Thoracic Ultrasound Utility in Pulmonary Pathologies Following Blunt Chest Trauma: A Cross-Sectional Study From Barcelona, Venezuela.

Background The thoracic ultrasound (TUS) is a monitoring tool that has gained worldwide popularity in various scenarios, offering the opportunity for dynamic, bedside evaluations. Recent studies indicate that the use of TUS enables the diagnosis of pathologies resulting from blunt chest trauma (BCT), yielding favorable outcomes. This study aimed to compare the utility of TUS versus chest radiography (CXR) in diagnosing pulmonary pathologies resulting from closed-chest traumas. Methodology A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 58 patients diagnosed with BCT who sought emergency care at the "Dr. Luis Razetti" University Hospital in Barcelona, Venezuela, from November 2023 to January 2024. Results Of the patients, 75.9% (n = 44) were male, with an average age of 37.8 years (standard deviation = 18.4 years). Injuries were reported in 8.6% (n = 5) of the patients, including 60% (n = 3) pneumothorax and 40% (n = 2) hemothorax. Ultrasound results coincided with CXR in 94.8% (n = 55) of the cases, with a Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.642-1.0). TUS demonstrated higher sensitivity than CXR (100% vs. 60%) for detecting hemothorax and pneumothorax in patients with BCT, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.991 (95% CI = 0.968-1.013). Conclusions BCT predominantly occurred in young males, resulting primarily in pneumothorax and hemothorax lesions, detectable with higher sensitivity through TUS compared to CXR. The use of TUS should be considered an essential component of the initial assessment for individuals with BCT.

Trauma cerrado de aorta torácica, desde el servicio de urgencias hasta el quirófano: revisión narrativa / Blunt trauma of the thoracic aorta, from the emergency department to the operating room: narrative review / Trauma contuso da aorta torácica: do pronto-socorro ao centro cirúrgico, uma revisão narrativa

El trauma es la principal causa de muerte de la población en edad productiva. El abordaje del trauma torácico cerrado todavía es un desafío para el médico de urgencias. Aunque no es una entidad frecuente, se asocia con una alta mortalidad y resultados adversos. El diagnóstico del trauma cerrado de aorta torácica (LCAT) requiere un alto índice de sospecha, dado que los signos y síntomas no son específicos de esta enfermedad (dolor torácico, dolor interescapular, disnea, disfagia, estridor, disfonía). Es importante resaltar que la ausencia de inestabilidad hemodinámica no debe descartar una lesión aórtica. Para su diagnóstico imagenológico se debe tener en cuenta que los rayos X de tórax no tienen el rendimiento adecuado, el patrón de referencia es la angiotomografía y el ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) constituye una opción diagnóstica. El manejo incluye líquidos endovenosos y antihipertensivos como medida transitoria, manejo quirúrgico definitivo y, en algunos casos, manejo expectante o diferido. Los pacientes inestables o con signos de ruptura inminente deben ser llevados de manera inmediata a cirugía. El manejo quirúrgico temprano ha impactado en la mortalidad. A pesar de los avances en las técnicas quirúrgicas, la técnica quirúrgica abierta documenta mayor tasa de mortalidad que el manejo endovascular, el cual tiene numerosas ventajas al ser poco invasivo. Esta es una revisión narrativa que destaca algunos aspectos clave sobre los mecanismos de lesión, diagnóstico y manejo inicial del trauma cerrado aorta torácica. Por último, se propone un algoritmo de abordaje de trauma de aorta.

Trauma is the leading cause of death in the productive-age population. Addressing blunt chest trauma is still a challenge for the emergency physician. Although it is not a common entity, it is associated with high mortality and adverse outcomes. The diagnosis of blunt thoracic aortic trauma (LCAT) requires a high index of suspicion, given that the signs and symptoms are not specific to this disease (chest pain, interscapular pain, dyspnea, dysphagia, stridor, dysphonia). It is important to highlight that the absence of hemodynamic instability should not rule out aortic injury. For its imaging diagnosis, it must be taken into account that chest X-rays do not have adequate performance; the reference standard is angiotomography and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a diagnostic option. Management includes intravenous fluids and antihypertensives as a temporary measure, definitive surgical management and, in some cases, expectant or deferred management. Unstable patients or patients with signs of imminent ruptura should be taken immediately to surgery. Early surgical management has impacted mortality. Despite advances in surgical techniques, the open surgical technique documents a higher mortality rate than endovascular management, which has numerous advantages as it is minimally invasive. This is a narrative review that highlights some key aspects about the mechanisms of injury, diagnosis and initial management of blunt thoracic aortic trauma. Finally, an algorithm for addressing aortic trauma is proposed.

O trauma é a principal causa de morte na população em idade produtiva. Abordar o trauma torácico contuso ainda é um desafio para o médico emergencista. Embora não seja uma entidade comum, está associada a alta mortalidade e resultados adversos. O diagnóstico de trauma fechado de aorta torácica (TACE) requer alto índice de suspeição, visto que os sinais e sintomas não são específicos desta doença (dor torácica, dor interescapular, dispneia, disfagia, estridor, disfonia). É importante ressaltar que a ausência de instabilidade hemodinâmica não deve descartar lesão aórtica. Para seu diagnóstico por imagem deve-se levar em consideração que a radiografia de tórax não apresenta desempenho adequado; o padrão de referência é a angiotomografia e a ecocardiografia transesofágica (ETE) é uma opção diagnóstica. O manejo inclui fluidos intravenosos e anti-hipertensivos como medida temporária, manejo cirúrgico definitivo e, em alguns casos, manejo expectante ou diferido. Pacientes instáveis ou com sinais de ruptura iminente devem ser encaminhados imediatamente para cirurgia. O manejo cirúrgico precoce impactou a mortalidade. Apesar dos avanços nas técnicas cirúrgicas, a técnica cirúrgica aberta documenta maior taxa de mortalidade do que o manejo endovascular, que apresenta inúmeras vantagens por ser minimamente invasivo. Esta é uma revisão narrativa que destaca alguns aspectos-chave sobre os mecanismos de lesão, diagnóstico e manejo inicial do trauma contuso da aorta torácica. Finalmente, é proposto um algoritmo para tratar o trauma aórtico.

