Burden of disease and costs for the Unified Health System in Brazil due to diseases whose alcohol consumption is a necessary cause: an ecological study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to quantify the health and economic impacts of alcohol consumption in Brazil for 2019. STUDY DESIGN: Ecological study using secondary data sources. METHODS: We calculated the disease burden using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study, which incorporated data from health surveys and hospital records. Costs were estimated based on direct expenses recorded in the Hospital and Outpatient Information System of the Unified Health System, with data by sex, age group, cause, and Federative Units. RESULTS: Alcohol consumption was a necessary cause for 30,355 deaths and approximately 1.69 million disability-adjusted life years in Brazil, representing 2.2% and 2.6% of the national totals, respectively. The impact was more pronounced among men, in the Northeast region and within the 40- to 64-year-old age group. The total costs attributed to these outcomes reached approximately Int$43.1 million, with hospital admissions accounting for 94.16% of these expenses. CONCLUSION: In 2019, alcohol consumption had a significant impact on both the health of Brazilians and the expenses of the health system. As a preventable risk factor, alcohol consumption necessitates effective intersectoral strategies to mitigate its burden.

Autoeficacia en usuarios de servicios hospitalarios ambulatorios / Self-efficacy in users of ambulatory hospital services

RESUMEN Autoeficacia es una variable mediadora del cambio conductual en intervenciones psicosociales para el manejo de problemas de salud. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de autoeficacia en la población atendida en hospitales generales y centros de salud de Lima Metropolitana y su relación con problemas mentales comunes y diagnósticos clínicos prevalentes. Material y métodos: Estudio de datos secundarios procedentes del Estudio Epidemiológico de Salud Mental en Hospitales Generales y Centros de Salud en Lima-2015. Se estudió la Escala de Autoeficacia General (EAG) de Schwarzer y Jerusalem y su relación con variables sociodemográficas, especialidades médicas, diagnósticos clínicos frecuentes, y ansiedad, depresión y abuso/dependencia del alcohol. Para el tratamiento de los datos se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial mediante pruebas de independencia de medias y de correlación. Resultados: El puntaje promedio de la EAG fue 30,89+6,29 y menor en los usuarios de las especialidades de medicina general, psiquiatría y neurología, y en el servicio de psicología. La autoeficacia se relacionó inversamente con la presencia de depresión y ansiedad, y no con abuso/dependencia de alcohol. En los seis diagnósticos clínicos más frecuentes el puntaje EAG, no fue diferente al mostrado por todos los encuestados, excepto en VIH. Conclusiones: La autoeficacia varía según las condiciones sociodemográficas; el promedio de la escala de autoeficacia en la población hospitalaria es menor al reportado en la población general, y es menor en depresión y ansiedad en general que en otras patologías clínicas. Se destaca la conveniencia de intervenciones para fortalecer la autoeficacia de los atendidos en el proceso de tratamiento.

SUMMARY Self-efficacy is a mediating variable of behavioral change in psychosocial interventions for the management of health problems. Objective: To determine the level of self-efficacy in users of general hospitals and peripheral health care centers in Lima and to evaluate its relationship with prevalent mental problems. Methods: Secondary data analysis was carried out from the epidemiologic study of mental health in general hospitals and peripheral health care centers conducted in Lima in 2015. The Schwarzer y Jerusalem's scale of general self-efficiency (GSE) was used and correlated with socio-demographics and common clinical diagnoses such as anxiety, depression, and alcohol abuse. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results: The mean GSE was 30.89 ± 6,29; it was lower in patients attending medical specialties, psychiatry, neurology, and psychology. The self-efficiency inversely correlated with depression and anxiety but not with alcohol abuse. GSE values on patients having the six most common diagnoses were not different but in patients with HIV. Conclusions: Sel-efficacy varies according to socioeconomic status. The mean GSE is lower than reported in the general population and is lowest in patients with anxiety and depression. We reinforce the need to implement interventions to enhance self-efficacy among patients attending the health care system in Lima.

Transtorno do espectro do autismo e o uso materno e paterno de medicamentos, tabaco, álcool e drogas ilícitas / Maternal and paternal licit and illicit drug use, smoking and drinking and autism spectrum disorder

Resumo O presente estudo objetivou investigar a associação entre o TEA e o uso materno e paterno de medicamentos, tabaco, álcool e drogas ilícitas. Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle realizado com crianças e adolescentes diagnosticados com TEA e indivíduos neurotípicos. Os dados foram colhidos por meio de entrevista com as mães ou responsáveis. Foram analisadas as variáveis sexo e idade das crianças/adolescentes; idade dos pais; uso de medicamentos antes e durante a gestação; classes de medicamentos usados na gestação; tabagismo materno e paterno; etilismo materno e paterno; uso de drogas ilícitas pelos pais. Para a análise das informações, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão logística, além da razão de chances (OR) bruta e ajustada. Os resultados mostraram que, após os ajustes, foi encontrada associação entre o uso materno na gestação de antitérmicos/analgésicos (OR = 2,26; IC95% 1,29-3,95; p < 0,040) com o TEA. Já o uso de tabaco, álcool e drogas ilícitas materno e paterno, antes e durante a gestação, não apontou relação com o TEA. Os dados encontrados sugerem que existe influência de fatores ambientais no desenvolvimento do TEA.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the association between maternal and paternal licit and illicit drug use, smoking and drinking and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We conducted a case-control study with children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD and neurotypical individuals. The data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire administered during interviews with the children's mothers or guardians. The following variables were analyzed: child sex and age; maternal and parental age; use of medicines before and during pregnancy; classes of medicines used during pregnancy; maternal and paternal smoking; maternal and paternal drinking; maternal and paternal illicit drug use. The data were analyzed using logistic regression and crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR). After adjustment, the results showed an association between maternal use of antipyretics/pain killers during pregnancy (OR = 2.26; 95%CI 1.29-3.95; p < 0.040) and ASD. No association was found between maternal and paternal smoking, drinking and illicit drug use before and during pregnancy and ASD. The findings suggest that the development of ASD is influenced by environmental factors.

