ABSTRACT
Background: Mycotoxins produced by yeast and fungi have toxic effects on human and animal health. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)is the most toxic hepatocarcinogen to mammals. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which has been found in milk and dairy products,is the hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1. Aflatoxin M1 is formed by the cytochrome P450 enzyme in the liver. OchratoxinA (OTA) is synthesized by Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Ochratoxin A is known to cause teratogenic, immunotoxic,nephrotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Due to the potential harmful effects on human and animal health, OTA has also beenreceiving increased attention globally; however, there is limited information on the presence of OTA in milk and dairy products. The aim of this study was to determine how mycotoxins impact the hygienic quality of raw and heat-processed milk.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, a total of 105 milk samples were analyzed (35 raw, 35 pasteurized and 35UHT) to identify AFM1 and OTA in raw, pasteurized and ultra-high temperature processing (UHT) milk. The levels ofAFM1 were detected by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The milk samples were centrifuged inorder to remove the fat content from the milk. After centrifugation, the upper cream layer was withdrawn with a pipette.The non-fat liquid portion was placed in wells at 100 μL for analysis. The concentration of AFM1 in the milk sampleswas analyzed by AFM1 test kit. The milk samples with AFM1 levels greater than 50 ng/L were confirmed by using HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). An Ochratoxin A Serum / Milk ELISA test kit was used for the analysesof OTA. The analyses were made according to the manufacturers instructions, and samples were analyzed in duplicate.The absorbance value of milk samples was obtained from the ELISA plate reader at 450 nm...
Subject(s)
Aflatoxin M1/isolation & purification , Milk/microbiology , Ochratoxins/isolation & purification , Mycotoxins/analysisABSTRACT
Background: Mycotoxins produced by yeast and fungi have toxic effects on human and animal health. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)is the most toxic hepatocarcinogen to mammals. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which has been found in milk and dairy products,is the hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1. Aflatoxin M1 is formed by the cytochrome P450 enzyme in the liver. OchratoxinA (OTA) is synthesized by Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Ochratoxin A is known to cause teratogenic, immunotoxic,nephrotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Due to the potential harmful effects on human and animal health, OTA has also beenreceiving increased attention globally; however, there is limited information on the presence of OTA in milk and dairy products. The aim of this study was to determine how mycotoxins impact the hygienic quality of raw and heat-processed milk.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, a total of 105 milk samples were analyzed (35 raw, 35 pasteurized and 35UHT) to identify AFM1 and OTA in raw, pasteurized and ultra-high temperature processing (UHT) milk. The levels ofAFM1 were detected by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The milk samples were centrifuged inorder to remove the fat content from the milk. After centrifugation, the upper cream layer was withdrawn with a pipette.The non-fat liquid portion was placed in wells at 100 μL for analysis. The concentration of AFM1 in the milk sampleswas analyzed by AFM1 test kit. The milk samples with AFM1 levels greater than 50 ng/L were confirmed by using HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). An Ochratoxin A Serum / Milk ELISA test kit was used for the analysesof OTA. The analyses were made according to the manufacturers instructions, and samples were analyzed in duplicate.The absorbance value of milk samples was obtained from the ELISA plate reader at 450 nm...(AU)
Subject(s)
Aflatoxin M1/isolation & purification , Ochratoxins/isolation & purification , Milk/microbiology , Mycotoxins/analysisABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to develop and validate a method to determine aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in cheese, yogurt, and dairy beverages. The method consisted of aqueous methanol extraction, immunoaffinity column purification and isolation, RPLC separation, and fluorescence detection. The four types of cheese samples were classified according to moisture and fat content. The mean recoveries were 71% for cheese at spiked levels from 100 to 517 ng/kg, and 76% for yogurt and dairy beverages spiked at levels from 66 to 260 ng/kg. The mean RSDs were 5.9% for cheese, and 10% for yogurt and dairy beverages. The LOD was 3 ng/kg and the LOQ was 10 ng/kg for all test commodities. To test the applicability of the developed method, a small survey of the presence of AFM1 in cheese, yogurt, and dairy beverages purchased in Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil, was conducted. AFM1 was detected (> 3 ng/kg) in all samples. Twenty cheese samples (83%) were contaminated with AFM1 in the range of 13-304 ng/kg. In yogurt and dairy beverages, the contamination was lower (13-22 ng/kg) in five samples (42%). The results indicated that the method is adequate for the determination of AFM1 in these four types of cheese, as well as in yogurt and dairy beverages.