Hérnia torácica traumática associada a laceração de lobo pulmonarcaudal em cão / Traumatic thoracic hernia associated with laceration of the caudal lung lobe in a dog

Traumas torácicos são comuns em pacientes traumatizados e incluem principalmente contusão pulmonar, laceração pulmonar, pneumotórax, hemotórax, fraturas de costela e esterno e hérnia diafragmática. As principais causas são acidentes automobilísticos, quedas e mordeduras. Taquipneia ou dispneia são possíveis sinais clínicos, associados a choque hipovolêmico e sinais gastrointestinais. Lesões torácicas podem ser negligenciadas quando lesões distrativas, como fratura de membros, estão presentes. Assim, o exame clínico minucioso é obrigatório e os animais com insuficiência respiratória podem necessitar de estabilização e cirurgia de emergência. Considerando a importância do trauma torácico na prática clínica, o objetivo deste manuscrito é relatar o caso de hérnia espúria torácica associada a laceração traumática de lobo pulmonar caudal em uma cadela apresentando dispneia intensa após trauma automobilístico. Após uma avaliação emergencial e exames radiográficos, foi diagnosticado tórax instável, fraturas de costelas, contusão pulmonar e pneumotórax grave. Após estabilização clínica, foi realizado tratamento cirúrgico para estabilização do tórax instável. Durante a cirurgia, observou-se herniação e laceração do lobo caudal esquerdo do pulmão, sendo realizadas suturas para correção da laceração pulmonar e estabilização do gradil costal, além da toracostomia para controle do pneumotórax. Nos casos de tórax instável e encarceramento lobar, o tratamento cirúrgico é fundamental, como realizado neste caso, com o objetivo de reparar e reposicionar o lobo pulmonar e estabilizar o tórax instável. A herniação pulmonar traumática é um possível diagnóstico diferencial no tórax instável pós-traumático, assim como a reparação do lobo e a estabilização das costelas por meio de suturas são técnicas eficazes de tratamento cirúrgico.

Thoracic traumas are common in trauma patients and mainly include pulmonary contusion, pulmonary laceration, pneumothorax, hemothorax, rib and sternum fractures and diaphragmatic hernia. The main causes are car accidents, falls and bites. Tachypnea or dyspnea are possible clinical signs, associated with hypovolemic shock and gastrointestinal signs. Thoracic injuries may be overlooked when distracting injuries, such as limb fractures, are present. Thus, thorough clinical examination is mandatory and animals with respiratory failure may require stabilization and emergency surgery. Considering the importance of thoracic trauma in clinical practice, the manuscript aimed to report the case of spurious thoracic hernia associated with traumatic laceration of the caudal lung lobe in a bitch with severe dyspnea after car trauma. After an emergency evaluation and radiographic examinations, a flail chest, rib fractures, pulmonary contusion and severe pneumothorax were diagnosed. After clinical stabilization, surgical treatment was performed to stabilize the flail chest. During surgery, herniation and laceration of the left caudal lobe of the lung were observed, and sutures were performed to correct the pulmonary laceration and stabilize the rib cage, in addition to thoracostomy to control the pneumothorax. In cases of flail chest and lobar entrapment, surgical treatment is essential, as in this case, with the aim of repairing and repositioning the pulmonary lobe and stabilizing the flail chest. Traumatic pulmonary herniation is a possible differential diagnosis in post-traumatic flail chest, as well as repairing the lobe and stabilizing the ribs using sutures are effective surgical treatment techniques.

Hoja de cuchillo retenida en el hueco axilar

Introducción: El hallazgo de un cuerpo extraño retenido, específicamente una hoja de cuchillo es infrecuente. En ocasiones, estos cuerpos extraños pasan inadvertidos y se diagnostican de forma diferida o retrasada. Objetivo: Describir el diagnóstico y tratamiento de un paciente con una hoja de cuchillo retenida en el hueco de la axila. Caso clínico: Varón de 25 años, agredido con un cuchillo, que sufrió una herida en la región posterior del hombro y fue suturado sin realizar ningún examen complementario. Dos semanas después acudió por molestias en el hombro lesionado, se indicó radiografía en la cual apareció una imagen radiopaca que correspondió con una hoja de cuchillo en proyección subescapular. Refería molestias del hombro e impotencia funcional. Se opera con anestesia general, se realiza incisión axilar, se identifica el objeto, en íntimo contacto con la vena axilar; la punta hacia el vértice axilar, cruzando bajo la vena axilar en su entrada al tórax. Se extrajo el cuerpo extraño bajo visión directa, sin complicaciones. El paciente evolucionó favorablemente. Conclusiones: Los cuerpos extraños retenidos, que pasan inadvertidos son raros, sin embargo, existen regiones como la axila en que por las características anatómicas del espacio se dificulta su diagnóstico. En este caso coincidió una combinación poco usual de fenómenos, la actitud defensiva del lesionado y la dirección de la herida, que propiciaron quedara la hoja en el hueco axilar.