Trend in mortality from mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use in Brazil, 2010-2021 / Tendencias de mortalidad por trastornos mentales y comportamentales relacionados con el consumo de alcohol en Brasil: 2010-2021 / Tendência da mortalidade por transtornos mentais e comportamentais devidos ao uso de álcool no Brasil, 2010-2021

Abstract Objective: To analyze the trend in mortality from mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use in Brazil, 2010-2021. Methods: This was an time series study using Mortality Information System data. Annual percentage change (APC) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using Prais-Winsten linear regression. Results: Mortality showed a stationary trend for Brazil as a whole (APC = 0.6; 95%CI -4.2;3.0), a falling trend in individuals aged 20-29 years in the South (APC = -7.4; 95%CI -10.0;-4.3) and Northeast (APC = -3.4; 95%CI -6.4;-0.4) regions, in people aged 30-39 in the Midwest region (APC = -3,8; 95%CI -7.4;-0.1) and 40-49 in the South (APC = -2.1; 95%CI -3.8;-0.4), North (APC = -3.1; 95%CI -5.7;-0.5) and Midwest (APC = -2.9; 95%CI -5.5;-0.3) regions. Conclusion: Mortality from mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use showed a stationary trend nationally and a falling trend in some age groups regionally.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia de mortalidad por trastornos mentales y del comportamiento en decorrencia del consumo de alcohol en Brasil en el período 2010-2021. Métodos: Estudio de series de tiempo ecológicas, con datos del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad; el cambio porcentual anual (APV) y los respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) se calcularon mediante regresión lineal de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: Hubo una tendencia estacionaria en la mortalidad en Brasil en su conjunto (VPA = 0,6; IC95% -4,2;3,0), una tendencia decreciente en individuos de 20 a 29 años en las regiones del Sur (VPA = -7,4; IC95% -10,0;-4,3) y Noreste (VPA = -3,4; IC95% -6,4;-0,4), en personas de 30 a 39 años en el Centro-Oeste (VPA = -3,8; IC95% -7,4;-0,1) y en adultos de 40 a 49 años en el Sur (VPA = -2,1; IC95% -3,8;-0,4), Norte (VPA = -3,1; IC95% -5,7;-0,5) y Centro-Oeste (VPA = - 2,9; IC95% -5,5;-0,3). Conclusión: La mortalidad por trastornos mentales y del comportamiento a causa del consumo de alcohol presentó una tendencia estacionaria en Brasil y una tendencia decreciente en algunos grupos etarios.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a tendência da mortalidade por transtornos mentais e comportamentais devidos ao uso de álcool no Brasil em 2010-2021. Métodos: Estudo de séries temporais, com dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. A variação percentual anual (VPA) e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados por regressão linear de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: Houve tendência estacionária na mortalidade no Brasil como um todo (VPA = 0,6; IC95% -4,2;3,0), tendência decrescente em indivíduos de 20-29 anos nas regiões Sul (VPA = -7,4; IC95% -10,0;-4,3) e Nordeste (VPA = -3,4; IC95% -6,4;-0,4), em pessoas de 30-39 anos no Centro-Oeste (VPA = -3,8; IC95% -7,4;-0,1) e naqueles com 40-49 anos nas regiões Sul (VPA = -2,1; IC95% -3,8;-0,4), Norte (VPA = -3,1; IC95% -5,7;-0,5) e Centro-Oeste (VPA = -2,9; IC95% -5,5;-0,3). Conclusão: A mortalidade por transtornos mentais e comportamentais devidos ao uso de álcool apresentou tendência estacionária no Brasil e decrescente em algumas faixas etárias.

Assessment of cognitive functioning using the Mini Mental State Examination in men with Alcohol and Crack Cocaine Use Disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Consumption of substances has been associated with cognitive impairment. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) is an easy-to-apply screening tool used to assess cognitive functions. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cognitive performance of individuals with alcohol (AUD) and/or crack cocaine use disorder (CUD) and polysubstance use using the MMSE and to investigate the impact of substance use profile and the moderation effect of educational level on MMSE performance. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 508 adult male inpatients diagnosed with substance use disorders (245 with AUD, 85 with CUD, and 178 with polysubstance use). Cognitive performance was assessed using the MMSE scale (total and composite scores). RESULTS: Individuals with AUD had worse total MMSE scores and scored worse for all three MMSE components compared to individuals with polysubstance use (p < 0.001, oral/written language comprehension, p < 0.001, attention/memory, and p = 0.007, motor functions). MMSE scores were positively correlated with educational level (p < 0.017), but were not associated with age, recent drug use, or years of drug use. Educational level moderated the impact of substance use on MMSE performance, especially total score and composite language comprehension score. Individuals with a low educational level (≤ 8 years) had worse performance than those with a high educational level (≥ 9 years), mainly in individuals with AUD (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Individuals with a low educational level and alcohol use are more prone to present cognitive impairment than crack cocaine users, especially involving language aspects. Better-preserved cognitive function could impact treatment adherence and might guide the decision of therapeutic strategies.

