ABSTRACT
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Patients with hematological malignancies are recognized for their high susceptibility and increased risk of developing infections associated with immunosuppression that can be caused by the infection itself or by the treatments that condition a decrease in the humoral and T lymphocyte response, so this review attempts to gather the main bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal agents that affect them and give recommendations for their approach and diagnosis. RECENT FINDINGS: In recent years, with the discovery and use of new therapies including immunological and targeted treatments, it has been possible to improve the survival and response of patients with hematological malignancies; however, antimicrobial resistance has also increased; we have faced new and unknown microorganisms, such as the SARS-CoV-2 that caused the COVID-19 pandemic in the past year, and therefore, new risks and more severe infections are presented. We present a review of the different circumstances where hematological malignancies increased the risk of infections and which microorganisms affect these patients, their characteristics, and the suggested prophylaxis.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Hematologic Neoplasms , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Antibiotic Prophylaxis , Hematologic Neoplasms/complications , Hematologic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Humans , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Despite the significant increase in the generation of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated domestic and hospital wastewater, little is known about the ecotoxicological effects of the virus or its structural components in freshwater vertebrates. In this context, this study evaluated the deleterious effects caused by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein on the health of Danio rerio, zebrafish. We demonstrated, for the first time, that zebrafish injected with fragment 16 to 165 (rSpike), which corresponds to the N-terminal portion of the protein, presented mortalities and adverse effects on liver, kidney, ovary and brain tissues. The conserved genetic homology between zebrafish and humans might be one of the reasons for the intense toxic effects followed inflammatory reaction from the immune system of zebrafish to rSpike which provoked damage to organs in a similar pattern as happen in severe cases of COVID-19 in humans, and, resulted in 78,6% of survival rate in female adults during the first seven days. The application of spike protein in zebrafish was highly toxic that is suitable for future studies to gather valuable information about ecotoxicological impacts, as well as vaccine responses and therapeutic approaches in human medicine. Therefore, besides representing an important tool to assess the harmful effects of SARS-CoV-2 in the aquatic environment, we present the zebrafish as an animal model for translational COVID-19 research.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus , Animals , Female , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , ZebrafishABSTRACT
Despite the significant increase in the generation of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated domestic and hospital wastewater, little is known about the ecotoxicological effects of the virus or its structural components in freshwater vertebrates. In this context, this study evaluated the deleterious effects caused by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein on the health of Danio rerio, zebrafish. We demonstrated, for the first time, that zebrafish injected with fragment 16 to 165 (rSpike), which corresponds to the N-terminal portion of the protein, presented mortalities and adverse effects on liver, kidney, ovary and brain tissues. The conserved genetic homology between zebrafish and humans might be one of the reasons for the intense toxic effects followed inflammatory reaction from the immune system of zebrafish to rSpike which provoked damage to organs in a similar pattern as happen in severe cases of COVID-19 in humans, and, resulted in 78,6% of survival rate in female adults during the first seven days. The application of spike protein in zebrafish was highly toxic that is suitable for future studies to gather valuable information about ecotoxicological impacts, as well as vaccine responses and therapeutic approaches in human medicine. Therefore, besides representing an important tool to assess the harmful effects of SARS-CoV-2 in the aquatic environment, we present the zebrafish as an animal model for translational COVID-19 research.
ABSTRACT
Despite the significant increase in the generation of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated domestic and hospital wastewater, little is known about the ecotoxicological effects of the virus or its structural components in freshwater vertebrates. In this context, this study evaluated the deleterious effects caused by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein on the health of Danio rerio, zebrafish. We demonstrated, for the first time, that zebrafish injected with fragment 16 to 165 (rSpike), which corresponds to the N-terminal portion of the protein, presented mortalities and adverse effects on liver, kidney, ovary and brain tissues. The conserved genetic homology between zebrafish and humans might be one of the reasons for the intense toxic effects followed inflammatory reaction from the immune system of zebrafish to rSpike which provoked damage to organs in a similar pattern as happen in severe cases of COVID-19 in humans, and, resulted in 78,6% of survival rate in female adults during the first seven days. The application of spike protein in zebrafish was highly toxic that is suitable for future studies to gather valuable information about ecotoxicological impacts, as well as vaccine responses and therapeutic approaches in human medicine. Therefore, besides representing an important tool to assess the harmful effects of SARS-CoV-2 in the aquatic environment, we present the zebrafish as an animal model for translational COVID-19 research.
