Bone tuberculosis, in patients with no prior history of tuberculosis.

There are different types of infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pulmonary variety is the most common of them; infection of the bone secondary to joint replacement, is usually caused by a previous lung infection that has been disseminated. However primary bone infection is very rare and little reported, which makes information on the matter very scarce. A female patient is presented with a history of congenital hip dysplasia, who underwent multiple surgical interventions, including total hip arthroplasty (THA), afterwards she presented a fistula and persistent serous exudate; a biopsy was performed where acid-fast bacilli were detected. The delay in the diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculosis (OATB) can lead to negative consequences, affecting the quality of life of the patient. Conventional diagnostic methods may be insufficient for the diagnosis of OATB.

Existen diferentes tipos de infección causadas por Mycobacterium tuberculosis, siendo la variedad pulmonar la más común de ellas; la infección del hueso secundaria a la artroplastia suele estar causada por una infección pulmonar previa que se ha diseminado. Sin embargo, la infección ósea primaria es muy rara y poco reportada, lo que hace que la información al respecto sea muy escasa. Se presenta un paciente femenino con antecedentes de displasia del desarrollo de la cadera, que se sometió a múltiples intervenciones quirúrgicas, incluida artroplastia total de cadera (ATC), posteriormente presentó una fístula y exudado seroso persistente; se realizó una biopsia donde se detectaron bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes. El retraso en el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis osteoarticular (TBOA) puede tener consecuencias negativas, afectando la calidad de vida del paciente. Los métodos diagnósticos convencionales pueden ser insuficientes para el diagnóstico de TBOA.

Consideraciones en torno a la génesis de las infecciones posoperatorias

Introducción: La tasa de complicaciones infecciosas posoperatorias se eleva en el paciente quirúrgico, entre otras razones, debido a que con elevada frecuencia, resulta insuficiente el conocimiento sobre la génesis de los factores que las provocan. Se realizó una revisión documental sobre el tema durante 2020 y 2021. Fueron consultadas las bases de datos Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, SciElo así como el motor de búsqueda Google académico. Se seleccionaron 32 artículos en idiomas inglés y español. Objetivo: Analizar los aspectos fundamentales concernientes a la génesis de las infecciones posoperatorias. Desarrollo: Las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico constituyen el 25 % de las asociadas a la atención de salud. A pesar de todas las medidas para su prevención, no se ha logrado su desaparición, lo que conlleva una elevada morbilidad, aumento de los costos de hospitalización, de la estadía hospitalaria y uso de antibióticos de última generación. Esto puede explicarse por la aparición de microorganismos resistentes a los antibióticos y el aumento de pacientes quirúrgicos de edad avanzada e inmunodeprimidos por enfermedades asociadas, con inclusión de los trasplantados, con injertos o prótesis. Conclusiones: Los microorganismos que provocan las infecciones posquirúrgicas, pertenecen predominantemente a la microbiota presente en el lugar de la incisión. Los factores del enfermo, de la técnica quirúrgica y los relacionados con la hospitalización, juegan roles importantes en su aparición.

Introduction: The rate of postoperative infectious complications rises in the surgical patient, among other reasons, frequently due to insufficient knowledge about the genesis of the factors that cause them. A documentary review on the subject was carried out during 2020-2021. The Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, SciElo databases were consulted, as well as the academic Google search engine. There were selected 32 articles in English and Spanish. Objective: To analyse the fundamental aspects concerning the genesis of postoperative infections. Development: Surgical site infections constitute 25 % of those associated with health care. Despite all the measures for its prevention, its disappearance has not been achieved, which entails high morbidity, increased costs of hospitalization, hospital stay and use of the latest generation of antibiotics. This can be explained by the appearance of microorganisms resistant to antibiotics and the increase in surgical patients of advanced age and immunosuppressed by associated diseases, including those transplanted, with grafts or prostheses. Conclusions: The microorganisms that cause postoperative infections predominantly belong to the microbiota present at the incision site. The factors of the patient, the surgical technique and those related to hospitalization play important roles in its appearance.

Auto-hemoterapia em orquiectomia de cães / Autohemotherapy in dogs' orchiectomy

A orquiectomia consiste na remoção dos testículos e, em animais, pode ser realizada por motivo eletivo ou terapêutico. A cirurgia eletiva faz parte da guarda responsável de cães e gatos e é um dos procedimentos mais realizados na medicina veterinária, incluindo mutirões de castração onde a redução de custos é importante. A auto-hemoterapia (AHT) vem sendo aplicada em animais, inclusive em acupontos, com o intuito de produzir efeitos imunoestimulantes. Neste contexto, este estudo utilizou AHT, durante o período pós-operatório imediato, em acupontos de cães submetidos à orquiectomia eletiva sem a aplicação de antibióticos. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com dados referentes a outro grupo de animais, os quais foram orquiectomizados e previamente tratados com antibiótico sistêmico. Todos os animais foram acompanhados clinicamente e foram feitos hemogramas nos períodos pré e pós-operatório, assim como o registro de infecções e outras intercorrências relacionadas ao procedimento cirúrgico. Considerando os 20 cães usados no estudo, não houve ocorrência de infecção ou processo inflamatório nos animais após o procedimento cirúrgico. Além disso, alterações hematológicas significativas não foram observadas entre os grupos e entre os períodos pré e pós-operatório de ambos os grupos. Desta forma, conclui-se que a auto-hemoterapia associada à acupuntura pode representar uma alternativa para um protocolo cirúrgico sem antibióticos em cirurgia eletiva de orquiectomia em animais hígidos.