Combined physical training associated with multidisciplinary intervention in the treatment of alcohol use disorder: a study with n of 1 / O treinamento físico combinado associado à intervenção multiprofissional no tratamento do transtorno por uso de álcool: um estudo com n de 1

ABSTRACT Objective: Substance misuse can lead to several consequences for physical and mental health. Physical exercise is an important ally to pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment for substance use. However, the literature is still scarce regarding long-term interventions. Thus, this study aims to describe the acceptability and effects of combined physical training intervention (aerobic and strength). Methods: This study comprises an n-of-1 clinical trial that was performed with a 64-year-old male individual with alcohol use disorder. The treatment lasted 12 weeks and evaluated the association of multidisciplinary interventions on quality of life, depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, and anxiety. Results: The participant improved general quality of life (12.5%), no alterations were found for depressive symptoms, there was an improvement in cognition (20%), as well a reduction in the trait (16.2%) and state (14.7%) anxiety symptoms of the participant. Conclusions: These findings allude to the importance of non-drug therapeutic resources such as structured physical exercise, associated with other offers in the treatment of alcohol use disorder.

RESUMO Objetivo: O uso de substâncias psicoativas pode levar a diversas consequências à saúde física e mental. O exercício físico é um importante aliado ao tratamento farmacológico e psicoterápico para o uso de substâncias. No entanto, a literatura ainda é escassa em relação às intervenções de longa duração. Dessa forma, este estudo objetiva descrever a aceitabilidade e os efeitos de uma intervenção de treinamento físico combinado (aeróbico e força). Métodos: Este estudo compreende um n-of-1 clinical trial que foi realizado com um indivíduo do sexo masculino, de 64 anos de idade, com transtorno por uso de álcool. O tratamento teve a duração de 12 semanas e avaliou a associação de intervenções multiprofissionais sobre a qualidade de vida, sintomas depressivos, comprometimento cognitivo e ansiedade. Resultados: O participante melhorou a qualidade de vida geral (12,5%), não foram encontradas alterações para sintomas depressivos, houve melhora na cognição (20%), bem como redução nos sintomas de ansiedade traço (16,2%) e estado (14,7%) do participante. Conclusões: Esses achados aludem à importância de recursos terapêuticos não medicamentosos como o exercício físico estruturado, associados às demais ofertas no tratamento para o transtorno por uso de álcool.

Internal validity evidence of a knowledge questionnaire on alcohol use, abuse and dependence and associated questions / Evidencia de validez interna de un cuestionario de conocimientos sobre uso, abuso y dependencia de alcohol y preguntas asociadas / Evidências de validade interna de um questionário de conhecimento sobre o uso, abuso e dependência de álcool e questões associadas

ABSTRACT Objectives: to perform content validity and verify the psychometric properties of the adapted version of an alcohol knowledge questionnaire and associated questions. Methods: a methodological study, in which a committee of judges analyzed the questionnaire item representativeness, clarity and relevance. Item response theory was used to assess the instrument psychometric properties applied to a sample of 240 health professionals. Results: the questions were adjusted according to judges' assessment, obtaining a satisfactory Content Validity Index (0.98). High discrimination ability and adequate difficulty levels were observed in 75% of multiple-choice questions and in 25% of statements. Conclusions: the instrument presented content validity with satisfactory indices. However, it is recommended that the questionnaire adapted in this study be used in different samples of health professionals from other parts of Brazil, in order to provide greater robustness to its reliability.

RESUMEN Objetivos: realizar la validación de contenido y verificar las cualidades psicométricas de la versión adaptada del cuestionario de conocimientos sobre alcohol y preguntas asociadas. Métodos: estudio metodológico, en el que un comité de jueces analizó la representatividad, claridad y pertinencia de los ítems del cuestionario. Se utilizó la teoría de respuesta al ítem para evaluar las cualidades psicométricas del instrumento aplicado a una muestra de 240 profesionales de la salud. Resultados: las preguntas fueron ajustadas de acuerdo a la evaluación de los jueces, obteniendo un Índice de Validez de Contenido satisfactorio (0,98). Se observó una alta capacidad de discriminación y niveles de dificultad adecuados en el 75% de las preguntas de opción múltiple y en el 25% de las afirmativas. Conclusiones: el instrumento presentó validez de contenido con índices satisfactorios. Sin embargo, se recomienda que el cuestionario adaptado en este estudio sea utilizado en diferentes muestras de profesionales de la salud de otras partes del país, con el fin de darle mayor robustez a su confiabilidad.