ABSTRACT
Despite the significant increase in the generation of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated domestic and hospital wastewater, little is known about the ecotoxicological effects of the virus or its structural components in freshwater vertebrates. In this context, this study evaluated the deleterious effects caused by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein on the health of Danio rerio, zebrafish. We demonstrated, for the first time, that zebrafish injected with fragment 16 to 165 (rSpike), which corresponds to the N-terminal portion of the protein, presented mortalities and adverse effects on liver, kidney, ovary and brain tissues. The conserved genetic homology between zebrafish and humans might be one of the reasons for the intense toxic effects followed inflammatory reaction from the immune system of zebrafish to rSpike which provoked damage to organs in a similar pattern as happen in severe cases of COVID-19 in humans, and, resulted in 78,6% of survival rate in female adults during the first seven days. The application of spike protein in zebrafish was highly toxic that is suitable for future studies to gather valuable information about ecotoxicological impacts, as well as vaccine responses and therapeutic approaches in human medicine. Therefore, besides representing an important tool to assess the harmful effects of SARS-CoV-2 in the aquatic environment, we present the zebrafish as an animal model for translational COVID-19 research.
ABSTRACT
Phage display (PD) is a technology based on the presentation of functional exogenous peptides on the capsid surface of bacteriophages. PD is performed by introducing a DNA sequence of interest at a specific position within a functional viral gene. In addition, peptide phage libraries are powerful tools for expressing a wide range of random peptides and for specific peptide screening. Specifically, PD applications include the analysis of binding and interactions between proteins, the identification of bioactive peptides that bind to receptors, the identification of disease-associated antigens, and the identification of cell-specific peptides. Since its emergence, PD technology has revolutionized several fields in the biological sciences, such as oncology, cell biology, and pharmacology, the innumerable applications for which will be described throughout this review.
Subject(s)
Bacteriophages , Peptide Library , Bacteriophages/genetics , Peptides/geneticsABSTRACT
Visando subsidiar medidas de controle e prevenção das doenças infecciosas no cavalo baixadeiro, criado na baixada ocidental maranhense, foram analisadas 415 amostras de soro sanguíneo pelas técnicas de imunodifusão em gel de agar, fixação de complemento e antígeno acidificado tamponado para diagnóstico de anemia infecciosa equina, mormo e brucelose, respectivamente. Os casos positivos para mormo foram submetidos à maleinização pelo serviço oficial de defesa agropecuária e os animais reagentes para brucelose foram reexaminados pela técnica do 2 mercaptoetanol. Encontrou-se 81 (19,51%) animais positivos para AIE, dois (0,48%) para mormo e quatro (0,96%) para brucelose. Dentre os animais com AIE, 41,97% eram machos e 58,03% fêmeas, 7,40% tinham entre 13 e 24 meses, 32,10% entre 25 a 48 meses e 60,50% acima de 48 meses de idade. A maior frequência de AIE foi observada em fêmeas e animais com idade superior a 48 meses. A anemia infecciosa equina é, sem dúvida, a enfermidade de maior impacto sobre os equídeos no Brasil, mas o mormo deve ser uma constante preocupação dos órgãos de defesa agropecuária, não devido ao número de casos, mas porque é uma zoonose com elevada morbidade e letalidade. A brucelose equina merece preocupação em virtude da debilidade orgânica que provoca nos animais, pelos prejuízos decorrentes da eutanásia dos equinos infectados, além de constituírem fonte de infecção para outras espécies domésticas, inclusive, para o homem(AU)
Aiming to support measures for control and prevention of infectious diseases in Baixadeiro horse, we analyzed 415 blood serumsamples by the techniques of agar gel immunodiffusion, complement fixation and buffered acidified antigen for the diagnosis ofequine infectious anemia, glanders and brucellosis, respectively. The cases positive for glanders underwent maleinização by theofficial service of agricultural health and reagents animals for brucellosis were re-examined by the technique of 2-mercaptoethanol.Met 81 (19.51 %) animals positive for EIA, two (0.48%) for glanders and four (0.96%) for brucellosis. Among the animals with EIA,41.97 % were males and 58.03 % females, 7.40 % were between 13 and 24 months, 32.10% from 25 to 48 months and 60.50% over 48 months old. The EIA was more frequently observed in female animals aged more than 48 months. Equine infectiousanemia is undoubtedly