The orchiectomy is the removal of the testicles and, in animals, can be performed due to by elective or therapeutic reasons. Elective surgery is part of the responsible ownership of dogs and cats and is one of the most performed procedures in veterinary medicine, including castration efforts where cost reduction is important. Autohemotherapy (AHT) has been applied in animals, including acupoints, to produce immunostimulatory effects. In this context, this study used AHT, during the immediate postoperative period, in acupoints of dogs submitted to elective orchiectomy without the use of antibiotics. The results obtained were compared to data from another group of animals, which were orchiectomized and previously treated with a systemic antibiotic. All animals were clinically monitored and hemograms were performed during the pre and post-operatory period, as well as the registration of infections and other complications related to the surgical procedure. Regarding the 20 dogs used in the study, there was no occurrence of infection or inflammation in the animals after the surgical procedure. In addition, significant hematologic alterations were not observed between groups and between pre- and post-operatory periods in both groups. Therefore, it is concluded that autohemotherapy associated with acupuncture may represent an alternative for a surgical protocol without antibiotics in elective orchiectomy surgery in healthy animals.

Clostridium perfringens in the spine: A rare cause of post-surgical infection.

BACKGROUND: Post-surgical infections of the spine occur in from 0% to 18% of cases. Postoperative spine infections due to Clostridium Perfringens (CP) resulting in necrotizing fasciitis are extremely rare. However, since they may be fatal, early and definitive treatment is critical. CASE DESCRIPTION A: 62-year-old male with a T8-T9 Type C fracture, in ASIA Grade "E" (neurologically intact) underwent a posterior T6-T10 arthrodesis. However, 2 weeks postoperatively, he developed a postoperative thoracic wound infection; the cultures were positive for CP. As the patient developed necrotizing fasciitis, emergent debridement, negative pressure continued drainage, and initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy were critical. CONCLUSION: Postoperative spinal infections due to CP with accompanying necrotizing fasciitis are extremely rare. As these infections may be fatal, they must be rapidly diagnosed and treated.

C-reactive protein and procalcitonin after congenital heart surgery utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass: When should we be worried?

INTRODUCTION: To assess the efficacy of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) at identifying infection in children after congenital heart surgery (CHS) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify studies with data regarding CRP and/or PCT after CHS with CPB. The primary variables identified to be characterized were CRP and PCT at different timepoints. The main inclusion criteria were children who underwent CHS with CPB. Subset analyses for those with and without documented infection were conducted in similar fashion. A p value of less than .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 21 studies were included for CRP with 1655 patients and a total of 9 studies were included for PCT with 882 patients. CRP peaked on postoperative Day 2. A significant difference was noted in those with infection only on postoperative Day 4 with a level of 53.60 mg/L in those with documented infection versus 29.68 mg/L in those without. PCT peaked on postoperative Day 2. A significant difference was noted in those with infection on postoperative Days 1, 2, and 3 with a level of 12.9 ng/ml in those with documented infection versus 5.6 ng/ml in those without. CONCLUSIONS: Both CRP and PCT increase after CHS with CPB and peak on postoperative day 2. PCT has a greater statistically significant difference in those with documented infection when compared to CRP and a PCT of greater than 5.6 ng/ml should raise suspicion for infection.

Significación del lactato sérico como biomarcador de infección del neonato intervenido quirúrgicamente / Significance of serum lactate as a biomarker of infection of the newborn undergoing surgery

Introducción: El neonato que se interviene quirúrgicamente está expuesto al desarrollo de infecciones. El lactato sérico ha sido recomendado como criterio diagnóstico de sepsis. Objetivo: Determinar la magnitud de asociación del valor del lactato sérico con la sepsis en el neonato intervenido quirúrgicamente. Métodos: Estudio entre 2013 y 2016, en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario William Soler, en 307 neonatos intervenidos quirúrgicamente. Las variables se agruparon en: clínicas (edad gestacional, peso al nacer, causa de la intervención quirúrgica, localización de la infección) y paraclínicas (microorganismo causal, lactato sérico). Se aplicó la prueba de correlación lineal de Pearson parcial y se estimó odds ratio con el control de la variable infección (sí y no) para identificar la correlación entre los valores de lactato sérico en el preoperatorio y en el posoperatorio. Resultados: De los neonatos 63 tenían bajo peso (20,52 por ciento) y 55 eran pretérminos (17,92 por ciento). En los neonatos infectados 20,83 por ciento fueron operados por afecciones digestivas (n= 35); las infecciones sistémicas alcanzaron 67,74 por ciento (n= 42), ocasionadas en 45,24 por ciento por Cándida sp. La velocidad de cambio de los valores del lactato sérico en los infectados (p= 0,001) significó que por cada unidad en mmol/L que ascendió el lactato preoperatorio, en el posoperatorio se incrementó 0,489 mmol/L y estos cambios fueron debidos en 16,9 por ciento a los valores del lactato preoperatorio. Conclusiones: El lactato sérico está asociado a la infección en los neonatos intervenidos quirúrgicamente y es un biomarcador de sepsis útil en los cuidados intensivos neonatales(AU)