RESUMO Objetivos: realizar a validação de conteúdo e verificar as qualidades psicométricas da versão adaptada do questionário de conhecimentos frente ao álcool e questões associadas. Métodos: estudo do tipo metodológico, em que um comitê de juízes analisou a representatividade, clareza e pertinência dos itens do questionário. Utilizou-se a teoria da resposta ao item para avaliar as qualidades psicométricas do instrumento aplicado em uma amostra de 240 profissionais de saúde. Resultados: as questões foram ajustadas conforme avaliação dos juízes, obtendo um Índice de Validade de Conteúdo satisfatório (0,98). Observou-se alta capacidade de discriminação e níveis de dificuldade adequados em 75% das questões de múltipla escolha e em 25% das afirmativas. Conclusões: o instrumento apresentou validade de conteúdo com índices satisfatórios. Entretanto, recomenda-se que o questionário adaptado neste estudo seja utilizado em amostras diversas de profissionais de saúde, de outros locais do país, com o intuito de oferecer maior robustez à sua confiabilidade.

Assessment of cognitive functioning using the Mini Mental State Examination in men with alcohol and crack cocaine use disorder

Abstract Introduction Consumption of substances has been associated with cognitive impairment. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) is an easy-to-apply screening tool used to assess cognitive functions. Objectives To evaluate the cognitive performance of individuals with alcohol (AUD) and/or crack cocaine use disorder (CUD) and polysubstance use using the MMSE and to investigate the impact of substance use profile and the moderation effect of educational level on MMSE performance. Methods Cross-sectional study with 508 adult male inpatients diagnosed with substance use disorders (245 with AUD, 85 with CUD, and 178 with polysubstance use). Cognitive performance was assessed using the MMSE scale (total and composite scores). Results Individuals with AUD had worse total MMSE scores and scored worse for all three MMSE components compared to individuals with polysubstance use (p < 0.001, oral/written language comprehension, p < 0.001, attention/memory, and p = 0.007, motor functions). MMSE scores were positively correlated with educational level (p < 0.017), but were not associated with age, recent drug use, or years of drug use. Educational level moderated the impact of substance use on MMSE performance, especially total score and composite language comprehension score. Individuals with a low educational level (≤ 8 years) had worse performance than those with a high educational level (≥ 9 years), mainly in individuals with AUD (p < 0.001). Discussion Individuals with a low educational level and alcohol use are more prone to present cognitive impairment than crack cocaine users, especially involving language aspects. Better-preserved cognitive function could impact treatment adherence and might guide the decision of therapeutic strategies.

An Assessment of Mortality among Elderly Brazilians from Alcohol Abuse Diseases: A Longitudinal Study from 1996 to 2019.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a worldwide public health problem, being an important aggravating factor of comorbidities found in the elderly, with the potential to increase mortality indicators for this age group. OBJECTIVE: To analyze alcohol-induced deaths in elderly people with alcohol-related disorder in Brazil between 1996 and 2019. METHODS: An ecological study was conducted with secondary data obtained from the Brazilian Unified Health System (SIM) Mortality Information System from 1996 to 2019. TabNet/DATASUS, Excel® 2016 and SPSS 21® were used to prepare the results. RESULTS: Between 1996 and 2019, 85,928 alcohol-induced deaths were recorded among the elderly (>60 years); in 1996, the lowest number of deaths was recorded (n = 1396), and in 2018, there were the highest number of deaths (n = 5667). In the profile of the elderly, there was a predominance of men (88%). Mortality from AUD was due to alcoholic liver disease (62.2%), followed by mental disorders due to alcohol use (37.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Coping with AUD is a public health problem that aims to reduce the number of deaths from diseases, conditions and injuries in which alcohol consumption is the causative agent, in addition to preventing deaths to which alcohol contributes.

Risk Factors for Problematic Drinking in One's Thirties and Forties: A Longitudinal Analysis of the 1970 British Cohort Study.

Alcohol drinking and risk factors for problematic drinking may vary across a lifespan. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for problematic drinking in men and women in their thirties and forties. Alcohol drinking and potential risk factors for problematic drinking were assessed at ages 30, 34, 42, and 46 in the 1970 British Cohort Study. Multilevel models included 10,079 observations in 3880 men and 9241 observations in 3716 women. In men, formerly smoking, currently smoking, having a degree, having malaise, and having a mother who drank while pregnant were independently associated with increased risk of problematic drinking. In women, formerly smoking, currently smoking, being physically active in one's leisure time, having a degree, having a managerial or professional occupation, having malaise, and having a mother who drank while pregnant were independently associated with increased risk of problematic drinking. In men and women, cohabiting as a couple was associated with decreased risk of problematic drinking. This study suggests that several risk factors may be associated with problematic drinking in men and women in their thirties and forties. Policy makers should consider the role of modifiable risk factors in the prevention of problematic drinking.

Electroencephalographic neurofeedback as a tool for reducing harm and risk associated with alcohol use disorder: A critical review.