the greatest impact on disease of equines in Brazil, but glanders should be a constant concern of theorgans of agricultural defense, not because of the number of cases, but because it is a zoonotic disease with high morbidity andlethality. Equine brucellosis deserves concern because the organic weakness that causes the animals, for damages arising fromthe euthanasia of infected horses, as well as being a source of infection to other household, even for the man species(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Glanders/blood , Equine Infectious Anemia/blood , Brucellosis/blood , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Horses/blood , Communicable Diseases/diagnosis , Communicable Diseases/veterinary , Zoonoses/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Parasitism is composed by three subsystems: the parasite, the host, and the environment. There are no organisms that cannot be parasitized. The relationship between a parasite and its host species most of the time do not result in damage or disease to the host. However, in a parasitic disease the presence of a given parasite is always necessary, at least in a given moment of the infection. Some parasite species that infect humans were inherited from pre-hominids, and were shared with other phylogenetically close host species, but other parasite species were acquired from the environment as humans evolved. Human migration spread inherited parasites throughout the globe. To recover and trace the origin and evolution of infectious diseases, paleoparasitology was created. Paleoparasitology is the study of parasites in ancient material, which provided new information on the evolution, paleoepidemiology, ecology and phylogenetics of infectious diseases.
O parasitismo é composto por três subsistemas: o parasito, o hospedeiro e meio ambiente. Não existe organismo que não possa ser parasitado. A relação entre um parasito e suas espécies de hospedeiro não resulta, na maior parte das vezes, em dano ou doença ao hospedeiro. Entretanto, numa doença parasitária, a presença de um determinado parasito é sempre necessária, pelo menos em um determinado momento da infecção. Algumas espécies de parasitos que infectam humanos foram herdados dos pré-hominídeos, e foram compartilhados com outras espécies de hospedeiro filogeneticamente próximas, mas outras espécies foram adquiridas pelo meio ambiente à medida que os humanos se desenvolveram. As migrações humanas espalharam os parasitos adquiridos por todo o mundo. Para recuperar e traçar a origem e evolução das doenças infecciosas foi criada a paleoparasitologia. Paleoparasitologia é o estudo dos parasitos em materiais antigos, que trouxe novas informações na evolução, paleoepidemiologia, ecologia e filogenética das doenças infecciosas.
Subject(s)
Animals , History, Ancient , Humans , Parasites/parasitology , Parasitic Diseases/history , Parasitology/history , Biological Evolution , Host-Parasite InteractionsABSTRACT
En Cuba es de carácter obligatorio realizar al 100 por ciento de la sangre donada, pruebas de laboratorio para detectar anticuerpos contra los Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana 1 y 2 (VIH), antígeno de superficie del Virus de la Hepatitis B (VHB), anticuerpos contra el Virus de la Hepatitis C (VHC) y la detección indirecta de Treponema pallidum por pruebas serológicas (VDRL o RPR), como ha regulado la Organización Panamericana de la Salud y el Centro para el Control Estatal de Control de la Calidad de los Medicamentos. Se decriben los resultados de esta vigilancia activa en donantes de sangre de la provincia de Cienfuegos desde 1989 hasta el 2009. Se aprecia notable descenso en la detección de casos positivos para la hepatitis B y sífilis a través de los años, mientras que el VIH mantiene un comportamiento caracterizado por cifras muy bajas, incluyendo varios años con ningún caso reportado. Finalmente la hepatitis C muestra una marcada tendencia al incremento en su incidencia entre este grupo poblacional
In Cuba is binding make the detection of antibodies against the 1 and 2 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Antigen of the Virus surface of Hepatitis B (HBV) and antibodies against the Virus of Hepatitis C (HCV) and the realization of VDRL, 100 por ciento of donated blood, as it has regulated the Pan American Health Organization and the Center for the State Control of the quality of the medicines Control. This article describes the results of this active surveillance in donor of the Cienfuegos province from 1989 until 2009. Shows remarkable decline in the detection of Hepatitis B and syphilis over the years, while the HIV remains a behavior characterized by very low figures, including several years with no reported case. Finally the Hepatitis C shows a marked tendency to the increase in its incidence