Effect of chia seeds or concentrated fish oil on cardiometabolic risk markers in subjects with hypertriglyceridaemia: a parallel clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in reducing high blood triglyceride (TG) levels have been well demonstrated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chia seeds on blood TG and its associated cardiometabolic factors in hypertriglyceridaemic individuals. METHODS: This three-group randomised controlled trial compared the effects of a low-calorie diet (n = 22), a low-calorie diet with chia seeds (30 g/day, n = 22) or a low-calorie diet with concentrated fish oil (1.8 g/day of n-3 long-chain PUFAs, n = 22) in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia. Anthropometrics, fasting blood lipids, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, insulin, adiponectin, leptin and interleukin-6 levels were measured. RESULTS: After 8 weeks, the mean reduction in weight exhibited by the three groups was not statistically different (2.0, 2.7 and 2.8 kg, respectively, for the control, fish oil and chia seed groups). The plasma TG decreased in both the chia seed and fish oil groups in comparison to the control group (p = 0.001). However, no significant difference was observed between the chia seed and fish oil groups (change from baseline mean: 145.2 and 136.7 mg/dL for the chia seed and fish oil groups, respectively). The consumption of chia seeds was associated with a reduction in diastolic blood pressure (change from baseline mean: 8.4 mmHg) compared to the other two groups. No significant alterations were observed in the other blood biochemical factors between the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: In people with moderate hypertriglyceridaemia, a low-calorie diet with 30 g of chia seeds compared to fish oil supplements containing 1.8 g of long-chain PUFAs has a similar effect on reducing plasma TG levels, whereas it has a higher blood pressure-lowering effect.

Modeling of enzymatic transesterification for omega-3 fatty acids enrichment in fish oil.

Mathematical models of transesterification commonly assume that oil is a mixture of triacylglycerols, where each component has only one type of acid attached. This article aims to show how a different assumption on acid distribution affects the results of acylglycerols fraction composition. Experiments of fish oil ethanolysis have been performed at different enzyme loadings and ethanol concentrations, leading to enrichments from 35 % to 52 % of ω3 mass fraction in acylglycerols, by losing 12.1 % of ω3 as ethyl esters. A kinetic model is developed assuming both all acids of the same type on each acylglycerol and all acids randomly distributed on the available positions. The two different assumptions showed strong discrepancies on the acylglycerols fraction compositions predictions, demonstrating how the initial fatty acids distribution is important when an accurate description of the acylglycerols fraction is desired.

Safety and Efficacy of a Composite Lipid Emulsion with Fish Oil in Hospitalized Neonates and Infants Requiring Prolonged Parenteral Nutrition - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous lipids are critical to the care of extremely premature and other high-risk infants. OBJECTIVE: The study evaluated safety and efficacy of parenteral nutrition (PN) with composite intravenous lipid emulsion (CO-ILE) with fish oil compared to pure soybean oil lipid emulsion (SOLE). METHODS: Randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicenter study (NCT02579265) in neonates/ infants anticipated to require ≥28 days of PN due to gastrointestinal malformations or injury. Duration of the initial and extended treatment phase was 28 days and 84 days (for patients with PN indication after day 28). RESULTS: 83/ 78 patients (mean postnatal age: 11.4/ 8.3 days, 54/ 59 preterm) received CO-ILE and SOLE, respectively. 33 patients per group completed 28 days on treatment. Risk of having conjugated bilirubin values > 2 mg/dL confirmed by a second sample 7 days after the first during the initial treatment phase (primary outcome) was 2.4% (2 of 83) with CO-ILE and 3.8% (3 of 78) with SOLE (risk ratio 0.59 [95% CI: 0.09, 3.76]). Between days 29 and 84, the number of patients with confirmed conjugated bilirubin values > 2 mg/dL did not increase in the CO-ILE group (n=2) and increased in the SOLE group (n=9). At the end of the initial treatment phase, conjugated bilirubin concentrations were 45.6% lower under CO-ILE than under SOLE (p=0.006). There was no clinical or laboratory evidence of essential fatty acid deficiency in patients in the CO-ILE group. Median time to discharge alive was 56.7 and 66.4 days with CO-ILE and SOLE, respectively (hazard ratio: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.81, 1.68). CONCLUSIONS: CO-ILE was associated with a possible lower risk of cholestasis and significantly lower conjugated bilirubin at the end of the initial treatment phase in high-risk neonates and infants as compared to patients treated with SOLE. In summary, these data indicate that CO-ILE can be considered safe and may be preferable over SOLE in high-risk neonates. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER: Clinicaltrials.gov, study ID NCT02579265.