Introduction: The finding of a retained foreign body, specifically a knife blade, is a rare event. Sometimes these foreign bodies go unnoticed and are diagnosed deferred or delayed. Objective: To describe the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with a knife blade retained on axillary hole. Clinical case: 25-year-old male, attacked with a knife, who suffered a wound in the posterior region of the shoulder and was sutured without performing any complementary examination. Two weeks later, he came due to discomfort from the injured shoulder. An X-ray of the shoulder was indicated, where a radiopaque image appeared that corresponds to the knife blade, in subscapular projection. He refers shoulder discomfort and functional impotence. It is operated under general anesthesia, axillary incision, the object is identified in intimate contact with the axillary vein, the tip towards the axillary vertex, crossing under the axillary vein at its entrance to the thorax, the foreign body is removed under direct vision and without complications. Evolved favorably. Conclusions: Retained foreign bodies that go unnoticed are rare. However, there are regions such as the armpit where, due to the anatomical characteristics of the space, their diagnosis is difficult. In this case, an unusual combination of phenomena coincided, the defensive attitude of the injured person and the direction of the lunge, which led to the blade remaining in the axillary hole.

Perfil epidemiológico de pacientes vítimas de trauma torácico em um hospital de urgência e trauma / Epidemiological profile of patients victims of thoracic trauma in an emergency and trauma hospital

O trauma é responsável por significativos impactos na sociedade. De acordo com dados da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), mais de nove pessoas morrem por minuto, vítimas de trauma. Entre os principais tipos de trauma, o torácico representa na atualidade cerca de 25% dos mortos em politraumatizados, constituindo um problema complexo, tendo em vista os elevados índices de mortalidade e sequelas incapacitantes permanentes. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes atendidos em um hospital de urgências da região centro-oeste, vítimas de trauma torácico. Método: Estudo quantitativo, de caráter transversal e retrospectivo, realizado a partir de coleta de dados efetuada em prontuário eletrônico no período de março a maio de 2022. Resultados: Identificou-se 73 pacientes vítimas de trauma torácico, com maior acometimento de pessoas do sexo masculino, com idade entre 26 e 35 anos. Como causa mais frequente, se destacaram os acidentes motociclísticos, resultando principalmente em lesões do tipo hemopneumotórax. Conclusão: o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes vítimas de trauma torácico foi representado com maior frequência pelo sexo masculino, com idade entre 26 a 35 anos, causados predominantemente por acidentes motociclísticos, resultando na maioria das vezes em lesões do tipo hemopneumotórax

Trauma is responsible for significant impacts on society. According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), more than nine people die per minute victims of trauma. Among the main types of trauma, thoracic trauma currently represents about 25% of polytrauma deaths, constituting a complex problem, in view of the high rates of mortality and sequelae permanent disabling. Objective: To describe the epidemiological profile of patients treated at an emergency hospital in the Midwest region, victims of thoracic trauma. Method: Quantitative, cross-sectional and retrospective study carried out from data collection of electronic medical records in the period from March to May of 2022. Results: We identified 73 patients who were victims of chest trauma with higher affecting males aged between 26 and 35 years. As the most frequent cause motorcycle accidents stood out, resulting mainly in lesions of the hemopneumothorax type. Conclusion: the profile epidemiology of patients victims of thoracic trauma was represented with greater frequency by males, aged between 26 and 35 years, caused predominantly by motorcycle accidents, often resulting in hemopneumothorax lesions

Mitral valve repair in severe mitral regurgitation after blunt chest trauma.

Mitral valve insufficiency is a pathological condition frequently caused by etiologies such as rheumatic heart disease, ischemic cardiomyopathy, leaflets prolapse, endocarditis, rupture of a chordae tendineae, ventricular disorders or congenital heart defects among others. Nevertheless, blunt thoracic trauma, although as a rare cause, can produce valve abnormalities. We describe a case of surgical mitral valve repair of a severe insufficiency caused by blunt chest trauma in a high energy road motorbike accident.

Thoracic foreign body management after penetrating chest trauma by chainsaw in the Amazon countryside: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Accidents involving chainsaws are not uncommon in trauma care and may present as penetrating injuries with retention of a foreign object in the patient's chest. The current literature, however, does not present a consensus on the best way to approach these cases. PRESENTATION OF CASE: Male patient, 46-year-old man, born in Amazonas countryside, brought to the city of Manaus with a penetrating injury resulting from an accident with a chainsaw and retaining a 2cm sawtooth in his chest, six days after the event. After laboratory and imaging tests, as well as pre-operative preparation, an open thoracotomy was realized, the object was removed, and the patient was placed under a thoracostomy tube. DISCUSSION: The diagnosis of chainsaw incidents is generally described in the literature as post-mortem, mainly due to the inappropriate use of the equipment. Surgical removal of a foreign body is indicated in most cases, except when it is peripheral or when there is some impossibility. Early surgical treatment benefits the patient, with lower mortality and morbidity. CONCLUSION: In view of the absence of consensus and guidelines to the approach of thoracic injury with foreign body retention, it is up to the surgeon to evaluate the best conduct in each case and according to the available resources.

Blunt aortic injury: Surgical treatment of the ascending and descending aorta.

Traumatic aortic injury is potentially fatal. Although uncommon, involvement of the aortic arch and the ascending aorta can occur. This case shows concomitant dissection of the ascending and descending sections of the aorta after blunt chest trauma where the open surgical approach was successfully performed to treat both aortic injuries.