Introduction: The newborn undergoing a surgery is exposed to the development of infections. The serum lactate has been recommended as a diagnostic criterion of sepsis. Objective: To determine the magnitude of association of the value of serum lactate with sepsis in the newborn undergoing a surgery. Methods: Study conducted from 2013 to 2016 in William Soler Pediatric Teaching Hospital, to 307 newborns whom underwent surgery. The variables were grouped in: clinical (gestational age, birth weight, cause of surgical intervention, location of the infection) and paraclinical (causative microorganisms, serum lactate). The partial Pearson's test of linear correlation was applied and it was estimated the odds ratio with the control of the variable infection (yes and no) to identify correlation between serum lactate values in the preoperative and postoperative results. Results: Of the newborns, 63 were under weight (20.52 percent) and 55 were preterm infants (17.92 percent). In the infected newborns, 20.83 percent were operated due to digestive conditions (n= 35); systemic infections reached 67.74 percent (n= 42), caused in 45.24 percent by Candida sp. The rate of change of the values of serum lactate in infected subjects (p= 0.001) meant that for each unit in mmol/L in which increased the preoperative lactate, the postoperative increased 0.489 mmol/L; and these changes were due in a 16.9 percent to the values of preoperative lactate. Conclusions: The serum lactate is associated to the infection in newborns that underwent surgery and is a useful biomarker of sepsis in neonatal intensive care(AU)

Factores de riesgo de infección tras el implante de marcapasos permanente / Infection risk factors after the permanent pacemaker implantation

Introducción: La mayor expectativa de vida en la población general ha aumentado la prevalencia de las enfermedades del sistema eléctrico de conducción cardíaca y, con ello, la indicación e implante de marcapasos. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo de infección tras la implantación de marcapasos permanente. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico, de casos y controles, de los 192 pacientes, a los cuales se les implantó marcapasos permanente entre enero de 2017 y diciembre de 2019 en el Servicio de Cardiología del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Docente Celia Sánchez Manduley de la provincia de Granma. El grupo de estudio estuvo integrado por los 38 que presentaron infección tras ese proceder y por cada paciente de este grupo se escogieron 2, que también recibieron este dispositivo y no tuvieron infección, que formaron parte de los controles. Se estudiaron variables dependientes del paciente, del dispositivo, del proceder y de los exámenes practicados. Se utilizaron el test de Fisher y la prueba de la X2 para variables cualitativas, según correspondiera y la prueba de la T de Student para las cuantitativas. Para determinar los factores de riesgo de infección se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados: Prevaleció el sexo masculino (60,5 %) y la media de edad fue de 76,1 años. Como factores de riesgo predominaron el uso de antiagregantes y anticoagulantes, el antecedente de diabetes mellitus y las cifras de glucemia mayores de 8,0 mmol/L. Conclusiones: Existen factores de riesgo de infección modificables, por lo que constituye un gran reto médico actuar sobre estos para prevenir complicaciones letales para la vida.

Introduction: The higher life expectancy in the general population has increased the prevalence of diseases of the heart conduction of electric system and, with it, the indication and implant of pacemaker. Objective: To identify the risk factors of infection after the permanent pacemaker implantation Methods: A cases and controls analytic study of 192 patients, to whom a permanent pacemaker was implanted between January, 2017 and December, 2019 was carried out in the Cardiology Service of Celia Sánchez Manduley Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital from Granma. The study group was integrated by the 38 patients that presented infection after that procedure and every each patient of this group 2 were chosen that also received this device and had no infection that were part of the control group. The variables dependent on the patient, the device, the procedure and the exams were studied. The Fisher test and the chi-square test were used for qualitative variables, as corresponded and the Student t test for the quantitative variables. To determine the risk factors of infection a model of logistical regression was used. Results: The male sex prevailed (60.5 %) and the mean age was of 76.1 years. As risk factors the use of antiagregants and anticoagulants, history of diabetes mellitus and glucemia figures higher than 8.0 mmol/L prevailed. Conclusions: There are modifiable risk factors of infection, what constitutes a great challenge in medicine to influence on these factors to prevent lethal complications for life.

Hemoglobina Glicosilada un factor aliado en la Prevención de Infección Postquirúrgica del Pie Diabético / Glycosiled Hemoglobin A Factor Allied In The Prevention Of Post-Surgical Infection Of The Diabetic Foot

En este trabajo se ha realizado una búsqueda exhaustiva de estudios que evidencien el efecto de la Hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) en el desarrollo de infección post quirúrgica en paciente con pie diabético. En nuestro país la prevalencia de pacientes con diabetes mellitus alcanza hasta un 8.4%, al respecto se sabe que una de las mayores complicaciones de esta enfermedad es el desarrollo de pie diabético y que consecuentemente a esta patología hasta un 20% de estos pacientes termina en una amputación, se sabe también que los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tienen un alto riesgo de complicaciones postoperatorias, incluyendo infecciones, curación inadecuada de heridas, eventos cardiovasculares, trombo embolismo venoso, y la mortalidad. Debido a que se ha pensado que la hiperglucemia media este riesgo, sean realizado diferentes estudio internacionales que buscan comprobar y dar a conocer esta asociación, sin embargos, debido a que no se han encontrado estudios nacionales al respecto, no se puede hacer conclusiones sólidas para nuestra población, por lo cual este manuscrito pretende motivar a la realización de los mismos que reflejen la problemática nacional