Effects of Dietary Fish Oil Supplementation on the Growth, Proximate Composition, and Liver Health of Chinese Stripe-Necked Turtle (Mauremys sinensis).

Dietary lipids provide energy for animals and can also be converted into other nutrients (such as non-essential amino acids), which play a role in saving protein. The Chinese stripe-necked turtle is a protected and endangered species that has been bred in captivity; however, basic data on lipid requirements remain unavailable. In this study, 360 Mauremys sinensis (body weight of 65.32 ± 0.15 g) were randomly divided into six groups with three replicates per group; the turtles were fed experimental diets supplemented with various levels of fish oil (i.e., 1% (control group, CG), 3.5% (HF-1), 6% (HF-2), 8.5% (HF-3), 11% (HF-4), and 13.5% (HF-5)) for 10 weeks. The results showed that compared with CG, increasing the fish oil level promoted the growth performance of turtles, and the HF-3 group achieved the best effect. The HF-4 group showed the highest increases in the hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index. In addition, increased lipid levels also increased the crude lipid content and reduced the crude protein content in muscle tissue. Oil red O staining showed that the liver lipid content increased with the level of supplemented fish oil, which is consistent with the results of the hepatosomatic index. Compared with CG, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly in both the liver and serum when fish oil levels exceeded 8.5% (p < 0.05), while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly. Aspartate transaminase and cerealthirdtransaminase levels in serum increased significantly when fish oil levels exceeded 8.5% (p < 0.05). Moreover, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (GSH-Px, SOD, T-AOC, and CAT) and MDA showed similar results, indicating that high fish oil levels (8.5-13.5%) caused liver tissue damage in M. sinensis. Increased fish oil levels significantly upregulated the expression levels of cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-ß1, IL-10, and IL-12) (p < 0.05), downregulated the expression levels of antioxidant enzyme-related genes (cat, mn-sod, and gsh-px), and increased apoptosis of liver cells. Supplementation of the diet with 3.5-6% fish oil improved the growth performance of M. sinensis, and the turtles maintained a beneficial immune status. The results provide a scientific basis for optimizing the commercial feed formula of M. sinensis.

Supplementation with Fish Oil and Selenium Protects Lipolytic and Thermogenic Depletion of Adipose in Cachectic Mice Treated with an EGFR Inhibitor.

Lung cancer and cachexia are the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Cachexia is manifested by weight loss and white adipose tissue (WAT) atrophy. Limited nutritional supplements are conducive to lung cancer patients, whereas the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we used a murine cancer cachexia model to investigate the effects of a nutritional formula (NuF) rich in fish oil and selenium yeast as an adjuvant to enhance the drug efficacy of an EGFR inhibitor (Tarceva). In contrast to the healthy control, tumor-bearing mice exhibited severe cachexia symptoms, including tissue wasting, hypoalbuminemia, and a lower food efficiency ratio. Experimentally, Tarceva reduced pEGFR and HIF-1α expression. NuF decreased the expression of pEGFR and HIF-2α, suggesting that Tarceva and NuF act differently in prohibiting tumor growth and subsequent metastasis. NuF blocked LLC tumor-induced PTHrP and expression of thermogenic factor UCP1 and lipolytic enzymes (ATGL and HSL) in WAT. NuF attenuated tumor progression, inhibited PTHrP-induced adipose tissue browning, and maintained adipose tissue integrity by modulating heat shock protein (HSP) 72. Added together, Tarceva in synergy with NuF favorably improves cancer cachexia as well as drug efficacy.