Endosurgery approach in a dog with thoracoabdominal injury

Background: Chest trauma is one of the main thoracic injuries in dogs and cats, reaching a high morbidity and mortality. The tissue damage, in thoracic trauma, can be underappreciated by visual exam and traditional radiography. The thoracoscopy can provide information for a precise definitive diagnosis, by this technique bleeding or air leakage can be identified and corrected immediately and the diaphragm can be completely evaluated. The aim of this work was to describe the thoracoscopic approach in a case of diaphragmatic perforation caused by penetrating trauma in a dog. Case: A 6-year-old male dog mixed-breed dog, weighing 14 kg with thorax perforation was presented to the Veterinary Hospital. Clinical examination of the animal revealed the following: pale mucous membranes, moderate dyspnea, open pneumothorax, abdominal distension, heart rate of 108 beats per minute and respiratory rate of 64 breaths per minute. Physical examination confirmed a 3 cm perforation hemorrhagic lesion in the left ninth intercostal space. As an emergency treatment, oxygen therapy, tramadol hydrochloride [Cronidor® 2%, 4 mg/kg, i.v, TID], tranexamic acid [Transamin® 25 mg/kg, i.v, TID], ceftriaxone [Rocefin® 50 mg/kg, i.v, BID] and fluid therapy with lactated Ringer's solution were administered. The hair was removed, and then, wound cleaning and obliteration of the wall injury with sterile gauze was performed. After the emergency stabilization, the animal was anesthetized, followed by preventive thoracocentesis by an approach close to thoracic perforation and thoracoscopy without pneumoperitonea through this thoracic perforation with 0-degree rigid endoscope. About 100 mL of blood and air was drained and diagnosed perforation in the diaphragm and pulmonary atelectasis in the caudal and left cranial lobes. the edges of the incisional wound were debrided, and the closure of thoracic incision was performed usual way. After that, the air was removed by a catheter and syringe system. A flexible plastic tube was inserted through the chest wall and into the pleural space for drainage every 2 h for 24 h. There were no intercurrences during the first 24 h after the surgical procedure. The patient was discharged 48 h after the surgery. Cephalexin [75 mg, 30 mg/kg, v.o, TID, during 5 days), Ketoprofen [20 mg, 2 mg/kg, v.o, SID, during 5 days], Tramadol Hydrochloride [50 mg, 4 mg/kg, v.o, SID, during 2 days] and Rifamycin spray at the wound site was prescribed. Ten days after surgery, the patient returned to the hospital for suture removal and reassessment. Discussion: The prognosis of chest perforation depends on the severity and number of internal and external thoracic lesions, as well as cardiovascular status at the time of initial patient care. In cases of penetrating chest trauma, it is essential to thoroughly examine the thoracic cavity for bleeding, tissue tears, and diaphragm perforation. The use of the endoscope allowed for a more detailed exploration of the chest without the need to increase the incision. When the diaphragm lesion was found, it was also possible to perform the abdominal examination by videoendoscopy, through this perforation. Laparotomy and thoracotomy cause postoperative pain and discomfort, in addition to increasing recovery time, however, even with trauma, not performing a larger incision favored the recovery of this patient, without any intercurrence in the first 24 h after the procedure. In conclusion, the endoscopic approach was efficient for diagnosis, avoiding greater trauma and contributing to a better clinical recovery of the patient.

Late massive hemothorax by transection of the pericardiophrenic artery by costal fracture. Report of a case.

Hasta un 8% de los pacientes sometidos a toracotomía urgente tras un traumatismo cerrado presentan una lesión costal que había pasado inadvertida inicialmente. Tal es el caso clínico que presentamos, en el que la lesión costal pasó inadvertida en la evaluación inicial y 72 horas después, al referir el paciente dolor en el hemitórax izquierdo, se solicitó tomografía simple y contrastada de tórax, y se evidenció hemotórax masivo y fracturas de arcos costales 5.º y 6.º izquierdos en su porción lateral, además de fractura de los arcos costales 7.º y 8.º en su porción paraesternal. Se realizó toracotomía exploradora con reparación diafragmática y ligadura de arteria.Up to 8% of patients undergoing urgent thoracotomy after closed trauma present a rib lesion that had initially gone unnoticed, such is the clinical case that we present, passing the inadvertent costal lesion in the initial evaluation, 72 hours later refers to pain level of left hemithorax, simple and contrasted chest tomography was requested, showing massive hemothorax and fractures of left costal arches in its lateral portion of 5th and 6th, in addition to fracture of the 7th and 8th costal arch in its parasternal portion, exploratory thoracotomy was performed with diaphragmatic repair and artery ligation.

Early fixation of the flail chest: case report.

ANTECEDENTES: En 1926, Jones y Richardson describen por primera vez el tórax inestable. Desde entonces existe gran controversia sobre el manejo conservador comparado con el manejo quirúrgico. OBJETIVO: Dar a conocer los beneficios, las indicaciones y las contraindicaciones de la fijación temprana de fracturas costales en el tórax inestable. CONCLUSIÓN: La reducción abierta y la fijación temprana de fracturas costales en pacientes con tórax inestable ha demostrado ser un método útil, efectivo y seguro. BACKGROUND: In 1926, Jones and Richardson described flail chest for the first time. Since then, exist great controversy about conservative vs surgical approach. OBJECTIVE: Define the benefits, indications and contraindications of the early fixation of rib fractures in flail chest. CONCLUSION: The open reduction and early fixation of rib fractures for patients with flail chest has proven to be a useful, effective and safe method.

Lesión traqueobronquial secundaria a trauma torácico cerrado en paciente pediátrico: Reporte de un caso / Tracheobronchial injury, secondary to blunt thoracic trauma in a pediatric patient: A case report

Las lesiones traqueobronquiales son raras y presentan un alto índice de mortalidad, falleciendo el 80% antes de llegar al hospital por lo cual existen pocos reportes de casos. Se describe que alrededor del 80% de los casos se pueden manejar con maniobras no quirúrgicas o manejo quirúrgico tardío. Del 15% al 20% ameritará manejo quirúrgico temprano y al ser estos de mayor gravedad presentarán un alto riesgo de complicaciones posteriores. En esta revisión presentamos un caso de lesión traqueobronquial secundaria a trauma torácico cerrado manejado en la unidad de terapia intensiva de nuestro hospital que requirió corrección quirúrgica temprana y presento complicaciones tardías que al final la llevaron a su fallecimiento.