In this work an exhaustive search has been made of studies that show the effect of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the development of post surgical infection in diabetic foot patients. In our country the prevalence of patients with diabetes mellitus reaches up to 8.4%, in this regard it is known that one of the biggest complications of this disease is the development of diabetic foot and that consequently to this pathology up to 20% of these patients end in An amputation, it is also known that patients with diabetes mellitus have a high risk of postoperative complications, including infections, inadequate wound healing, cardiovascular events, venous embolism thrombus, and mortality. Because it has been thought that hyperglycemia mediates this risk, different international studies are carried out that seek to verify and publicize this association, however, because no national studies have been found in this regard, no solid conclusions can be drawn for our population, for which this manuscript aims to motivate the realization of them that reflect the national problem

El efecto inhibitorio del EDTA sobre el crecimiento microbiano en suspensiones de propofol / The inhibitory effect of EDTA on microbial growth in propofol suspensions

Resumen: Las suspensiones comerciales de propofol, por su composición farmacéutica, soportan el crecimiento de diversos microorganismos; la aplicación de propofol, contaminado microbianamente luego de ser retirado de su envase original, ha sido vinculada a brotes de infección postoperatoria. La adición de sales de ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (EDTA) retarda el crecimiento de estos microorganismos. Aquí se comparó el crecimiento, a lo largo de 48 horas y en tres temperaturas (ambiente, 35 y 42 oC), de siete cepas bacterianas y tres de levaduras, en cuatro formulaciones de propofol disponibles en México, una de ellas adicionada con EDTA. Consistentemente, el crecimiento fue menor en la suspensión con EDTA, comparada con las tres que no lo contienen, con variaciones entre microorganismos y temperaturas: desde muerte inicial de parte del inóculo, o inhibición completa y sostenida del crecimiento, hasta inhibición parcial. Aunque la adición de EDTA no debe considerarse como un sustituto del manejo aséptico del propofol, que debe extenderse durante el período perioperatorio, ciertamente disminuye la proliferación microbiana que puede darse por contaminación accidental, disminuyendo asimismo el riesgo de infección para el paciente.

Abstract: Commercially available propofol suspensions, due to their pharmaceutical composition, support the growth of several microorganisms; the administration of propofol suspensions that became microbially-contaminated after being removed from their original vial, has been linked to postsurgical infections. Addition of ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) salts delays the growth of such microorganisms. Here, we compared the growth of seven bacterial strains and three yeast strains, along 48 hours and at three different incubation temperatures (room temperature, 35 and 42 oC), in four propofol formulations available in Mexico, one of them with supplemented EDTA. Consistently, microbial growth was diminished in the formulation supplemented with EDTA, compared to the other three, although with variations between microorganisms and incubation temperatures: from initial reduction in viable organisms, to complete and sustained growth inhibition, to only partial growth inhibition. While the addition of EDTA to propofol suspensions must not be considered as a substitute for aseptic handling of the drug, it certainly diminishes microbial growth that can occur after accidental contamination, reducing the infection risk for the patient.

Algunas consideraciones sobre las infecciones posoperatorias / Some considerations about postoperative infections

La tasa de complicaciones infecciosas posoperatorias se eleva en el paciente quirúrgico, entre otras razones, debido a que resulta insuficiente el conocimiento sobre la génesis de los factores que las provocan. Esto incrementa significativamente su persistencia y las consecuencias negativas que inciden sobre el enfermo, la institución sanitaria y el sistema de salud. De ahí, la necesidad de profundizar en los diferentes aspectos cognoscitivos sobre el tema. Esta revisión actualizada pretende esclarecer los aspectos fundamentales concernientes a su génesis, diagnóstico y tratamiento preventivo y curativo con vistas a disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad por esta lamentable complicación posquirúrgica(AU)

The rate of postoperative infective complications increases in the surgical patient due, among other reasons, to poor knowledge on the genesis of causative factors. This significantly raises their level of persistence and the negative consequences for the patient, the health institution and the health system; hence the need of delving into the different cognitive aspects of this topic. This updated review was intended to clarify the fundamental aspects of their genesis, diagnosis and preventive and curative treatment with a view to reducing morbidity and mortality from this terrible post surgical complication(AU)

Estancia hospitalaria de pacientes con antibioticoterapia por infecciones posoperatorias / Hospitalization of patients with antibiotic therapy due to postoperative infections

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de serie de casos, de 258 pacientes intervenidos de forma urgente o electiva durante el trienio 2012-2014 en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de Cuba, quienes presentaron infecciones posoperatorias, con el propósito de identificar diferentes factores relacionados con el empleo de antibióticos ante esta complicación. Entre los resultados sobresalientes se obtuvo que la estancia hospitalaria se prolongara por más de 14 días en más de la mitad de los pacientes cuyas operaciones quirúrgicas fueron clasificadas como contaminadas o sucias, y que en el período preoperatorio se aplicaron antibióticos en 77,1 % de la serie, mientras en la fase posoperatoria se administraron en todos los infectados. Asimismo, los estudios microbiológicos mostraron positividad en 86,5 % y los microorganismos más comúnmente aislados fueron gramnegativos: Klebsiella, estafilococo patógeno, Escherichia coli y Acinetobacter. Pudo concluirse que la política del uso racional de antibióticos con fines profilácticos y terapéuticos, debe relacionarse con la circulación intrahospitalaria de gérmenes, de acuerdo con el mapa microbiológico y la resistencia de estos, para así implementar un protocolo estandarizado al respecto.