Effectiveness of fish oil in controlling inflammation in adult patients undergoing hemodialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: Hemodialysis patients with chronic kidney disease often exhibit inflammation characterized by elevated levels of C-reactive protein, Interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and they are shown to be associated with cardiovascular impairment and enhanced renal failure. This study aims to assess the impact of fish oil intake on inflammation indicators in adult hemodialysis patients. Methods: From the inception to December 2023, the datasets Cochrane Central, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Embase, and Pubmed were examined. Two authors independently searched, selected, and screened the literature. The pooled results are represented by weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals. To investigate the causes of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis was done. Sensitivity analysis was then used to evaluate the validity of the combined findings. Results: Thirteen randomized control trials studies were included. The pooled results showed that fish oil supplementation caused a significant reduction of the C-reactive protein level (WMD, -2.92 mg/L; 95% Confidence interval, -5.23, to -0.61; p = 0.01; I 2 = 99%), especially in patients with baseline C-reactive protein ⩾5 mg/L (WMD, -4.39 mg/L; 95% Confidence interval, -5.93 to 2.85; p < 0.00001; I 2 = 33%). Subgroup analyses showed that C-reactive protein baseline level (C-reactive protein <5 mg/L) was the main source of heterogeneity. Fish oil intake may not reduce the level of Interleukin 6 (WMD, -2.26; 95% Confidence interval: -19.61 to 15.09; p = 0.80; I 2 = 93%), nor will it reduce the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (random model: WMD, -2.51; 95% Confidence interval: 6.08 to 1.06; p = 0.17; I 2 = 98%). Conclusion: Hemodialysis patients, especially those with C-reactive protein > 5 mg/L, responded to fish oil supplementation to reduce their C-reactive protein level; however, Interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels did not appear to be affected.

Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Parenteral Nutrition on Inflammatory Markers and Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The heightened inflammatory response observed in COVID-19 patients suggests that omega-3 fatty acids (O3FA) may confer anti-inflammatory benefits. This randomized, double-blind, single-center clinical trial aimed to evaluate the effect of O3FA supplementation in parenteral nutrition (PN) on inflammatory markers in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). A total of 69 patients were randomized into three groups: one received standard lipid emulsion, and two received O3FA (Omegaven®) at doses of 0.1 g/kg/day and 0.2 g/kg/day, respectively, in addition to Smoflipid®. The primary outcomes measured were serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) on days 1, 5, and 10 of PN initiation. Secondary outcomes included additional inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1Ra, CXCL10), hepatic function, triglyceride levels, and clinical outcomes such as mortality and length of ICU and hospital stay. Results indicated a significant reduction in CRP, IL-6, and CXCL10 levels in the group receiving 0.1 g/kg/day O3FA compared to the control. Additionally, the higher O3FA dose was associated with a shorter ICU and hospital stay. These findings suggest that O3FA supplementation in PN may reduce inflammation and improve clinical outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients.

Impact of oil type and savory plant on nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation, milk yield, and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows.