Tracheobronchial injuries are rare and have a high mortality rate, 80% dying before reaching the hospital, so there are few case reports. It is described that about 80% of cases can be managed with non-surgical maneuvers or late surgical management. From 15% to 20% merit early surgical management and as these are more serious, they present a high risk of subsequent complications. In this review, we present a case of tracheobronchial injury secondary to blunt chest trauma managed in the intensive care unit of our hospital that required early surgical correction and presented late complications that ultimately led to her death.

An Uncommon Cause of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Intramural Coronary Artery Hematoma After Blunt Chest Trauma.

Intramural coronary hematoma (IMCH) is a rare cause of acute myocardial infarction (MI). We aim to review the current knowledge and share our experience with the diagnosis and management of a patient presenting with traumatic IMCH leading to an acute ST-segment elevation MI. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

Análisis de la frecuencia de pacientes politraumatizados en accidentes en motocicleta en la población pediátrica atendida en el Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa entre los años 2015 y 2017 / Analysis of the frequency of polytraumatized patients in motorcycle accidents in the pediatric publication attended in the Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa between the years 2015 and 2017

Resumen: Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de los pacientes pediátricos politraumatizados involucrados en accidentes por motocicleta atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa entre los años 2015 y 2017, así como determinar la frecuencia de traumatismos craneoencefálicos, lesiones torácicas, abdominales, en extremidades, días de estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad. Material y métodos: La población seleccionada fueron pacientes menores de 18 años de edad que se encontraron involucrados en accidentes de motocicleta atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa en un período comprendido entre el 1o de Enero de 2015 al 31 de Diciembre de 2017. Resultados: El género más afectado fue el masculino, con edad más frecuente de 14 años, los accidentes ocurrieron con mayor frecuencia los Viernes y Sábados en horario nocturno. Julio fue el mes con mayor índice de accidentes. La cantidad de accidentes se incrementó cada año. La mayoría de los lesionados fueron pasajeros, 98.4% no utilizó equipo de seguridad, la lesión más común fue el traumatismo craneoencefálico, seguido de lesiones en extremidades inferiores, superiores, traumatismo torácico y la menos común, el traumatismo abdominal. Discusión: Hay un incremento progresivo en los accidentes en motocicleta donde se involucra la población pediátrica, el uso de casco es casi nulo, la mayoría de los pacientes presentó traumatismo craneoencefálico, este estudio sirve para analizar el panorama actual, así como ser la base de estudios posteriores y realizar más campañas para la prevención de accidentes en motocicleta y fomentar el uso de casco en pacientes pediátricos.

Abstract: Objectives: Determine the frequency of polytraumatized pediatric patients involved in motorcycle accidents treated at the Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa between 2015 and 2017, as well as to determine the frequency of traumatic brain injuries, thoracic, abdominal, limb injuries, days of hospital stay and mortality. Material and methods: The selected population were patients under 18 years of age who were involved in motorcycle accidents treated at the Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa in a period between January 1st, 2015 and December 31, 2017. Results: The most affected gender was the male with the most frequent age of 14 years, accidents occurred more frequently on Fridays and Saturdays at night. July was the month with the highest frequency of accidents. The number of accidents increased every year. Most of the injured were passengers, 98.4% did not use safety equipment, the most frequent injury was head injury, followed by injuries in lower extremities, upper chest trauma and less frequent abdominal traumatism. Discussion: There is a progressive increase in motorcycle accidents where the pediatric population is involved, the use of helmet is almost zero, most of the patients presented with head trauma, this study serves to see the current situation, as well as being the basis for Subsequent studies and conduct more campaigns for the prevention of motorcycle accidents and encourage the use of helmet in pediatric patients.

Imagen en trauma toracoabdominal.Un diagnóstico diferencial difícil / Image in thoracoabdominal trauma. A difficult differential diagnosis

Resumen Hombre de 70 años de edad, quien ingresó en el área de urgencias con antecedente de atropellamiento. Refería dolor torácico bilateral y disnea. Al examen físico lo encontramos con vía aérea permeable, ausencia de murmullo vesicular en porción inferior de hemitórax derecho asociada con pérdida de la matidez hepática, hemodinámicamente estable, consciente, con puntaje de 15 en la escala de coma de Glasgow. Se obtuvo radiografía de tórax, la cual reveló una imagen radiolúcida por encima del hígado, por lo cual se solicitó tomografía de abdomen con contraste, la que permitió corroborar la integridad del diafragma. Este tipo de imagen radiológica puede sugerir una ruptura diafragmática traumática; sin embargo, sólo se trata de un hallazgo radiográfico.

Abstract A 70-year-old male entered the emergency department after being hit by a car. He had bilateral thoracic pain and dyspnea. On the physical examination we found him with patent airway, absence of vesicular murmur in the lower portion of the right hemithorax in association with loss of hepatic dullness, hemodinamic stability, conscious with 15 points on the Glasgow coma scale. We obtained a plain thoracic x-ray, which revealed a radiolucent image over the liver; for that reason, we obtained a contrasted CT-scan which showed diaphragmatic integrity. This image finding may suggest a traumatic diaphragmatic rupture; however, it may be only a radiological finding.

[Analysis of the frequency of polytraumatized patients in motorcycle accidents in the pediatric publication attended in the Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa between the years 2015 and 2017]. / Análisis de la frecuencia de pacientes politraumatizados en accidentes en motocicleta en la población pediátrica atendida en el Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa entre los años 2015 y 2017.