A descriptive, serial cases study, of 258 patients undergoing surgery in an emergent or elective way who presented postoperative infections was carried out during the triennium 2012-2014 in the General Surgery Service of "Saturnino Lora Torres" Teaching Clinical Surgical Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, with the purpose of identifying different factors related to the use of antibiotics in these cases. Among the outstanding results it was obtained that the hospitalization lasted more than 14 days in more than half of the patients whose surgical operations were classified as polluted or dirty, and that in the preoperatory period antibiotics were applied in 77.1 % of the series, while in the postoperative phase antibiotics were administered in all those infected. Also, the microbiological studies showed positivity in 86.5 % and the most common isolated microorganisms were gramnegative: Klebsiella, pathogen Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter. It was concluded that the politics of the rational use of antibiotics with preservatives and therapeutic ends, should be related to the intrahospital circulation of germs, according to the microbiological map and the resistance of these, so as to implement a standardized protocol in this respect.

Factores de riesgo relacionados con las infecciones posoperatorias / Risk factors related to the postoperative infections

Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y observacional, de serie de casos, basada en los 258 pacientes que presentaron complicaciones posoperatorias infecciosas, tras habérseles practicado intervenciones quirúrgicas, tanto de forma electiva como urgente, en el período comprendido desde enero de 2012 hasta diciembre de 2014. Entre los principales resultados se obtuvo un predominio de los pacientes mayores de 60 años (38,4 %) y operados con urgencia (82,1 %); razón por la cual se observó que las intervenciones clasificadas como contaminadas (43,4 %) y sucias (23,6 %) ocuparon un lugar importante en la génesis de esta complicación. También fue más frecuente la infección del sitio operatorio superficial (55,5 %) respecto al resto de las localizaciones. Se pudo concluir que factores como el nivel de contaminación de la intervención, el tiempo quirúrgico prolongado, el estado físico preoperatorio en las clases II y III de la American Society of Anesthesiology, el tipo de operación y la edad del paciente, fueron decisivos en la aparición de las infecciones posquirúrgicas.

A descriptive and observational serial cases investigation, based on the 258 patients that presented infectious postoperative complications, after undergoing surgical interventions, either in an elective way or as an emergency, was carried out from January, 2012 to December, 2014. Among the main results there was a prevalence of the patients older than 60 (38.4%) and those undergone surgery as an emergency (82.1%); reason why it was observed that the interventions classified as polluted (43.4%) and dirty (23.6%) occupied an important place in the genesis of this complication. It was also more frequent the infection of the superficial operative place (55.5%) regarding the rest of the localizations. It was concluded that factors as the intervention contamination level, the long-lasting surgical time, preoperative physical state in the classes II and III of the American Society of Anesthesiology, operation type and the patient's age, were decisive in the emergence of postsurgical infections.

Efficacy assessment of two antibiotic prophylaxis regimens in oral and maxillofacial trauma surgery: preliminary results.

The study set out to evaluate the efficacy of two antibiotic prophylaxis regimens in patients with facial fractures admitted to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology services of the Onofre Lopes University Hospital attached to the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte in the period from December 2011 to December 2012. The sample consisted of 74 patients divided into two groups, GI with forty-three patients and GII with 32. Both groups received 2 g of cefazolin, 20 minutes before surgery. The postoperative protocol for each group was randomly determined; group I (single dose) received no antibiotics after surgery but group II (24 h dosage) received 1 g of cefazolin every 6 hours for 24 hours. Postoperative infection incidence was 9.3% (seven patients), six patients in Group I and one in Group II. 85% of the infections were in mandibular fractures. Results were presented qualitatively and quantitatively and the Chi square test (taking the value for p to be < 0.05) showed no statistically significant differences in the efficacies of the two regimens in the comparisons made between the cases of fractures in the upper and middle thirds of the face with those in the lower third (mandibular fractures). Considering mandibular fractures alone, Group II proved to be more efficacious with a p value of 0.02. However, to confirm the tendency shown in the mandibular fracture treatments whereby prolonging antibiotic administration for 24 hours appeared to be beneficial, research needs to be done with much larger sample groups.

[Procalcitonin as a marker of intra-abdominal infection]. / La procalcitonina como marcador de infección intraabdominal.

BACKGROUND: Procalcitonin is a quite specific biomarker of infection and in recent years has shown its superiority to others markers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein, for the diagnosis and monitoring of a variety of infections. AIM: For this reason, several researchers have studied the potential role of procalcitonin for diagnosis and management of these infections. DISCUSSION: Intra-abdominal infections are a heterogeneous group of infections that, sometimes, pose difficult challenges to physicians. The published studies have produced mixed results, leading to controversy on the utility of this marker in intra-abdominal infections. CONCLUSIONS: This review summarizes these data and discuss the utility of procalcitonin in several intra abdominal infections, including postoperative infections.