ISSUES: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) causes the highest harms around the world. Many people use alcohol to reduce stress and anxiety, considered as risk factors for AUD. Chronic alcohol use leads to changes in the reward system and the high level of stress may exacerbate neuroendocrine responses. Electroencephalographic (EEG) neurofeedback shows reduction of stress, anxiety and alcohol abuse and it could be an important tool for reducing harm and risk associated with AUD. The aim of this paper is to review the studies that investigated the effects of EEG neurofeedback in subjects with AUD and it proposes to discuss this intervention as a tool for reducing harm and risk in AUD. APPROACH: Medline, PsycINFO and LILACS databases were searched and appropriated terms were used. Inclusion criterion was adopted. The year of publication was not limited because of the scarce number of studies. Eighty-two papers returned and eight were included. A critical review was conducted. KEY FINDINGS: Most of the papers analysed used the alpha/theta protocol to reduce the 'hyperexcitation' of the nervous system. This protocol provides relaxation, decreases anxiety or stress, prevents alcohol relapse, maintains abstinence and increases the feeling of well-being. IMPLICATIONS: EEG neurofeedback has important effects on AUD and anxiety or stress. Studies reinforce the use of EEG neurofeedback as an alternative tool for reducing harm and risk in AUD. CONCLUSION: EEG neurofeedback is an intervention to treat AUD, specifically, to reduce harm and risk. However, more randomised studies are necessary to consolidate the effectiveness of the technique.

Fatores associados ao consumo abusivo de álcool em profissionais de enfermagem no estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Factors associated with alcohol abuse in nursing professionals in São Paulo State, Brazil

Resumo Objetivo: identificar fatores associados ao consumo abusivo de álcool entre profissionais de Enfermagem no estado de São Paulo. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo caso-controle aninhado a um transversal. Foram coletados dados sobre características demográficas, do estilo de vida, capacidade para o trabalho, aspectos ocupacionais, do ambiente de trabalho físico e psicossocial e de consumo abusivo de álcool (questionário CAGE). Foi realizada análise de regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: o estudo envolveu 119 casos e 356 controles. Após ajuste por idade, o consumo abusivo de álcool foi associado ao sexo masculino (OR: 3,39; IC95%:1,96;5,85), tabagismo atual ou pregresso (OR: 2,11; IC95%: 1,32;3,38) e à qualidade do sono ruim (OR: 1,91; IC95%:1,12;3,25); e negativamente associado a carga horária de trabalho semanal ≥50 horas (OR: 0,54; IC95%:0,32;0,92) e renda familiar mensal de ≥6,1 salários-mínimos (OR: 0,37; IC95%: 0,20;0,67). Conclusões: jornada de trabalho e características individuais estiveram associadas ao consumo abusivo de álcool. Programas de prevenção e tratamento do consumo abusivo de álcool em profissionais da Enfermagem deveriam ser implementados nos locais de trabalho, visando reduzir os danos causados pelo álcool para trabalhadores e pacientes.

Abstract Objective: to identify factors associated with alcohol abuse in nursing professionals in São Paulo State. Methods: this is a case-control nested in a cross-sectional study. We collected data on demographic characteristics, lifestyle, work ability, occupational features, physical and psychosocial work environment, and alcohol abuse (CAGE Questionnaire). Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: the study involved 119 participants in the case group and 356 in the control group. After age adjustment, alcohol abuse was associated with male sex (OR: 3.39; 95%CI: 1.96;5.85), current or former smoking (OR: 2.11; 95%CI: 1.32;3.38), and poor sleep quality (OR: 1.91; 95%CI: 1.12;3.25); and negatively associated with ≥50 weekly working hours (OR: 0.54;95%CI: 0.32;0.92) and a monthly family income ≥6.1 minimum wages(OR: 0.37; 95%CI: 0.20;0.67). Conclusions: working hours and individual characteristics were associated with alcohol abuse. Workplaces should implement programs to prevent and treat alcohol abuse in nursing professionals to reduce workers' and patients' alcohol-related harms.

Alteración de la salud mental y consumo de alcohol en estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo / Alteration of mental health and alcohol consumption in students of the National University of Chimborazo

INTRODUCCIÓN. Los trastornos mentales y por consumo de sustancias causan el 19% de todos los años de vida ajustados por discapacidad y el 36% de todos los años vividos con discapacidad. Representan un tercio de la carga total de enfermedades en la población con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 45 años. OBJETIVO. Analizar el trastorno mental y el consumo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio analítico transversal, de campo. Población y muestra conocida de 125 estudiantes universitarios de primero a quinto semestre de la carrera rediseñada de Pedagogía de la Actividad Física y del Deporte de la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, noviembre 2019. La técnica empleada para la recolección de datos fue el Reactivo Psicológico. Se aplicaron: Test de Identificación de los Trastornos Debidos al Consumo de Alcohol - AUDIT y Cuestionario de Salud General GHQ-28. Se calculó frecuencia y porcentaje de niveles de alteración de la salud mental y de consumo de alcohol. Se tabuló datos y analizó la asociación con el estadístico Chi cuadrado χ². RESULTADOS. El 79,2% (99; 125) presentaron un nivel de alteración de la salud mental leve; el 72,8% (91; 125) no reflejaron problemas relacionados con el consumo de alcohol; se encontró asociación significativa entre niveles de alteración de la salud mental y consumo de alcohol. CONCLUSIÓN. Se determinó asociación significativa entre el trastorno mental y el consumo de alcohol, con bajo nivel de alteración de la salud mental y ausencia de problemas relacionados con el alcohol.