OBJECTIVES: Determine the frequency of polytraumatized pediatric patients involved in motorcycle accidents treated at the Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa between 2015 and 2017, as well as to determine the frequency of traumatic brain injuries, thoracic, abdominal, limb injuries, days of hospital stay and mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The selected population were patients under 18 years of age who were involved in motorcycle accidents treated at the Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa in a period between January 1st, 2015 and December 31, 2017. RESULTS: The most affected gender was the male with the most frequent age of 14 years, accidents occurred more frequently on Fridays and Saturdays at night. July was the month with the highest frequency of accidents. The number of accidents increased every year. Most of the injured were passengers, 98.4% did not use safety equipment, the most frequent injury was head injury, followed by injuries in lower extremities, upper chest trauma and less frequent abdominal traumatism. DISCUSSION: There is a progressive increase in motorcycle accidents where the pediatric population is involved, the use of helmet is almost zero, most of the patients presented with head trauma, this study serves to see the current situation, as well as being the basis for Subsequent studies and conduct more campaigns for the prevention of motorcycle accidents and encourage the use of helmet in pediatric patients.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la frecuencia de los pacientes pediátricos politraumatizados involucrados en accidentes por motocicleta atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa entre los años 2015 y 2017, así como determinar la frecuencia de traumatismos craneoencefálicos, lesiones torácicas, abdominales, en extremidades, días de estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: La población seleccionada fueron pacientes menores de 18 años de edad que se encontraron involucrados en accidentes de motocicleta atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa en un período comprendido entre el 1o de Enero de 2015 al 31 de Diciembre de 2017. RESULTADOS: El género más afectado fue el masculino, con edad más frecuente de 14 años, los accidentes ocurrieron con mayor frecuencia los Viernes y Sábados en horario nocturno. Julio fue el mes con mayor índice de accidentes. La cantidad de accidentes se incrementó cada año. La mayoría de los lesionados fueron pasajeros, 98.4% no utilizó equipo de seguridad, la lesión más común fue el traumatismo craneoencefálico, seguido de lesiones en extremidades inferiores, superiores, traumatismo torácico y la menos común, el traumatismo abdominal. DISCUSIÓN: Hay un incremento progresivo en los accidentes en motocicleta donde se involucra la población pediátrica, el uso de casco es casi nulo, la mayoría de los pacientes presentó traumatismo craneoencefálico, este estudio sirve para analizar el panorama actual, así como ser la base de estudios posteriores y realizar más campañas para la prevención de accidentes en motocicleta y fomentar el uso de casco en pacientes pediátricos.

Correlación de SpO2/FiO2 versus PaO2/FiO2 para monitoreo de la oxigenación en pacientes con trauma de tórax / Correlation of SPO2/FiO2 versus PaO2/FiO2 for oxigenation monitoring in patients with thorax trauma / Correlação de SPO2/FiO2 versus PaO2/FiO2 para monitoração de oxigenação em pacientes com trauma tórax

Resumen: Introducción: La monitorización de la oxigenación se ha realizado tradicionalmente mediante índices como PaO2/FiO2, que requieren de toma de gasometrías para su determinación. La tendencia de una monitorización mínimamente invasiva propone utilizar la saturación de pulso en el índice SpO2/FiO2 con el mismo fin. El índice SpO2/FiO2 tiene ventajas: obtención rápida y no requiere de gasometría. Rice y cols. hicieron la comparación SpO2/FiO2 y PaO2/FiO2, demostrando la validación del índice Patrick y cols. lo incorporaron a la escala SOFA, Kigali mostró la importancia de monitoreo mínimamente invasivo con SpO2/FiO2 y USG pulmonar en SDRA, proponiendo una clasificación comparable con la de Berlín. Objetivos: Demostrar que existe correlación entre SpO2/FiO2 versus PaO2/FiO2 para monitoreo de la oxigenación en los pacientes con trauma de tórax. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y ambispectivo en 25 pacientes ingresados con diagnóstico de trauma de tórax entre enero de 2016 y abril de 2017 en el servicio de cuidados intensivos, de los cuales se excluyeron cinco pacientes. Se realizó un análisis estadístico utilizando correlación bivariada de Pearson y, si ésta fuera significativa, una correlación lineal para determinar el grado de la misma. Se realizó determinación de medias de edad, género, tipo de trauma, días de ventilación mecánica y defunción. Los resultados se analizaron con el programa estadístico SPSS versión 21.0. Conclusiones: Existe desde el ingreso una correlación lineal significativa entre ambos índices, dicha correlación es mayor de 60% desde el ingreso; sin embargo, adquiere mayor significancia estadística con un grado de correlación hasta de 90% a partir de las 24 horas y hasta el fin del estudio. Consideramos, por tanto, una prueba útil y significativa para valorar la oxigenación en pacientes con trauma de tórax.

Abstract: Introduction: Traditionally, oxygenation monitoring has been performed using indices such as PaO2/FiO2, which requires the determination of gasometry. The trend of minimally invasive monitoring proposes to use pulse saturation in the SpO2/FiO2 index for the same purpose. The SpO2/FiO2 index has advantages: rapid obtaining and not requiring gasometry. Rice performed the SpO2/FiO2 and PaO2/FiO2 comparison demonstrating index validation, Patrick incorporates it into the SOFA scale, Kigali shows the importance of minimally invasive monitoring with SpO2/FiO2 and pulmonary USG in ARDS by proposing a comparable classification with that of Berlin. Objectives: To demonstrate that there is a correlation between SpO2/FiO2 vs PaO2/FiO2 for monitoring of oxygenation in patients with chest trauma. Material and methods: An observational, descriptive, longitudinal, ambispective study was performed in 25 patients admitted with a diagnosis of chest trauma between January, 2016 and April, 2017, in the Intensive Care service, of which 5 patients were excluded. A statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's bivariate correlation, and if a linear correlation was significant to determine the degree of correlation. Determination of means of age, gender, type of trauma, mechanical ventilation and death were determined. The results were analyzed with the statistical program SPSS version 21.0. Conclusions: There is a significant linear correlation between the two indexes, a correlation that is greater than 60% from the time of admission, but it acquires the highest statistical significance with a degree of correlation up to 90% from 24 hours to the end Of the study. We therefore consider a useful and significant test to assess oxygenation in patients with chest trauma.