Fat supplements are well known for their multiple beneficial effects on ruminant health, reproduction and productivity, and as a source for certain bioactive compounds in ruminant products. On the other hand, numerous phytochemicals have demonstrated the potential to improve rumen fermentation through modifying the volatile fatty acid (VFA) pattern to favour those with greater energy efficiency, boosting microbial protein synthesis, and decreasing methane emission and ruminal ammonia concentration. Savory is an aromatic plant rich in various phytochemicals (mainly carvacrol and flavonoids) that can alter ruminal metabolism of dietary fatty acids, potentially increasing the production of some bioactive compounds such as conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs). This study aimed to investigate combined effects of oil type (fish oil (FO) versus soybean oil (SO)) and the inclusion of savory (Satureja khuzistanica) plant (SP) in the diet on total tract digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cattle. Eight multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with four diets and four 21-d periods. During each experimental period consisted of 14 days of adaptation and a 7-day sampling period, cows were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments: the diet supplemented with 2% (DM basis) fish oil (FOD) or soybean oil (SOD), the FOD or SOD plus 370 g DM/d/head SP (FODs, SODs, respectively). The experimental diets were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with the fat sources as the first and SP as the second factor. The FO-supplemented diets had lower dry matter intake (DMI) and higher total tract digestibility than SO-supplemented diets (P < 0.05), and including SP in the diet improved total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) (P < 0.05) without negatively affecting DMI. Rumen pH was lower with SO than with FO diets (P < 0.01) and increased with SP inclusion in the diet (P < 0.05). Total protozoa count and ruminal ammonia concentration decreased, and the branched-chain VFA (BCVFA) proportion increased with SP inclusion in the diet (P < 0.05). Milk production, as well as the concentration and yield of milk components (except lactose concentration) were higher with SO than with FO diets (P < 0.05), but these variables remained unaffected by SP. The milk concentrations of both non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) were lower with SO compared to FO diets, and these variables were reduced by SP (P < 0.01). The proportions of both mono- and polyunsaturated FA (MUFA and PUFA, respectively) in milk were higher with FO than with SO diets (P < 0.01), and their proportions increased by SP at the expense of saturated FA (SFA) (P < 0.01). Including SP in the diet increased the proportions of all the milk n-3 FA (C18:3c, C20:5, and C22:6) by 21%, 40%, and 97%, respectively, and those of conjugated linoleic acids (C18:2 (c9,t11-CLA) and C18:2 (t10,c12-CLA)) by 23% and 62%, respectively. There was no interaction between oil type and SP for the assessed variables. Fish oil, despite reducing milk production and milk components, was more effective than soybean oil in enriching milk with healthy FA. These findings also show promise for SP as a feed additive with the potential to improve total tract digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk FA composition.

Longitudinal Study of Seafood and Fish Oil Supplement Intake and Risk of Persistent Tinnitus.

BACKGROUND: Persistent tinnitus is common, disabling, and difficult to treat. Diet has been implicated in tinnitus etiology, but studies are inconsistent and longitudinal data are scarce. Seafood intake is associated with lower risk of hearing loss, but the longitudinal association with tinnitus is unknown. OBJECTIVE: We examined the independent associations of seafood intake, fish oil supplement use, and risk of developing persistent tinnitus. METHODS: This prospective cohort study followed 73,482 females in the Nurses' Health Study II from 1991 to 2021. Diet was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire every 4 years. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate independent associations between total seafood intake, specific types of fish, shellfish, fish oil supplements, and risk of persistent tinnitus (defined as tinnitus experienced daily). RESULTS: After 1,998,421 person-years of follow-up, 9,362 cases of incident persistent tinnitus were reported. Seafood intake was independently associated with lower risk of developing persistent tinnitus. Compared with participants who never or rarely consumed seafood, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (MVHR,95% CI) for tinnitus were 0.87 (0.78, 0.95) among participants who consumed 1 serving/week, 0.77 (0.68, 0.86) for 2-4 servings/week, and 0.79 (0.64, 0.96) for 5+/servings/week (p-trend<0.0001). Examined individually, higher intakes of tuna fish, light-meat fish and shellfish were associated with lower risk. Compared with participants who never or rarely consumed the specific type, the MVHRs for consumption of 1+ servings/week were 0.84 (0.78, 0.90)(p-trend <0.0001) for tuna fish, 0.91 (0.83, 0.99)(p-trend=0.04) for light-meat fish, and 0.82 (0.72, 0.93)(p-trend<0.0001) for shellfish. Higher risk for dark-meat fish intake was suggested (MVHR: 1.09 (0.99,1.21)(p-trend=0.04). Fish oil supplement use (yes/no) was associated with higher risk (MVHR: 1.12 (1.06,1.19)). CONCLUSION: Regular consumption of tuna fish, light-meat fish or shellfish is associated with lower risk of developing persistent tinnitus in females. Fish oil supplement use is associated with higher risk.

Fads2 knockout mice reveal that ALA prevention of hepatic steatosis is dependent on delta-6 desaturase activity.