Antecedentes: la procalcitonina es un marcador bastante específico de infección y en los últimos años se ha demostrado su superioridad, con respecto a otros marcadores de inflamación como la proteína C reactiva, para el diagnóstico y vigilancia de una gran variedad de infecciones. Objetivo: resumir los datos actualmente existentes y discutir la utilidad de la procalcitonina en diversas infecciones intrabdominales, incluidas las postoperatorias. Conclusiones: los resultados de estudios hasta ahora publicados son variables, lo que genera controversia en relación con su utilidad.

Incidência de infecção do sítio cirúrgico e fatores de risco associados na clínica cirúrgica de pequenos animais / Incidence of surgical site infection and their associated risk factors in the surgical small animal clinic

A infecção do sítio cirúrgico (ISC) apresenta-se como um complicador que possui muitos fatores de risco associados, e a maior parte das informações utilizadas nessa área pela medicina veterinária provém da medicina humana. Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar a taxa de ISC no HVT-UFV, assim como correlacionar sua incidência com os seguintes fatores de risco: quantidade de pessoas presentes durante a cirurgia, classificação do potencial de contaminação da ferida cirúrgica e utilização de antimicrobiano profilático e ou terapêutico. Para isso, foram colhidas informações sobre a ocorrência de ISC, bem como os fatores de risco citados de 401 prontuários. Esses dados passaram por análise estatística, e foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: 21 pacientes diagnosticados com ISC, o que gerou uma taxa de infecção de 5,24 por cento e associação entre incidência de ISC e cirurgias com risco de contaminação maior que 5 por cento. Os demais fatores de risco avaliados não apresentaram associação, porém, em valores absolutos, foi detectada maior ocorrência de infecção nos procedimentos com maior quantidade de pessoas na sala de cirurgia. Portanto, foi possível observar a importância da obtenção fidedigna de dados e a necessidade do desenvolvimento de um sistema de vigilância epidemiológica voltado para a medicina veterinária.(AU)

The surgical site infection (SSI) is a complicating factor that has many risk factors, and most of the information used in this area for veterinary medicine comes from human medicine. The aim of this work was to determine the rate of SSI in the VTH-UFV, and to correlate the incidence of SSI with the following risk factors: surgical wound classification, use of antimicrobial prophylaxis, and therapy and the number of people in the operating room during surgery. For that, information about the occurrence of SSI and the risk factors referred to were collected from 401 medical records. These data underwent statistical analysis and obtained the following results: 21 patients diagnosed with SSI resulting in an infection rate of 5.24 percent and a significant association between the occurrence of SSI and the surgical procedures with contamination risk higher than 5 percent. Other risk factors evaluated showed no association. However, in absolute values, a higher incidence of infection was detected in procedures with a greater number of people in the operating room. Therefore, it was possible to observe the importance of obtaining reliable data and the requirement for developing a surveillance system specific for Veterinary Medicine.(AU)

Incidência de infecção do sítio cirúrgico e fatores de risco associados na clínica cirúrgica de pequenos animais / Incidence of surgical site infection and their associated risk factors in the surgical small animal clinic

A infecção do sítio cirúrgico (ISC) apresenta-se como um complicador que possui muitos fatores de risco associados, e a maior parte das informações utilizadas nessa área pela medicina veterinária provém da medicina humana. Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar a taxa de ISC no HVT-UFV, assim como correlacionar sua incidência com os seguintes fatores de risco: quantidade de pessoas presentes durante a cirurgia, classificação do potencial de contaminação da ferida cirúrgica e utilização de antimicrobiano profilático e ou terapêutico. Para isso, foram colhidas informações sobre a ocorrência de ISC, bem como os fatores de risco citados de 401 prontuários. Esses dados passaram por análise estatística, e foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: 21 pacientes diagnosticados com ISC, o que gerou uma taxa de infecção de 5,24 por cento e associação entre incidência de ISC e cirurgias com risco de contaminação maior que 5 por cento. Os demais fatores de risco avaliados não apresentaram associação, porém, em valores absolutos, foi detectada maior ocorrência de infecção nos procedimentos com maior quantidade de pessoas na sala de cirurgia. Portanto, foi possível observar a importância da obtenção fidedigna de dados e a necessidade do desenvolvimento de um sistema de vigilância epidemiológica voltado para a medicina veterinária...

The surgical site infection (SSI) is a complicating factor that has many risk factors, and most of the information used in this area for veterinary medicine comes from human medicine. The aim of this work was to determine the rate of SSI in the VTH-UFV, and to correlate the incidence of SSI with the following risk factors: surgical wound classification, use of antimicrobial prophylaxis, and therapy and the number of people in the operating room during surgery. For that, information about the occurrence of SSI and the risk factors referred to were collected from 401 medical records. These data underwent statistical analysis and obtained the following results: 21 patients diagnosed with SSI resulting in an infection rate of 5.24 percent and a significant association between the occurrence of SSI and the surgical procedures with contamination risk higher than 5 percent. Other risk factors evaluated showed no association. However, in absolute values, a higher incidence of infection was detected in procedures with a greater number of people in the operating room. Therefore, it was possible to observe the importance of obtaining reliable data and the requirement for developing a surveillance system specific for Veterinary Medicine...