Resumo: Introdução: Tradicionalmente, o monitoramento da oxigenação tem sido realizado por meio de índices como PaO2/FiO2, que exigem o uso de gasometrias para sua determinação. A tendência do monitoramento minimamente invasivo propõe o uso da saturação de pulso no índice SpO2/FiO2 para o mesmo fim. O índice SpO2/FiO2 apresenta vantagens: obtenção rápida e não requerer gasometria. Rice fez a comparação SpO2/FiO2 e PaO2/FiO2 demonstrando a validação do índice, Patrick incorpora na escala SOFA, Kigali mostra a importância da monitorização minimamente invasiva com SpO2/FiO2 e USG pulmonar na SDRA, propondo uma classificação comparável à de Berlim. Objetivos: Demonstrar que há correlação entre a SpO2/FiO2 e a PaO2/FiO2 no monitoramento da oxigenação em pacientes com trauma torácico. Material e métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo, longitudinal, ambispectivo, realizado em 25 pacientes admitidos com diagnóstico de trauma torácico, entre janeiro de 2016 e abril de 2017, na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, dos quais 5 pacientes foram excluídos. Uma análise estatística foi realizada usando a correlação bivariada de Pearson, e se esta fosse significativa, uma correlação linear para determinar o grau de correlação da mesma. Determinamos as médias de idade, sexo, tipo de trauma, dias de ventilação mecânica e morte. Os resultados foram analisados com o programa estatístico SPSS versão 21.0. Conclusões: Existe uma correlação linear significativa entre os dois índices, tal correlação é maior que 60% desde a internação, mas adquire a maior significância estatística com um grau de correlação de até 90% a partir das 24 horas e até final do estudo. Portanto, consideramos um teste útil e significativo para avaliar a oxigenação em pacientes com trauma torácico.

Índice de asincronía/péptido natriurético cerebral como predictor de éxito en extubación en pacientes con trauma de tórax / Index asynchrony/brain natriuretic peptide as a predictor of successful extubation in patients with chest trauma / Índice assincronia/peptido natriurético cerebral como preditor de sucesso na extubação de pacientes com traumatismo de toráx

Resumen: Antecedentes: El trauma de tórax (TT) requiere estrategias de ventilación mecánica (VM) específicas y el retiro es complejo; la asincronía ventilatoria (AV) aumenta la morbimortalidad, situación no descrita en la población mexicana. Objetivo: Correlacionar el índice de asincronía (IA)/péptido natriurético cerebral (BNP) (IA/BNP), con el resultado de la extubación en pacientes con TT. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) con 30 participantes con variables de estudio demográficas, tipo de TT, IA, BNP pre- (BNP1) y postdecanulación (BNP2), IA/BNP, escalas predictoras de extubación. Desenlace: éxito o fracaso en la extubación (reintubación en las primeras 48 horas). Resultados: Los participantes representaron 96.7% masculino, 3.3% femenino; edad: 34.4 ± 11.2 años; éxito en el retiro de la VM: 70%; tipo de TT: neumotórax/hemotórax 40%, hemotórax aislado 16.7%, neumotórax 10%, tórax inestable/contusión pulmonar 10%, otras variedades de lesión 23.3%. BNP1: 44.2 ± 23.2 pg/dL, BNP2: 67 ± 49 pg/dL, IA: 13 ± 2%, IA/BNP: 0.28 ± 0.15, índice de ventilación rápida y superficial (IVRS): 83.2 ± 13.1, MIP: -24.2 ± 3.07, P 0.1-3.9 ± 0.7. La correlación de Pearson para IA y BNP1 fue r = 0.71, el índice de determinación: r2 = 0.50, con significancia p < 0.001, a un intervalo de confianza (IC) 95%; para IA y BNP2: r = 0.83, r2 = 0.68, p < 0.001, IC 95%. La correlación de Spearman para IA/BNP y fallo: r = 0.62, el índice de determinación: r2 = 0.39, con significancia p < 0.001, a un intervalo de confianza (IC) 95%; para IVRS y fallo: r = 0.31, r2 = 0.09, p < 0.094, IC 95%. IA/BNP < 0.14 se correlacionó con fallo en la extubación. Conclusiones: Se demostró que el IA/BNP < 0.14 es un marcador confiable como predictor del fallo en el retiro de la VM en las primeras 48 horas, comparado con el tradicional IVRS, el cual no demostró significancia estadística.

Abstract: Background: Chest trauma (CT) requires specific mechanical ventilation (MV) strategies; weaning is a complex situation. Ventilatory asynchrony (VA) implies an increased morbimortality, not described in the Mexican population. Aim: To correlate the index of asynchrony (IA)/brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), (IABNP), with the result of extubation in patients with chest trauma. Material and methods: A longitudinal study was done in intensive care units (ICU), 30 patients were included; the following variables were evaluated: demographics, type of trauma, IA, BNP before (BNP1) and after (BNP2) extubation, as well as IA/BNP as a scale to predict extubation. Endpoint: success or failure of the extubation (reintubation in next 48 hours). Results: The study population was 96.7% masculine, 3.3% female; age: 34.4 ± 11.2 years. Successful withdrawal of MV was 70%. Type of trauma was pneumo/hemothorax 40%, hemothorax 16.7%, pneumothorax 10%, flail chest/pulmonary contusion 10%, other types 23.3%. BPN1: 44.2 ± 23.2 pg/dL, BNP2: 67 ± 49 pg/dL, IA: 13 ± 2%, IA/BNP: 0.28 ± 0.15, rapid surface respiration index (IVRS): 83.2 ± 13.1, maximum inspiration pressure (MIP): -24.2 ± 3.07, P 0.1-3.9 ± 0.7. Pearson correlation for IA and BNP1 was r = 0.71, the determination index: r2= 0.50, with significance p < 0.001, confidence interval (CI) 95%; for AI and BNP2: r = 0.83, r2 = 0.68, p < 0.001, CI 95%. Spearman correlation for IA/BNP and failure: r = 0.62, and determination index: r2 = 0.39, with significance p < 0.001, CI 95%; for RSSR and failure: r = 0.31, r2 = 0.09, with p < 0.094, CI 95%. IA/BNP < 0.14 was related with failure at extubation. Conclusions: IA/BNP < 0.14 was a predictive marker for failure of weaning MV in the first 48 hours compared with the traditional RSRR, which was not statistically significant.