The production of the omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) relies on the delta-6 desaturase (D6D) enzyme encoded by the Fads2 gene. While EPA and DHA reduce hepatic triacylglycerol (TAG) storage and regulate lipogenesis, the independent impact of ALA is less understood. To address this gap in knowledge, hepatic fatty acid metabolism was investigated in male wildtype (WT) and Fads2 knockout (KO) mice fed diets (16% kcal from fat) containing either lard (no n-3 LCPUFA), flaxseed oil (ALA rich), or menhaden oil (EPA/DHA rich) for 21 weeks. Fat content and composition, as well as markers of lipogenesis, glyceroneogenesis, and TAG synthesis, were analyzed using histology, gas chromatography, and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Mice fed the menhaden diet had significantly lower hepatic TAG compared to both lard- and flax-fed mice, concomitant with changes in n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA in both TAG and phospholipid (PL) fractions (all p < 0.05). Flax-fed WT mice had lower liver TAG content compared to their KO counterparts. Menhaden-fed mice had significantly lower expression of key lipogenic (Scd1, Srebp-1c, Fasn, Fads1, Fads2), glyceroneogenic (Pck1), and TAG synthesis (Agpat3) genes compared to lard, with flax-fed mice showing some intermediate effects. Gene expression effects were independent of D6D activity, since no differences were detected between WT and KO mice fed the same diet. This study demonstrates that EPA/DHA and not ALA itself is critical for the prevention of hepatic steatosis.

Effects of the extraction temperatures on the protein contents, gelatin purities, physicochemical properties, and functional properties of tilapia scale gelatins.

Herein, the effects of the extraction temperatures (45, 55, 65, 75, and 85 °C) on the protein contents, gelatin purities, physicochemical properties, and functional properties of tilapia scale gelatins were studied. Among these temperatures, 65 °C was the best extraction temperature to obtain good production yield (16.0 % ± 0.3 %), good protein contents (excellent total amino acid composition of 94.20 ± 0.76 g/100 g of gelatin, the highest hydrophobic amino acids percentage of 32.68 ± 0.24 g/100 g of gelatin), appropriate ATR-FTIR spectra peaks (Amides A, B, I, II, and III), high ß-sheet percentage (38.2 % ± 1.3 %), the highest purity of the gelatin structures (280, 140, and 125 kDa), the lowest nanoparticle sizes in atomic force microscopy results, the highest water-holding capacity (25.3 % ± 0.9 %), the highest fat-binding capacity (16.9 % ± 0.1 %), high foaming properties (foaming capacity of 151.7 % ± 7.6 % and foaming stability of 145.8 % ± 6.3 %), the lowest interfacial tension (2.1 ± 0.2 mN/m), the lowest emulsifying activity index (16.5 % ± 0.9 %), the highest emulsifying stability index (88.9 % ± 5.1 %), highest emulsion viscosity (1462 ± 17 mPa·s at the rotary speed of 6 rpm), the lowest initial droplet sizes, and lowest emulsion creaming index (6.9 % ± 0.7 %). This work provided a useful guide to choosing extraction temperature for gelatin extraction and a useful theory on the relationship between compositions and properties of a protein sample.

Efficient expression of OUC-Sb-lip2 in Yarrowia lipolytica and its comprehensive utilization in the enrichment of DHA and EPA from fish oil.

Lipases are widely used in the modification of functional lipids, particularly in the enrichment of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). In this study, a lipase named OUC-Sb-lip2 was expressed in Yarrowia lipolytica, achieving a promising enzyme activity of 472.6 U/mL by optimizing the culture medium, notably through olive oil supplementation. A significant proportion (58.8%) of the lipase activity was located in the cells, whereas 41.2% was secreted into the supernatant. Both whole-cell and immobilized OUC-Sb-lip2 were used to enrich DHA and EPA from fish oil. The whole-cell approach increased the DHA and EPA contents to 2.59 and 2.55 times that of the original oil, respectively. Similarly, the immobilized OUC-Sb-lip2 resulted in a 2.00-fold increase in DHA and an 1.99-fold increase in EPA after a 6-h hydrolysis period. Whole cell and the immobilized OUC-Sb-lip2 retained 48.7% and 52.7% of their activity after six cycles of reuse, respectively.

Effect of fish oil supplementation on histological changes, apoptosis and oxidative stress of rat placenta against formaldehyde-induced toxicity.