INTRODUCTION. Mental and substance use disorders cause 19% of all disability-adjusted life years and 36% of all years lived with disability. They account for one-third of the total burden of disease in the population aged 10-45 years. OBJECTIVE. To analyze mental disorders and alcohol consumption in university students. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Cross-sectional, analytical, field study. Population and known sample of 125 university students from first to fifth semester of the redesigned career of Pedagogy of Physical Activity and Sport of the National University of Chimborazo, November 2019. The technique used for data collection was the Psychological Reactive. The following were applied: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - AUDIT and General Health Questionnaire GHQ-28. Frequency and percentage of mental health and alcohol consumption disorders were calculated. Data were tabulated and the association was analyzed with the Chi-square χ² statistic. RESULTS. 79,2% (99; 125) had a mild level of mental health disturbance; 72,8% (91; 125) did not reflect problems related to alcohol consumption; significant association was found between levels of mental health disturbance and alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION. An significant association was found between mental disorder and alcohol consumption, with low levels of mental health impairment and absence of alcohol-related problems.

Direct healthcare costs and their relationships with age at start of drug use and current pattern of use: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: It is well known that early start of drug use can lead users to psychosocial problems in adulthood, but its relationship with users' direct healthcare costs has not been well established OBJECTIVES: To estimate the direct healthcare costs of drug dependency treated at a community mental health service, and to ascertain whether early start of drug use and current drug use pattern may exert influences on these costs. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cross-sectional study conducted at a community mental health service in a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: The relationships between direct healthcare costs from the perspective of the public healthcare system, age at start of drug use and drug use pattern were investigated in a sample of 105 individuals. A gamma-distribution generalized linear model was used to identify the cost drivers of direct costs. RESULTS: The mean monthly direct healthcare costs per capita for early-start drug users in 2020 were 1,181.31 Brazilian reais (BRL) (274.72 United State dollars (USD) according to purchasing power parity (PPP)) and 1,355.78 BRL (315.29 USD PPP) for late-start users. Early start of drug use predicted greater severity of cannabis use and use of multiple drugs. The highest direct costs were due to drug dependence combined with alcohol abuse, and due to late start of drug use. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive measures should be prioritized in public policies, in terms of strengthening protective factors before an early start of drug use.

Assistência de enfermagem na síndrome de abstinência alcoólica: fluxograma de atendimento / Cuidados de enfermería en el síndrome de abstinencia de alcohol: diagrama de cuidado / Nursing care in alcohol withdrawal syndrome: care flowchart

RESUMO Objetivo: realizar revisão da literatura e pela síntese de evidências elaborar um fluxograma de assistência de Enfermagem na síndrome de abstinência alcoólica (SAA). Método: foram executadas as primeiras etapas de elaboração de um protocolo clínico de Enfermagem. Na etapa "a" definiu-se o objetivo do protocolo; na etapa "b" realizou-se pesquisa da literatura científica para levantamento de evidências; e na etapa "c", a partir das evidências, elaborou-se um fluxograma de assistência de Enfermagem na SAA. A coleta de dados ocorreu em janeiro de 2019 nas bases de dados: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, PubMed, CINAHL, PSYINFO e MEDLINE. Os resultados foram apresentados em tabelas e figuras. Resultados: oito estudos foram incluídos na revisão. As evidências subsidiaram a elaboração do fluxograma de assistência de Enfermagem na SAA sistematizado nas seguintes fases: acolhimento e abordagem dos usuários de álcool com manifestação de sinais e sintomas de SAA; rastreio; intervenções; e encaminhamento. Conclusão: com a síntese das evidências foi possível a elaboração de um fluxograma de assistência de Enfermagem na SAA, o qual pode contribuir para o aprimoramento das respostas em saúde a esse problema, bem como é suficiente para dar seguimento às etapas de validação de um protocolo clínico.

RESUMEN Objetivo: revisar la literatura y, a través de la síntesis de evidencia, elaborar un diagrama de flujo de los cuidados de enfermería en el síndrome de abstinencia alcohólica (SAA). Método: se realizaron los primeros pasos para desarrollar un protocolo clínico de enfermería. En el paso "a" se definió el objetivo del protocolo; en el paso "b" se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura científica para recolectar evidencia; y en el paso "c", con base en la evidencia, se elaboró un diagrama de flujo de la atención de enfermería en la SAA. La recolección de datos se realizó en enero de 2019 en las siguientes bases de datos: Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, PubMed, CINAHL, PSYINFO y MEDLINE. Los resultados se presentaron en tablas y figura. Resultados: se incluyeron ocho estudios en la revisión. La evidencia apoyó la elaboración del diagrama de flujo de cuidados de enfermería en el SAA sistematizado en las siguientes fases: recepción y abordaje de consumidores de alcohol con manifestación de signos y síntomas de SAA; Seguimiento; intervenciones; y reenvío. Conclusión: con la síntesis de evidencias, fue posible desarrollar un diagrama de flujo de cuidados de enfermería en el SAA, que puede contribuir a la mejora de las respuestas de salud a esta problemática, además de ser suficiente para dar seguimiento a los pasos de validación de un protocolo clínico.