Resumo: Introdução: O trauma torácico (TT) requer estratégias específicas de ventilação mecânica (VM) e a retirada é complexa; a assincronia ventilatória (AV) aumenta a morbimortalidade; situação não descrita na população mexicana. Objetivo: Correlacionar o índice de assincronia (IA)/peptídeo natriurético cerebral (BNP) (IA/BNP) com o resultado da extubação em pacientes com TT. Material e métodos: Realizou-se um estudo longitudinal em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) com 30 participantes com variáveis de estudo: demográficos, tipo de TT, IA, BNP pré (BNP1) e pós-decanulação (BNP2), IA/BNP, escalas preditivas de extubação. Desenlace: sucesso ou falha na extubação (reintubação nas primeiras 48 horas). Resultados: Os participantes representados: 96.7% homens, 3.3% mulheres, idade 34.4 ± 11.2 anos, sucesso da retirada da VM 70%; Tipo TT: pneumotórax/hemotórax 40%, hemotórax isolado 16.7%, pneumotórax 10%, tórax instável/contusão pulmonar 10%, outras variedades de lesão 23.3%. BNP1 44.2 ± 23.2 pg/dL, BNP2 67 ± 49 pg/dL, IA13 ± 2%, IA/BNP 0.28 ± 0.15, índice de ventilação rápida e superficial (IVRS) 83.2 ± 13.1, MIP -24.2 ± 3.07, P 0.1-3.9 ± 0.7. A correlação de Pearson para IA e BNP1 foi: r = 0.71, o índice de determinação r2 = 0.50 com significância p < 0.001, intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%, para IA e BNP2: r = 0.83, r2 = 0.68, p < 0.001, IC 95%. A correlação de Spearman para IABNP e falha r = 0.62, índice de determinação r2 = 0.39, com significância p < 0.001, intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%, para IVRS e falha r = 0.31, r2 = 0.09, p < 0.094, IC 95%. IA/BNP < 0.14 correlacionou-se com falha na extubação. Conclusões: Demonstrouse que o índice AI/BNP < 0.14 é um marcador confiável como preditor de falha na remoção de VM nas primeiras 48 horas em comparação com a tradicional IVRS, que não apresentou significância estatística.

Caracterización de lesionados con hemoneumotórax traumático en el Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García" (2012 - 2014) / Characterization of injured patients with traumatic hemo-pneumothorax at General Calixto García University Hospital (2012-2014)

Introducción: el trauma torácico constituye una causa frecuente de mortalidad temprana y tardía que ocurre en 25 por ciento del total de lesionados. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento clínico-epidemiológico de los lesionados con diagnóstico de hemoneumotórax traumático. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, longitudinal retrospectivo, que incluyó 357 lesionados con diagnóstico de hemoneumotórax traumático, ingresados en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital Universitario General Calixto García desde el 1 de enero de 2012 hasta 31 de diciembre de 2014. Se incluyeron variables como: edad, sexo, causa del trauma, atención médica prehospitalaria y hospitalaria, índice de gravedad de la lesión, lesiones asociadas, estadía hospitalaria y estado al egreso. Resultados: predominó el sexo masculino (78,1 por ciento ) y la edad de 20 a 39 años (26,0 por ciento ). Los accidentes de tránsito fueron la principal causa del trauma y la gravedad se incrementó por la presencia de traumas raquimedulares y choque hipovolémico. Los lesionados clasificados como moderados según el índice de gravedad de la lesión fueron 53,3 por ciento. Los lesionados que llegaron al hospital una a dos horas de ocurrido el trauma fueron 41,2 por ciento. La estadía hospitalaria con mayor número de egresados vivos fue entre cuatro y cinco días. Los fallecimientos ocurrieron en su mayoría después de los siete días. Las lesiones asociadas y la descompensación de las enfermedades crónicas fueron las responsables del mayor número de fallecidos (n= 46 12,9 por ciento). Conclusiones: las características clínico-epidemiológicas de los lesionados con hemoneumotórax traumático coinciden con las reportadas por estudios nacionales e internacionales(AU)

Introduction: thoracic trauma is a common cause for early and late mortality, occurring in 25 percent of all injured patients. Objective: to characterize the clinical and epidemiological behavior of the injured patients with traumatic hemo-pneumothorax. Methods: a descriptive, retrospective, longitudinal study was carried out, involving 357 injured patients diagnosed with traumatic hemo-pneumothorax and admitted to the general surgery service at General Calixto García University Hospital from January 1, 2012 until December 31, 2014. The variables included were age, sex, cause for trauma, pre-hospital and hospital care, severity rate of injury, associated injuries, hospital stay and discharge status. Results: there was a predominance of males (78.1 percent ) and of ages 20-39 years (26.0 percent ). Traffic accidents were the main cause for trauma and severity increased by the presence of hypovolemic shock trauma and spinal cord injuries. According to the injury severity index, 53.3 percent of the injured patients were classified as moderate. 41.2 percent of the injured patients arrived at the hospital 1-2 hours after the trauma. The hospital stays for highest number of admitted alive was between four and five days. The deaths occurred mostly after seven days. Associated injuries and decompensation of chronic diseases were causes for the largest amount of deaths (12.9 percent , n= 46). Conclusions: the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the injured patients with traumatic hemo-pneumothorax match those reported by national and international studies(AU)