Androgen receptors rapidly modulate non-breeding aggression in male and female weakly electric fish (Gymnotus omarorum).

The South American weakly electric fish, Gymnotus omarorum, displays territorial aggression year-round in both sexes. To examine the role of rapid androgen modulation in non-breeding aggression, we administered acetate cyproterone (CPA), a potent inhibitor of androgen receptors, to both male and females, just before staged agonistic interactions. Wild-caught fish were injected with CPA and, 30 min later, paired in intrasexual dyads. We then recorded the agonistic behavior which encompasses both locomotor displays and emission of social electric signals. We found that CPA had no discernible impact on the levels of aggression or the motivation to engage in aggressive behavior for either sex. However, CPA specifically decreased the expression of social electric signals in both males and female dyads. The effect was status-dependent as it only affected subordinate electrocommunication behavior, the emission of brief interruptions in their electric signaling ("offs"). This study is the first demonstration of a direct and rapid androgen effect mediated via androgen receptors on non-breeding aggression. Elucidating the mechanisms involved in non-breeding aggression in this teleost model allows us to better understand potentially conserved or convergent neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying aggression in vertebrates.

An immunohistochemical study on the distribution of vasotocin neurons in the brain of two weakly electric fish, Gymnotus omarorum and Brachyhypopomus gauderio.

Hypothalamic nonapeptides (arginin vasotocin-vasopressin, oxytocin-isotocin) are known to modulate social behaviors across vertebrates. The neuroanatomical conservation of nonapeptide systems enables the use of novel vertebrate model species to identify general strategies of their functional mechanisms. We present a detailed immunohistochemical description of vasotocin (AVT) cell populations and their projections in two species of weakly electric fish with different social structure, Gymnotus omarorum and Brachyhypopomus gauderio. Strong behavioral, pharmacological, and electrophysiological evidence support that AVT modulation of electric behavior differs between the gregarious B. gauderio and the solitary G. omarorum. This functional diversity does not necessarily depend on anatomical differences of AVT neurons. To test this, we focus on interspecific comparisons of the AVT system in basal non-breeding males along the brain. G. omarorum and B. gauderio showed similar AVT somata sizes and comparable distributions of AVT somata and fibers. Interestingly, AVT fibers project to areas related to the control of social behavior and electromotor displays in both species. We found that no gross anatomical differences in the organization of the AVT system account for functional differences between species, which rather shall depend on the pattern of activation of neurons embedded in the same basic anatomical organization of the AVT system.

Dieta do peixe elétrico Gymnorhamphichthys petiti Géry & Vu-Tân-Tuê, 1964 (Rhamphichthyidae), em riachos da bacia do Rio Teles Pires, Amozônia Meridional / Diet of the knifefish Gymnorhamphichthys petiti Géry & Vu-Tân-Tuê, 1964 (Rhamphichthyidae) in streams of Teles pires river basin, Southern Amazon

Gymnorhamphichthys petiti é uma espécie de peixe elétrico que habita o fundo arenoso de riachos da bacia do rio Teles Pires, no entanto pouco se sabe a respeito de sua biologia. O objetivo foi analisar a dieta de G. petiti. As coletas foram realizadas no município de Cláudia, Mato Grosso, na bacia do Rio Teles Pires. As amostragens ocorreram nos meses de julho de 2010 e em maio e junho de 2011, em riachos de 1ª e 2ª ordem. Utilizou-se os métodos de frequência de ocorrência e volume relativo para o cálculo do Índice Alimentar (I.A.%) de 43 exemplares. O comprimento padrão variou entre 47,17 e 120,49 mm e o peso entre 0,12 e 2,04 g. Os itens alimentares encontrados foram: Nematoda, Acari, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Diptera, fragmento de insetos, ovos de insetos, sementes e areia. O item alimentar (IAi) de maior importância na dieta foi Nematoda, em razão do seu maior volume relativo. No entanto, imaturos de insetos da ordem Trichoptera, habitantes do substrato de areia apareceram em maior frequência nos estômagos, diferindo dos resultados encontrados para outras espécies de Gymnorhamphichthys. Tais resultados confirmam que G. petiti tem forte dependência de itens alimentares relacionados ao substrato arenoso.

Gymnorhamphichthys petiti is a species of electric fish that inhabits the sandy bottom of streams of Teles Pires river basin, however, little is known about the biology of this fish. Here we aim to assess the diet of G. petiti and to evaluate the importance of items present in its diet. Samples were collected in the municipality of Claudia, Mato Grosso state. Data collection occurred in July 2010, and in May and June 2011, covering streches of 150 meters of streams of 1st and 2nd order. We used Frequency of Occurrence and Relative Volume to calculate the Feeding Index (I.A.%) for 43 specimens. The standard length ranged from 47.17 to 120.49 mm and weight ranged from 0.12 to 2.04 g. The food items found were: Nematoda, Acari, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Diptera, body parts of insects, insect eggs, seeds and sand. Nematoda was the most important food item, due to its high relative volume. Immature individuals of sand-dwelling Trichoptera, however, were the most frequent item in stomachs, differing from the results for other Gymnorhamphichthys spp. These results confirm the strong dependency of G. petiti on food items present in the sandy substrate of bottoms of streams.