Relación de los niveles plasmáticos de proteína C reactiva con infección y edema en la cirugía de los terceros molares retenidos / Relation between CRP levels as indicator of postoperative infection and edema after third molar impacted surgery

La proteína C reactiva CRP (por sus siglas en inglés) es una proteína de fase aguda que se utiliza para el seguimiento de enfermedades inflamatorias tales como artritis reumatoidea, lupus eritematoso o vasculitis y procesos infecciosos tales como sepsis y septicemia; así como también, para evaluar la eficacia de las drogas antiinflamatorias y antimicrobianas indicadas en el tratamiento de estas patologías. Igualmente se ha asociado a daño tisular en diversas especialidades quirúrgicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar los niveles plasmáticos de CRP con la infección y el edema posterior a la cirugía de los terceros molares. A tal efecto se evaluaron 60 pacientes, distribuidos en 3 grupos A, B y C bajo antibioticoterapia profiláctica con Clindamicina (A: dosis única de 600 mg, B: 300 mg c/6h por 5 días y C: Placebo) y terapia analgésica y antiinflamatoria (Ibuprofeno 400mg c/6h por 3 días). A quienes se tomaron muestras de sangre antes y a las 72 horas de la odontectomía de los terceros molares y fotografías digitales para calcular el área de inflamación. No se demostró la relación de los niveles de CRP con infección ya que ningún paciente presentó proceso infeccioso pero si se demostró la relación cualitativa (sensibilidad) de CRP y cuantitativa mediante correlación de Spearman (p<0,05) ya que mientras mayor fue el área de la inflamación, mayores fueron los niveles plasmáticos de CRP.

The C reactive protein (CRP) is an unspecific acute phase reaction used for the follow-up of such inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or vasculitis and such infectious processes like sepsis; as well as also, to evaluate the efficiency of the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs indicated in the treatment of this pathologies. Equally it has associated to tissue damage in diverse surgical specialties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between CRP levels as indicator of postoperative infection and edema after third molar surgery. We evaluated 60 patients distributed in three groups A, B and C under antibiotic prophylaxis with Clindamycin (A: single dosis 600 mgs, B: 300 mgs each 6/h by 5 days and C: placebo) and analgesic and anti-inflammatory therapy with Ibuprofen 400 mg. each 6/h by 3 days. Who were taken blood samples to measure the CRP before and 72 hours after surgery and digital photographs to calculate the edema area. We did not demonstrated relation between CRP and infection because no one patient was infected in any group but we demonstrated (By Searman (p<0,05) the value of CRP as indicator of edema in the third molar surgery.

Cerebrospinal fluid lactate in post-neurosurgical bacterial meningitis diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Differential diagnosis between post-neurosurgical bacterial meningitis (PNBM) and aseptic meningitis is difficult. Inflammatory and biochemical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes mimic those classically observed after CNS surgery. CSF lactate assay has therefore been proposed as a useful PNBM marker. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of CSF lactate as a PNBM marker in patients hospitalized after a neurosurgical procedure. METHODS: Between July 2005 and June 2009, a prospective clinical study, in which all patients with clinical suspicion of PNBM were enrolled, was conducted at our neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit. PNBM diagnosis was categorized as proven, probable or negative before the analysis. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients, 51 males with a mean age of 50 years (range 32-68 years) were included. Surgery was elective in 76% patients, mostly for brain tumors (57%); thirty PNBM episodes were identified. CSF parameters were significantly different in glucose concentration (27 mg% vs. 73 mg%, p<0.001), lactate (8 mmol/L vs. 2.8 mmol/L, p<0.001), CSF neutrophil pleocytosis (850 mm(-3) vs. 10mm(-3), p<0.001), and protein levels (449 mg% vs. 98 mg%) between the PNBM and non-PNBM groups. The ROC curve that best fits PNBM diagnosis is lactate. CONCLUSION: Increased CSF lactate is a useful PNBM marker, with better predictive value than CSF hypoglycorrhachia or pleocytosis. Lactate levels ≥ 4 mmol/L showed 97% sensitivity and 78% specificity, with a 97% negative predictive value.

Osteomielitis vertebral lumbar / Ostéomyélite vertébrale lombaire / Lumbar vertebral osteomyelitis

Se mostró la terapéutica médica y quirúrgica ante un caso con osteomielitis vertebral secundaria a discectomía, mediante el estudio observacional descriptivo en un paciente de 50 años de edad, afecto de hernia discal del 5to. espacio lumbar, a quien se le había practicado discectomía abierta; que ingresó a los 15 días con un cuadro doloroso lumbar e hipertermia de 39 °C.Se hizo una revisión actualizada del tema de osteomielitis vertebral y se expuso la terapéutica quirúrgica y antimicrobiana realizada al paciente. Luego de desbridamientos quirúrgicos seriados demandantes y secuenciales, así como de irrigación continua, se observó la resolución del cuadro infeccioso y del cuadro radicular que presentaba el paciente. En consulta externa se reflejó la negatividad de las investigaciones analíticas de infección a los 4 meses de evolución. Se concluyó que es importante ante los signos clínicos de infección (dolor, fiebre), realizar una tomografía axial computarizada en un paciente con discectomía abierta, para ver la repercusión ósea y operar lo antes posible. La modalidad de desbridamiento secuencial y demandante con una irrigación continua de solución salina fisiológica 0,9 por ciento con antibiótico sensible al microorganismo, da resultados satisfactorios(AU)

