and Medical Quality Video Evaluation Tool (MQ-VET). RESULTS: Inter-rater and intra-rater correlations were high (r ≥0.9; p < 0.01), indicating excellent reliability. Strong correlations were observed between the GQS, VIQI, and MQ-VET scores (r: 0.86-0.91; p < 0.01). Mean GQS (2.7 ± 1.1), VIQI (13.0 ± 4.1), and MQ-VET (42.6 ± 12.4) scores indicated poor to moderate video quality. Most videos (73.1%) were in the care provider category and rated significantly higher (p < 0.05) in quality than the caregiver category for all three indices, but not for video engagement metrics. CONCLUSION: YouTube PSIO videos are not comprehensive and lack quality. Caregivers of infants undertaking PSIO should seek advice from care providers and not rely solely on YouTube videos.

Analysis of YouTube-Based Therapeutic Content for Children with Cerebral Palsy.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Cerebral palsy (CP) causes movement and posture challenges due to central nervous system damage, requiring lifelong management. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was limited access to facility-based treatments, which increased the demand for home-based therapies and digital resources. We analyzed the qualitative and quantitative aspects of YouTube videos focusing on CP therapy for children. METHODS: A total of 95 videos were evaluated for content quality using the modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) tool and Global Quality Scale (GQS). The therapeutic program efficacy was assessed via the International Consensus on Therapeutic Exercise and Training (i-CONTENT) tool, Consensus on Therapeutic Exercise Training (CONTENT) scale, and Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT), and popularity was measured by the video power index (VPI). RESULTS: YouTube-based therapeutic videos for children with CP generally exhibit reliability in video content and effectiveness in therapeutic programming, and no correlations were found between video popularity and quality. However, the qualitative analysis reveals insufficient mention of uncertainty in the treatment principles within the video content as well as a lack of detailed treatment descriptions encompassing aspects such as intensity, frequency, timing, setting, outcome measurement during and post-treatment, and safety considerations within therapeutic programs. In particular, this tendency was consistent regardless of the uploader's expertise level and the classification of the neuromotor therapy type in contrast to that of the exercise type. CONCLUSIONS: YouTube-based content for CP children still has significant limitations in how substantive viewers, such as caregivers, can acquire tailored information and apply practical information to their exercise and treatment programs.

YouTube videos on lymphedema as an information source for Spanish speaking breast cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer-related lymphedema in the upper limb remains one of the most distressful complications of breast cancer treatment. YouTube is considered a potential digital resource for population health and decision making. However, access to inadequate information or misinformation could have undesirable impacts. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the reliability, quality and content of YouTube videos on lymphedema as an information source for Spanish-speaking breast cancer survivors. METHODS: A search of YouTube was conducted in January 2023 using the key words "breast cancer lymphedema" and "lymphedema arm breast cancer." Reliability and quality of the videos were evaluated using the Discern tool, content, source of production, number of likes, comments, views, duration, Video Power Index, likes ratio, view ratio and age on the platform. RESULTS: Amongst the 300 Spanish language videos identified on YouTube, 35 were selected for analysis based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the 35 selected videos, 82.9% (n = 29) were developed by healthcare or academic professionals and 17.1% (n = 9) by others. Reliability (p < 0.017) and quality (p < 0.03) were higher in the videos made by professionals. The Discern total score (r = 0.476; p = 0.004), reliability (r = 0.472; p = 0.004) and quality (r = 0.469; p = 0.004) were positively correlated with the duration of the videos. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide a strong rationale for educating breast cancer survivors seeking lymphedema information to select videos made by healthcare or academic professionals. Standardised evaluation prior to video publication is needed to ensure that the end-users receive accurate and quality information from YouTube.

Exploring the relationship between YouTube video characteristics and a viewer's mental health traits among young adults.

We investigated the relationship between individuals' mental health traits and the characteristics of YouTube videos they watch. The mental health traits considered were stress, depression, anxiety, and self-esteem, which were measured using a survey questionnaire. We considered violence shown in a video, brightness and saturation of a video as video characteristics. We utilized the viewing history log data of the participants and analyzed the videos they watched on YouTube using computer vision techniques based on deep learning algorithms. The results revealed that viewers' consumption of violent videos was positively related to stress, depression, and anxiety, but negatively related to self-esteem. Individuals with higher levels of stress, depression, or anxiety tended to view darker videos than those with lower levels of stress, depression, or anxiety.

Evaluating the quality and reliability of YouTube videos on myopia: a video content analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the quality and reliability of YouTube videos as an educational resource about myopia. METHODS: The videos were identified by searching YouTube with the keywords 'myopia' and 'nearsightedness', using the website's default search settings. The number of views, likes, dislikes, view ratio, source of the upload, country of origin, video type, and described treatment techniques were assessed. Each video was evaluated using the DISCERN, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Ensuring Quality Information for Patients (EQIP), Health On the Net Code of Conduct Certification (HONcode), and the Global Quality Score (GQS) scales. RESULTS: A total of 112 videos were included. The classification of videos by source indicated that the top three contributors were health channels (30 videos [26.8%]), physicians (24 videos [21.4%]), and academic centers (19 videos [16.9%]). Most of these videos originated from the United States (74 videos [66.1%]) and focused on the pathophysiology (n = 89, 79.4%) and the treatment (n = 77, 68.7%) of myopia. Statistical comparisons among the groups of video sources showed no significant difference in the mean DISCERN score (p = 0.102). However, significant differences were noted in the JAMA (p = 0.011), GQS (p = 0.009), HONcode (p = 0.011), and EQIP (p = 0.002) scores. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscored the variability in the quality and reliability of YouTube videos related to myopia, with most content ranging from 'weak to moderate' quality based on the DISCERN and GQS scales, yet appearing to be 'excellent' according to the HONcode and EQIP scales. Videos uploaded by physicians generally exhibited higher standards, highlighting the importance of expert involvement in online health information dissemination. Given the potential risks of accessing incorrect medical data that can affect the decision-making processes of patients, caution should be exercised when using online content as a source of information.