Formaldehyde (FA) as a common organic compound has been shown to cause placental dysfunction and fetal defects. The potential benefits of fish oil (FOil) in protecting placental structures are attributed to its antioxidant properties. This study aimed to explore the preventive role of FOil in mitigating the adverse effects of FA in pregnant rats. Thirty pregnant Wistar rats were randomly categorized into five groups of control, sham (Normal saline; Orally and intraperitoneally), FOil (0.5 ml/day; Orally), FA (5 mg/kg/bw; intraperitoneally), FA+FOil. The treatment period was from day 0-20 of pregnancy. On the 20th day of pregnancy, placental morphometric parameters were measured. The histological and histochemical analyses were performed using H&E and PAS staining, respectively. Also, the placenta tissue was analyzed for oxidative stress biomarkers, p-53 protein levels, and the expression of caspase-3 gene. The administration of FA led to a significant decrease in the weight, diameter, and thickness of the placenta, as well as a decrease in the thickness of the decidua layer, junctional and labyrinth zone, and the number of trophoblast giant cells in rat placentas. FA led to a significant increase in placental p-53 protein levels, caspase-3 expression, and oxidative stress biomarkers. Administration of FOil to pregnant rats treated with FA led to a significant decrease in morphometric and histological changes, oxidative stress, and the expression of genes associated with apoptosis. The findings suggest that the administration of FOil to FA-treated pregnant rats can protect placental histopathological changes by enhancing the activity of the antioxidant enzymes.

Effect of glycation with three polysaccharides on the structural and emulsifying properties of ovalbumin.

Herein, three types of ovalbumin (OA)-polysaccharide conjugates were prepared with three polysaccharides (XG: xanthan gum; GG: guar gum; KGM: konjac glucomannan) for the fish oil emulsion stabilization. The glycation did not change the spectra bands and secondary structure percentages of OA, whereas it decreased the molecular surface hydrophobicity of OA. The initial emulsion droplet sizes were dependent on the polysaccharide types, OA preparation concentrations, polysaccharide: OA mass ratios, and glycation pH. The emulsion stability was mainly dependent on the polysaccharide types, polysaccharide: OA mass ratios, and glycation pH. However, it was minorly dependent on the OA preparation concentrations. The emulsions stabilized by conjugates with high polysaccharide: OA mass ratios (e.g., ≥3:5 for OA-GG) or appropriate glycation pH (e.g., 5.0-6.1 for OA-XG) showed no obvious creaming during the room temperature storage. This work provided basic knowledge on the structural modification and functional application of a protein.

Determination of Free Glycidol and Total Free Monochloropropanediol in Fish and Krill Oil with Simple Aqueous Derivatization and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

This study introduces a novel method for detecting free glycidol and total free monochloropropanediol (MCPD) in fish and krill oil. Before analysis on high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), p-(dimethylamino)phenol was used for derivatization of these compounds, enabling the sensitive determination of these contaminants. The sample preparation procedure includes a simple, efficient pretreatment using NaCl aqueous solution extraction and C18 sorbent cleanup (for demulsification), distinguishing glycidol from MCPD under varied reaction conditions for derivatization (weak acidic and strong alkaline aqueous environments). This approach shows broad linearity from 1 to at least 256 ng·mL-1, improved sensitivity compared to standard GC-MS methods, with the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for MCPD and glycidol in both oil samples verified at 0.5 ng·mL-1 and 1 ng·mL-1, respectively. Different from previous HPLC-MS methods for direct detection of glycidol esters or MCPD esters, this is the first HPLC-MS method used for the detection of free glycidol and total free MCPD in edible oil. Furthermore, this method can be potentially developed for glycidol or monochloropropane diol esters, which is similar to the current official methods adopted for indirect detection of these contaminants in different food matrices. Application of this detection method to real dietary supplements (fish oil and krill oil) revealed MCPD residues in fish oil (maximum detected: 32.78 ng·mL-1) and both MCPD (maximum detected: 2767.3 ng·mL-1) and glycidol (maximum detected: 22.2 ng·mL-1) in krill oil, emphasizing its effectiveness and accuracy for assessing contamination in these supplements.