ABSTRACT Objective: to review the literature and, through the synthesis of evidence, elaborate a flowchart of Nursing care in the alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Method: the first steps of elaboration of a clinical Nursing protocol were carried out. In step "a" the objective of the protocol was defined; in step "b" a search of the scientific literature was carried out to gather evidence; and in step "c", based on the evidence, a flowchart of Nursing care in the AWS was elaborated. Data collection took place in January 2019 in the following databases: Virtual Health Library, PubMed, CINAHL, PSYINFO and MEDLINE. The results were presented in tables and figures. Results: eight studies were included in the review. The evidence supported the elaboration of the Nursing care flowchart in the AWS systematized in the following phases: reception and approach to alcohol users with manifestation of AWS signs and symptoms; Tracking; interventions; and forwarding. Conclusion: with the synthesis of evidence, it was possible to develop a flowchart of Nursing care in the SAA, which can contribute to the improvement of health responses to this problem, as well as being sufficient to follow up on the steps of validation of a clinical protocol.

A values-based phenomenology for substance use disorder: a new approach for clinical decision-making / Uma fenomenologia baseada em valores nos transtornos por uso de substâncias: uma nova abordagem para a tomada de decisão clínica

Phenomenological psychopathology has been defined as a human science that is concerned with the object on which clinical psychology and psychiatry act. How psychopathological experiences are understood is an important factor determining decision-making in clinical care. An accurate understanding of psychopathology is fundamental to the effectiveness of mental health treatments. This is even more important in a field such as substance use disorders in which social and cultural values influence both diagnosis and decision-making. In this article, we offer a contribution to clinical decision-making in substance use disorders by suggesting the association of Phenomenological Psychopathology and Values-Based Practice, constituting a Values-based Phenomenology We present a fictitious clinical case (to preserve confidentiality), illustrating a three-step practical application of Values-based Phenomenology. We conclude that although still a nascent discipline, Values-based Phenomenology offers a promising approach to reducing the gap between services and patients' needs in clinical decision-making, and thus to improving clinical care in substance use disorders.

A psicopatologia fenomenológica é uma ciência humana que define o objeto sobre o qual atuam a psicologia clínica e a psiquiatria. O modo como são compreendidas as experiências psicopatológicas é um fator importante nas tomadas de decisão clínica. Uma compreensão acurada de psicopatologia é fundamental para a efetividade dos tratamentos em saúde mental. Isso é mais importante ainda em um campo como o dos transtornos por uso de substâncias, no qual há um importante imbricamento entre valores sociais e culturais. Neste artigo, se oferece uma contribuição para as tomadas de decisão clínica nos transtornos por uso de substâncias por meio da associação entre a psicopatologia fenomenológica e a Prática Baseada em Valores, constituindo uma fenomenologia baseada em valores. Apresenta-se um caso clínico fictício (visando à preservação de confidencialidade) ilustrativo dos três passos da aplicação prática da fenomenologia baseada em valores. Conclui-se que a fenomenologia baseada em valores constitui uma abordagem promissora para o aprimoramento das tomadas de decisão clínica nos transtornos por uso de substâncias.

Impaired control in heavy drinking and its association with alcohol craving and alcohol use disorder severity / Deterioro del control en el consumo excesivo de alcohol y su asociación con el deseo de consumo y la gravedad del trastorno por uso de alcohol

Abstract Introduction Impaired control over drinking has been frequently cited in diverse theoretical descriptions regarding harmful alcohol use and is considered a DSM criterion for alcohol use disorder. Differences in the frequency of endorsement of impaired control have been viewed as a reflection of the severity of the problem. Moreover, it has been posited that the ability to place a limit on alcohol consumption may be mediated through enhanced craving. Objective In this study, we addressed the relationship between impaired control, self-reported craving, and alcohol dependence severity among heavy drinkers. Method We conducted a latent class analysis of impaired control dimensions (perceived control, failed control, and attempted control) of 208 heavy drinkers. To determine whether the identified classes could represent different forms of severity of the disorder, the best-fit model was contrasted with scores on the Alcohol Dependence Scale. Furthermore, we assessed the relationship between impaired control criteria (using the Impaired Control Scale [ICS]) with alcohol craving. Results We identified a three-class solution based on impaired control severity. A graded increase of the craving scores and alcohol severity among the three classes was also identified. Only the ICS items comprising perceived control and partially those related to failed control, but not those evaluating attempted control, distinguished the gradient among the latent classes. Discussion and conclusion This study provides further support of the proposal of a unidimensional continuum of severity among heavy drinkers and strengthens the theoretical relationship between impaired control and alcohol craving.

Resumen Introducción El deterioro del control sobre el consumo del alcohol se ha mencionado con frecuencia en diversas descripciones teóricas relativas al uso nocivo y es un criterio clínico del DSM para el trastorno por uso de alcohol. Las diferencias en la frecuencia con que se admite el deterioro del control se han considerado como un reflejo de la gravedad del problema. Además, se ha postulado que la capacidad de poner un límite al consumo de alcohol puede estar mediada por el deseo de consumirlo (craving). Objetivo En este estudio se abordó la relación entre el deterioro del control, el autoreporte del craving y la gravedad de la dependencia del alcohol en un grupo de bebedores fuertes. Método Se realizó un análisis de clases latentes usando las dimensiones del deterioro del control (control percibido, control fallido e intento de control) de 208 bebedores fuertes. Para determinar si las clases identificadas podían representar diferentes formas de gravedad del trastorno se contrastó el modelo más adecuado con las puntuaciones de la Escala de Dependencia del Alcohol. Además, se evaluó la relación entre los criterios de deterioro del control (utilizando la Escala de Control Deficiente, ECD) y el craving. Resultados Identificamos una solución de tres clases basada en la gravedad del deterioro de control. En esa solución se identificó una relación con el aumento graduado de las puntuaciones de craving y la gravedad de la dependencia entre las clases. Sólo los elementos de la ECD que comprenden el control percibido y parcialmente los relacionados con el control fallido, pero no los que evalúan el intento de control, distinguieron el gradiente entre las clases latentes. Discusión y conclusión Este estudio proporciona más apoyo a la propuesta de un continuum unidimensional de gravedad entre los usuarios de alcohol y refuerza la relación teórica entre el fenómeno de deterioro del control y el craving.