Subject(s)
Aflatoxin M1/analysis , Beverages/analysis , Cheese/analysis , Dairy Products/analysis , Yogurt/analysis , Aflatoxin M1/isolation & purification , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Indicators and Reagents , Reference Standards , Water/analysisABSTRACT
The prevalence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in 186 peanut products (140 peanuts, 32 peanut butter, and 14 nut cakes) from supermarkets, road vendors, and sale outlets, and 40 feed samples from dairy farmers was determined using the radioimmunoassay method (Charm II) test for aflatoxins. The frequency of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was also determined in 175 raw milk samples from milk collection centers and 37 pasteurized milk samples obtained from supermarkets and sale outlets. Overall, from a total of 438 samples tested, 18 (4.1%) were positive for aflatoxin comprising 5 (2.2%) of 226 peanut products and feeds positive for AFB1, and 13 (6.1%) of 212 milk samples positive for AFM1. All 186 peanuts and peanut products were negative (0.0%) for AFB1 while 5 (7.4%) of 40 dairy feed samples were positive. Of the 175 raw milk samples tested, 13 (7.4%) were contaminated with AFM1 while all pasteurized milk samples were negative. The detection of AFB1 in feed and AFM1 in milk is of public health importance considering the practice of raw milk consumption by the farmers and their families in the country.
Subject(s)
Aflatoxins , Animal Feed/analysis , Arachis/chemistry , Food Contamination/analysis , Milk/chemistry , Aflatoxin B1/analysis , Aflatoxin B1/isolation & purification , Aflatoxin M1/analysis , Aflatoxin M1/isolation & purification , Aflatoxins/analysis , Aflatoxins/isolation & purification , Animals , Consumer Product Safety , Humans , Public Health , Trinidad and TobagoABSTRACT
La presencia de micotoxinas en productos lácteos se debe, por lo general, a la ingesta por parte del ganado lechero de alimentos contaminados con aflatoxina B1 (AFB1). La AFM1 es el principal metabolito hepático 4-hidroxilado de la AFB1 que se excreta por la leche. Es tan tóxica como la AFB1, aunque algunos autores han demostrado que no es tan mutagénica. Recientemente se han clasificado a las AFB1 y AFM1 como carcinógenos humanos de la clase 1 y 2B respectivamente y también se ha observado que la AFM1 tiene una alta actividad genotóxica. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar por TLC (cromatografía en capa delgada) la presencia de AFM1 en 50 muestras de leche, recolectadas en los meses de otoño, tanto de origen comercial como provenientes de pequeños tambos, donde se ordeñan artesanalmente, para estimar los niveles de exposición a la AFM1 en la población. No se detectó la presencia de AFM1 en ninguna de las muestras estudiadas hasta este momento. Esto muestra que en esta época del año, donde las vacas lecheras se alimentan de pasto natural, no existe contaminación. Seguiremos estudiando muestras recolectadas en los meses de invierno para controlar que sucede cuando además reciben suplemento alimentario. La leche es el alimento básico consumido sobre todo por niños en etapa de crecimiento; por lo tanto, debe ser monitoreada de contaminantes, incluyendo AFM1, más aún en países como el nuestro donde los factores climáticos pueden favorecer la incidencia de la misma. En nuestro país hay muy escasos datos de incidencia de AFM1 en la leche fluida, leche en polvo y en otros derivados lácteos. La dificultad para realizar estudios toxicológicos en humanos con la ingesta de AFM1 y la dificultad para la detoxificación de micotoxinas de las dietas hacen de los programas de monitoreo la principal estrategia para disminuir el riesgo de exposición a estas micotoxinas, por eso creemos que más estudios deberían efectuarse para intensificar los conocimientos acerca de toda nuestra producción lechera
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Aflatoxin M1/isolation & purification , Breast-Milk Substitutes/poisoning , Food Contamination/analysis , Aflatoxin B1/isolation & purification , Aflatoxin B1/toxicity , Aflatoxin M1/poisoning , Breast-Milk Substitutes/toxicity , Carcinogens/isolation & purification , Chromatography, Thin Layer/methods , Ducks , Fishes , Mycotoxins/poisoningABSTRACT