The efficacy and acceptability of anti-inflammatory omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements in sepsis management: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Sepsis is a critical medical condition associated with high mortality for patients. Current pharmacological strategies for sepsis management or prevention had not achieved satisfactory results. The omega-3 fatty acids, with anti-inflammatory benefits, are considered to be promising agents for sepsis management/prevention. The aim of this network meta-analysis (NMA) is to compare the efficacy of various dosages and formulations of fish oil supplements for sepsis management and sepsis prevention. The current NMA consisted of two parts: (1) sepsis management and (2) sepsis prevention. The PubMed, ClinicalKey, Embase, ProQuest, Cochrane CENTRAL, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were systematically searched to date of February 22nd, 2024 for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). RCTs were eligible for inclusion if they enrolled participants with a diagnosis of sepsis or who with high risk for sepsis. All NMA procedures were conducted under the frequentist model. The primary outcomes assessed are (1) mortality rate in sepsis treatment or (2) incidence of sepsis in sepsis prevention. Our NMA, based on 28 RCTs and 1718 participants (mean age=51.6 years, mean female proportion=35.6 %), showed that (1) high dose parenteral fish oil supplement yield the lowest mortality rate in sepsis management in adult patients, and (2) high dose enteral fish oil supplement yield the lowest incidence of sepsis in pediatric patients. This study provides compelling evidence that high-dose fish oil supplements provide beneficial effects for both sepsis management and sepsis prevention. Our findings provide a preliminary rationale for future large-scale RCTs to investigate the role of fish oil supplementation in sepsis management or prevention.

Fish oil supplementation in relation to the risk of chronic kidney disease among patients with diabetes.

AIM: To investigate the association between fish oil supplementation and subsequent risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among patients with diabetes, and further evaluate the mediation effect of typical glycolipid and inflammatory biomarkers. METHODS: In total, 24 497 patients with diabetes from the UK Biobank were included. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CKD risk, and the rate advancement period was calculated to quantify and communicate the impact of fish oil upon that risk. In addition, we also used mediation analysis to assess the mediating role of plasma biomarkers. RESULTS: Overall, 7122 patients reported taking fish oil supplements. During a mean of 11.3 years of follow-up, 3533 CKD cases occurred. In the fully adjusted model, fish oil use was inversely associated with the incidence of CKD (HR 0.90; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.97), which was mediated by serum levels of HbA1c (4.7%), C-reactive protein (CRP) (3.4%) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (2.3%). Participants who took fish oil supplements displayed the same risk of CKD events, but that risk was delayed by approximately 2.79 years compared with non-users of fish oil. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings advocate the beneficial role of fish oil use in preventing CKD among patients with diabetes, which may be mediated by serum levels of HbA1c, CRP and HDL-C, and support public health policies aiming to promote fish oil supplementation for the prevention of diabetes complications.

Juvenile/Peripubertal Exposure to Omega-3 and Environmental Enrichment Differentially Affects CORT Secretion and Adulthood Stress Coping, Sociability, and CA3 Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression in Male and Female Rats.

In adult rats, omega-3 supplementation through fish oil (FO) and environmental enrichment (EE) have shown beneficial effects on cognition and stress regulation. This study assessed sex-specific effects of FO and EE during adolescence, a period critical for brain maturation, on adulthood coping mechanisms, sociability, and glucocorticoid regulation. An amount of 64 Wistar rats [n = 32/sex; postnatal day (PND) 23] were assigned to supplementation of control soybean oil (CSO) or menhaden fish oil (FO; 0.3 mL/100 g) from PND28 to 47 and exposed to EE or regular cage (RC) housing from PND28 to 58, with their blood corticosterone (CORT) levels being assessed weekly. As adults, exposure to repeated forced swim tests (FSTs; PND90-91) enabled analysis of coping responses, while socioemotional and memory responses were evaluated using the OFT, EPM, SIT, and Y maze tests (PND92-94). Immunohistochemistry determined hippocampal CA1/CA3 glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression (PND95). CORT secretion gradually increased as the supplementation period elapsed in female rats, while changes were minimal in males. Coping strategies in the FST differed between sexes, particularly in FO-fed rats, where females and males, respectively, favoured floating and tail support to minimise energy consumption and maintain immobility. In the SIT, FO/EE promoted sociability in females, while a CSO diet favoured social recognition in males. Reduced CA3 GR-ir expression was found in FO/RC and CSO/EE rat groups, supporting stress resilience and memory consolidation. Our findings support environment and dietary conditions to exert a sex-specific impact on biobehavioural responses.