Alcohol consumption does not increase the risk of surgical wound complications in breast cancer patients.

Alcohol consumption, despite influencing several organic processes, has been scarcely studied regarding the risk of developing surgical wound complications after surgical breast cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to analyse the association between alcohol consumption and the development of surgical wound complications in women undergoing surgical treatment for breast cancer. A prospective cohort study was conducted, comprising 486 women between 40 and 69 years old, interviewed during the preoperative period and followed up for 30 days. The occurrence of seroma, necrosis, surgical site infection (SSI), dehiscence, ecchymosis, and hematoma were considered as outcomes. Alcohol consumption during the 30 days prior to surgery was reported by 20.8% of the patients, with 8.4% being occasional consumers and 12.4% regular consumers. Binge drinking was reported by 10.2% of the women. The presence of surgical wound complications was observed in 65.2%. The most frequent complications were seroma (54.3%), necrosis (17.7%), and SSI (7.8%). No statistically significant association between alcohol consumption and the development of cicatricial complications was observed.

Use of Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks Increases the Prevalence of Driving Violations among Brazilian Truck Drivers.

Background: The use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) has been reported to be associated with a variety of unsafe driving practices. Truck drivers are vulnerable to driving violations, particularly because of their engagement in drug use. The use of AmED among these professionals remains unknown. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of AmED use and its association with driving violations among truck drivers. Methods: 684 drivers were recruited in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The use of drugs was reported. Drivers were split into three groups: (a) alcohol abstainers (AA); (b) alcohol-only users (AO); and (c) users of AmED. Intergroup comparisons were performed by polynomial logistic regression (the reference category was AO). We also performed Poisson regression analysis to obtain the prevalence ratio; the significance level was stipulated at 5%. Results: The prevalence of drivers reporting the use of AmED was 16.8%. Users of AmED (a) were younger, (b) were less experienced drivers, (c) had a heavier pattern of alcohol use, (d) used illicit drugs more frequently, and (e) had poorer sleep quality than AO subjects. A higher prevalence of drivers who had arguments or fights while driving (PR = 1.71) and of drivers who drove unbelted (PR = 1.66) ingested AmED than of AO subjects. Conclusions/importance: The use of AmED increased the prevalence of driving violations beyond the risks commonly attributed to alcohol use. We suggest additional investments in preventative measures based on the beverage category and a revision of the work organization of truck drivers to reduce their health and social risks.

Alcohol use, abuse and dependence among elderly in outpatient treatment through the application of AUDIT

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To identify or use alcohol abuse and abuse in the IAMSPE elderly, through the application of AUDIT, socioeconomic characterization of the elderly, and problems associated with drinking and weight, if there is a relationship between depression and alcohol abuse. METHODS This is a cross-sectional, exploratory, and descriptive study with a quantitative approach. One hundred elderly patients were interviewed to apply a socioeconomic form and to assess alcohol consumption from AUDIT. RESULTS correlation between alcohol consumption and female gender (p = 0.021). Most of the participants were between 60 and 79 years old, were female, had a partner, had completed elementary school, had income and selected house, were retired and unemployed. CONCLUSION In the present study, we found no correlation between alcohol abuse and depression; Only one correlation was found between male gender and higher alcohol abuse. However, a significant prevalence of moderate use of high alcohol was found (3.9% in women and 21.7% in men), i.e., it poses a risk to the health of the elderly.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Identificar o uso, abuso e dependência de álcool em idosos do ambulatório do Iamspe, por meio da aplicação do Audit, através da caracterização socioeconômica dos idosos e dos problemas associados pelo consumo e pesar se há relação entre depressão e uso abusivo ou dependência de álcool. MÉTODOS Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, exploratório e descritivo de abordagem quantitativa. Foram entrevistados cem pacientes idosos para aplicação de um formulário socioeconômico e de avaliação do consumo de álcool, a partir da Audit. RESULTADOS Verificou-se correlação entre o consumo de álcool e sexo feminino (p=0,021). A maioria dos participantes estava na faixa etária entre 60 e 79 anos, era do sexo feminino, tinha companheiro(a), com ensino fundamental completo, renda e casa próprias, era aposentada e desocupada. CONCLUSÃO No presente estudo não verificamos correlação entre abuso de álcool e depressão; somente foi encontrada a correlação entre sexo masculino e maior uso abusivo de álcool. No entanto, encontrou-se prevalência significativa de uso moderado a alto de álcool (3,9% em mulheres e 21,7% em homens), o que, por si, traz risco para a saúde de idosos.