Current Evidence and Practice Guidelines of Systemic Complications of 2022 Mpox Outbreak: A Scoping Review.

In May of 2022, the World Health Organization declared a worldwide Mpox virus (MPXV) outbreak. Due to the widespread implementation of vaccination protocols and heightened awareness among the general population, there has been a notable decline in the incidence of Mpox (formerly known as Monkeypox) cases since March 2023. Nevertheless, it is crucial to remember that Mpox has the potential to impact multiple physiological systems in humans, encompassing the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, ear/nose/throat, and ocular systems. The mortality rate of the Mpox disease is comparatively lower than that of smallpox. However, it is essential to note that this disease can still lead to significant systemic consequences. The specific pathophysiological mechanisms by which the virus affects various physiological systems are now being investigated. Direct inoculation through mucosal damage or intranasal exposure, direct viral toxicity, and lymphatic transmission via the seminal fluid are all viable hypotheses. The prompt recognition of such complications is crucial to decrease morbidity and mortality.

Pain Associated With Monkeypox Virus: A Rapid Review.

International concerns for another pandemic arose after emerging reports of an ongoing outbreak of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) in Europe and the United States in 2022. Severe pain is one of the most distressing complications for patients in the current outbreak, but there is a general paucity of relevant peer-reviewed medical literature from which to draw clear recommendations on appropriate pain therapies. The Centers for Disease Control recently published a letter in July 2022 urging providers to conduct further studies concerning pain management. Thus, a rapid literature search was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive search of several databases from inception until August 19, 2022, was conducted. All published studies describing pain in patients who tested positive for MPXV with original data and written in English were included. Sixty-nine studies were initially identified for screening. After initial screening, 27 papers were considered for full-text review, and 15 papers met the inclusion criteria. A total of 1043 positive cases were included in this study. Most patients were men. Treatment options proposed by the authors include acetaminophen, ibuprofen, opioids, lidocaine gel, metamizole, and rectal suppositories containing emollients or steroids with oral laxatives for severe anal pain. Although most cases were mild requiring outpatient treatment, a considerable number of patients were admitted due to serious complications. Severe pain was often the reason to seek medical attention and hospital admission for pain control. Analgesic plans included oral and topical analgesia. In severe cases, pain was managed with opioids. To our knowledge, this rapid review is the first study to comprehensively summarize proposed treatments for pain associated with MPXV. Guidelines may be needed to help direct the best management to avoid morbidity in patients, particularly as adjuvants may play a key role but are not commonly utilized in published reports.

Is there a need to be worried about the new monkeypox virus outbreak? A brief review on the monkeypox outbreak.

The Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a double-stranded DNA virus related to the orthopoxvirus genus in the family of poxviridae. MPXV is endemic in central and Western African countries. There have been several outbreaks of MPXV in non-endemic countries since it was discovered in 1958 in lab monkeys. The current spread of MPXV is different from previous outbreaks, raising concerns about its potential to cause pandemics around the world. In order to reduce the spread of the disease, several countries imposed different preventive measures. The MPXV virus is believed to be transmitted either through wild animals, such as rodents or through infected individuals. Every year, Africa experiences a few thousand cases, mostly in the west and central regions. The number of cases outside Africa has previously been limited to a handful associated with travel to Africa or with the importation of infected animals. In this narrative review, we will discuss the clinical diagnosis, transmission, distribution, treatment, and prevention of the recent monkeypox outbreak around the world.

Prevention and Treatment of Monkeypox: A Step-by-Step Guide for Healthcare Professionals and General Population.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recently declared the monkeypox virus a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). As the cases of the COVID-19 pandemic start to get under control, we have seen the monkeypox virus, found predominantly in Africa, spread in non-endemic countries worldwide. In the 1970s, after the smallpox virus eradication and the vaccine's discontinuation, the monkeypox virus infection started to gain attention. The first United States outbreak happened in 2003; since then, more sporadic cases of monkeypox have gained media attention. With cases spreading worldwide, without epidemiological links with outbreaks among men who have sex with men (MSM), it warrants urgent public health control measures to contain the spread of the monkeypox virus and investigate the underlying pathophysiology, including genetic modification of the virus. This review highlights the epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention, and management of the current human monkeypox virus infection.

The Global Human Monkeypox Outbreak and Management: A Comprehensive Literature Review.

Monkeypox (MPX) belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus (OPV), family Poxviridae, and sub-family Chordopoxvirinae. Human monkeypox (HMPX) is a viral zoonotic illness caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). Several non-endemic countries have confirmed MPX cases across the globe. Therefore, consider an outbreak to be a global health emergency. MPXV transmits from animals to humans via infected animals, and there is currently human-to-human transmission, notably among guys who have sexual relations with males. Healthcare interventions are required to stop outbreaks. These include strict isolation and care for MPX patients while they are still contagious or until the skin lesions dry out and crust over. JYNNEOS was approved as a vaccine for the prevention of MPXV. Tecovirimat is licensed to treat severe MPX or risk developing a serious disease. We should encourage international cooperation to conduct clinical trials investigating the effectiveness and safety of MPXV vaccines and antiviral medications. Precautions must be taken at the global level to prevent an MPXV outbreak.