La presencia de micotoxinas en productos lácteos se debe, por lo general, a la ingesta por parte del ganado lechero de alimentos contaminados con aflatoxina B1 (AFB1). La AFM1 es el principal metabolito hepático 4-hidroxilado de la AFB1 que se excreta por la leche. Es tan tóxica como la AFB1, aunque algunos autores han demostrado que no es tan mutagénica. Recientemente se han clasificado a las AFB1 y AFM1 como carcinógenos humanos de la clase 1 y 2B respectivamente y también se ha observado que la AFM1 tiene una alta actividad genotóxica. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar por TLC (cromatografía en capa delgada) la presencia de AFM1 en 50 muestras de leche, recolectadas en los meses de otoño, tanto de origen comercial como provenientes de pequeños tambos, donde se ordeñan artesanalmente, para estimar los niveles de exposición a la AFM1 en la población. No se detectó la presencia de AFM1 en ninguna de las muestras estudiadas hasta este momento. Esto muestra que en esta época del año, donde las vacas lecheras se alimentan de pasto natural, no existe contaminación. Seguiremos estudiando muestras recolectadas en los meses de invierno para controlar que sucede cuando además reciben suplemento alimentario. La leche es el alimento básico consumido sobre todo por niños en etapa de crecimiento; por lo tanto, debe ser monitoreada de contaminantes, incluyendo AFM1, más aún en países como el nuestro donde los factores climáticos pueden favorecer la incidencia de la misma. En nuestro país hay muy escasos datos de incidencia de AFM1 en la leche fluida, leche en polvo y en otros derivados lácteos. La dificultad para realizar estudios toxicológicos en humanos con la ingesta de AFM1 y la dificultad para la detoxificación de micotoxinas de las dietas hacen de los programas de monitoreo la principal estrategia para disminuir el riesgo de exposición a estas micotoxinas, por eso creemos que más estudios deberían efectuarse para intensificar los conocimientos acerca de toda nuestra producción lechera (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Aflatoxin M1/isolation & purification , Breast-Milk Substitutes/poisoning , Food Contamination/analysis , Mycotoxins/poisoning , Aflatoxin M1/poisoning , Carcinogens/isolation & purification , Breast-Milk Substitutes/toxicity , Chromatography, Thin Layer/methods , Aflatoxin B1/isolation & purification , Aflatoxin B1/toxicity , Ducks , FishesABSTRACT
The evaluation of commercially available test systems of competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was performed in experimental conditions, through repeated analysis, in samples of milk powder contaminated with known concentrations of the toxin. Recoveries of AFM1 added to milk at levels of 0.10, 0.20, 0.50 and 1.00 ng/ml were 83.0%, 87.5%, 103.0% and 111.8% respectively. Relative standard deviations for the above mentioned concentrations were 65.5%, 31.8%, 10.9% and 13.6%, respectively (n = 10, per spiking level). According to these results the ELISA is appropriate for AFM1 research and/or surveying, mainly for concentrations between 0.20-1.00 ng/ml.
Subject(s)
Aflatoxin M1/isolation & purification , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Milk/chemistry , Animals , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Linear ModelsABSTRACT
Oitenta e três amostras de fígados e rins de aves e suínos foram analisadas para determinaçäo de resíduos de aflatoxinas B1, M1 e aflatoxicol, por cromatografia em uma única amostra de figado de suíno proveniente do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), na concentraçäo de 27ng/g (ppb) enquanto nenhuma amostra de fígado e rim de aves apresentou aflatoxinas e aflatoxicol, porém traços de aflatoxina M1 foram encontrados em uma amostra de fígado. Recuperaçöes das aflatoxinas B1, M1 e aflatoxicol dos tecidos artificialmente contaminados foram: 74 p/cento a 95,2 p/cento para aflatoxina B1; 60 p/cento 80 p/cento para aflotoxina M1 e de 80 p/cento a 95 p/cento para aflatoxicol