Surgical and medical therapy was shown in a case of vertebral osteomyelitis secondary to disectomy by means of a descriptive observational study conducted in a 50 years old patient affected by herniation of the fifth lumbar disk that had undergone open disectomy; who was admitted 15 days after this with a painful lumbar manifestation and hyperthermia of 39 °C. An updated review of the topic of vertebral osteomyelitis was made and the surgical and antimicrobial therapy followed in the patient was shown. After demanding sequential serial surgical debridements with continuous irrigation, the resolution of the infectious and radicular manifestation that the patient presented was observed. The negative impacts of the analytical investigations of infection were presented in the outpatient consultation after four months of evolution. It was concluded that, in the presence of clinical signs of infection such as pain and fever, it is important to indicate a CT-scan to a patient who had undergone open disectomy to observe the osseous percussion and operate on as soon as possible. The modality of demanding sequential serial surgical debridement with continuous irrigation with 0.9 percent physiological saline solution and a sensitive antibiotic to the microorganism gives satisfactory results(AU)

Une étude observationnelle descriptive d'un patient âgé de 50 ans, atteint de hernie discale du 5e espace lombaire et d'ostéomyélite vertébrale, après discectomie ouverte, a permis de montrer la thérapeutique médicale et chirurgicale à suivre dans ces cas. Ce patient avait été hospitalisé 15 jours auparavant avec un tableau douloureux lombaire et une hyperthermie de 39 °C. Après avoir fait une révision actualisée du sujet de l'ostéomyélite vertébrale, une thérapeutique chirurgicale et antimicrobienne a été proposée. Des débridements chirurgicaux sériés et séquentiels, ainsi qu'irrigation continue, ont assuré la résolution de l'infection et du syndrome radiculaire affectant le patient. En consultation externe, les examens ont été négatifs d'infection en 4 mois. On a conclu qu'il est important d'effectuer une tomographie axiale informatisée chez un patient traité par discectomie ouverte avec des signes cliniques d'infection tels que douleur et fièvre, afin de déceler des séquelles osseuses et d'opérer le plus rapide que possible. La technique de débridement séquentiel, avec irrigation continue par solution saline physiologique à 0,9 pourcent et antibiothérapie sensible au micro-organisme, a des résultats satisfaisants(AU)

Antibioticoterapia en pacientes con infecciones posoperatorias / Antibiotic therapy in patients with postoperative infections

Introducción: la contaminación bacteriana es el requisito indispensable para la aparición de las infecciones posoperatorias, con repercusiones socioeconómicas desfavorables, las cuales aumentan el consumo de antimicrobianos. Objetivo: identificar diferentes factores relacionados con la utilización de antibióticos en pacientes con infecciones posquirúrgicas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal acerca de la utilización de antibióticos en 207 pacientes expuestos a cirugías mayores, que presentaron infecciones posoperatorias, atendidos en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Provincial Docente "Saturnino Lora" de Santiago de Cuba durante el trienio 2008-2010. Resultados: predominaron las infecciones incisionales superficiales, seguidas de las localizadas en órgano y espacio. En el período preoperatorio se utilizaron antibióticos en las dos terceras partes de la serie y en el posoperatorio, en todos los que sufrieron esta complicación. Los estudios microbiológicos alcanzaron una positividad de 96,3 % y los gérmenes más comúnmente aislados fueron gramnegativos: Klebsiella, Escherichia coli y Acinetobacter baumannii. Conclusiones: la política del uso racional de antibióticos con fines profilácticos y terapéuticos, debe relacionarse con la circulación de gérmenes intrahospitalarios acorde con el mapa bacteriológico y el patrón de resistencia a fin de implementar un protocolo estandarizado para su aplicación.

Introduction: bacterial contamination is the essential requirement for the occurrence of postoperative infections, with adverse social and economic implications, thus increasing the use of antibiotics. Objective: to identify different factors related to the use of antibiotics in patients with postoperative infections. Methods: a descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study on the use of antibiotics was carried out in 207 patients, who underwent major surgery and presented with postoperative infections, attended in the Department of General Surgery of "Saturnino Lora" Provincial Teaching Hospital of Santiago de Cuba during the triennium 2008-2010. Results: superficial incisional infections predominated, followed by those located in organ and space. In the preoperative period antibiotics were used in two-thirds of the series and in the postoperative period in all who had this complication. Microbiological studies had 96.3% of positivity and the most commonly isolated germs were: Klebsiella, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii. Conclusions: the occurrence of postoperative infections is related to the proliferation of Gram-negative organisms. The policy of rational use of antibiotics with prophylactic and therapeutic purposes, related to the circulation of hospital germs and resistance pattern, is considered adequate, but a standardized protocol should be implemented for its application.