Fish Oil, Plasma n-3 PUFAs, and Risk of Macro- and Microvascular Complications among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate associations of fish oil supplementation and plasma omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) with risks of macrovascular and microvascular complications among people with type 2 diabetes, and to further explore the potential mediating role of metabolism-related biomarkers. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study included 20,338 participants with type 2 diabetes from UK Biobank. Diabetic complications were identified through hospital inpatient records. RESULTS: During 13.2 years of follow-up, 5,396 people developed macrovascular complications, and 4,868 people developed microvascular complications. After multivariable adjustment, hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for patients with fish oil were 0.90 (0.85, 0.97) for composite macrovascular complications, 0.91 (0.84, 0.98) for coronary heart disease (CHD), 0.72 (0.61, 0.83) for peripheral artery disease; and 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) for composite microvascular complications, 0.87 (0.79, 0.95) for diabetic kidney disease, and 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) for diabetic retinopathy. In addition, higher n-3 PUFA levels, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were associated with lower risks of macrovascular and microvascular complications. Comparing extreme quartiles of plasma DHA, the HRs (95% CIs) were 0.68 (0.57, 0.81) for composite macrovascular complications, 0.63 (0.51, 0.77) for CHD; and 0.59 (0.38, 0.91) for diabetic neuropathy. Moreover, biomarkers including lipid profile and inflammation collectively explained 54.4% and 63.1% of associations of plasma DHA with risks of composite macrovascular complications and CHD. CONCLUSIONS: Habitual use of fish oil supplementation and higher plasma n-3 PUFA levels, especially DHA, were associated with lower risks of macrovascular and microvascular complications among individuals with type 2 diabetes, and the favorable associations were partially mediated through improving biomarkers of lipid profile and inflammation.

Maternal consumption of fish oil protected breast-fed piglets against Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-induced damage through reshaping of intestinal fatty acids profile.

It has been well documented that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) can alleviate inflammation caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the etiologic agents that causing yellow or white dysentery in young pigs. However, it remains unclear whether the increase in n-3 PUFA availability could enhance the ability of nursery pigs to resist invasion by E. coli. LPS. Twenty-four 21-day-old female piglets, each two of them from the same sow fed the beef tallow (BT) or fish oil (FO) diets, were allocated into four treatment groups: BT-CON, piglets from the BT-fed sows and intraperitoneally injected with saline (9 g/L); BT-LPS, piglets from the BT-fed sows and injected with LPS (100 µg/kg body weight); FO-CON, piglets from the FO-fed sows and injected with saline; FO-LPS, piglets from the FO-fed sows and injected with LPS. Following 2 h of LPS challenge, the magnitudes of increase in body temperature approached to a marked (p < 0.01) difference between the BT-CON and BT-LPS piglets, whereas the dramatic (p < 0.01) difference between the FO-CON and FO-LPS piglets was only observed at 4 h post LPS challenge. The body temperature averaged across the time points evaluated was about 0.2°C lower (p < 0.05) in the FO group than in the BT group. The FO group had lower (p < 0.05) mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, lower increase in serum interleukin (IL)-1ß (p < 0.10) and IL-8 (p < 0.05) levels, higher (p < 0.01) serum albumin concentration, and higher (p = 0.10) ratios of jejunum villus height to crypt depth than the BT group. The FO group had much higher (p < 0.0001) ileal content of C20:5n3, C24:0, and C22:6n3, which were 2-4 times the content of the BT group. LPS challenge resulted in decreased (p < 0.05) intestinal C20:1 and C20:5n3 content, and the decrease (p < 0.05) in intestinal C20:3n6 and C24:1 content was observed in the BT-LPS piglets rather than in the FO-LPS piglets. Taken together, this study indicated that maternal consumption of fish oil protected breast-fed piglets against E. coli LPS-induced damage through reshaping of intestinal fatty acids profile, which sheds new light on the development of nutritional strategies to enhance the ability of young pigs to resist E. coli invasion.