The relationship between trait anger and reactive aggressive behavior in middle school students: the mediating role and intervention of hostile attribution bias.

BACKGROUND: The reactive aggressive behavior in individuals typically shows a rapid growth trend as individuals enter adolescence, and peaks during middle-school period. According to the Comprehensive Cognitive Model of Trait Anger, trait anger and hostile attribution bias play important roles in the development of reactive aggressive behavior. Based on this, current study explored the relationship between trait anger and reactive aggressive behavior in middle school students, as well as the mediating role of hostile attribution bias and interventions. METHODS: The current study consisted of three sub-studies. Study 1 recruited 87 middle school students with an average age of 12.367 ± 0.889 years, investigated the relationship between trait anger and reactive aggressive behavior, as well as the mediating role of trait hostile attribution bias. Study 2 recruited 62 middle school students with an average age of 13.376 ± 0.963 years, investigated the relationship between trait anger and reactive aggressive behavior, as well as the mediating role of state hostile attribution bias. Study 3 recruited 80 middle school students with an average age of 13.392 ± 0.977 years, implemented an intervention targeting trait hostile attribution bias in middle school students with high trait anger to reduce their reactive aggressive behavior. In current study, data management was performed using SPSS 22.0. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, paired samples t-test, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), and path analysis were used for statistical analysis. FINDINGS: The results of Study 1 showed that trait anger predicted reactive aggressive behavior through trait hostile attribution bias. The results of Study 2 indicated that trait and state hostile attribution bias played mediating role intermediary, and trait hostile attribution bias had a stronger mediating effect than state hostile attribution bias. The results of Study 3 suggested that the intervention effectively decreased trait hostile attribution bias and reactive aggressive behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Trait anger can predict the reactive aggressive behavior of junior high school students, with trait hostility attribution bias and state hostility attribution bias mediating this relationship. Intervening in the hostility attribution bias of high-anger junior high school students can effectively reduce their reactive aggressive behavior.

Brief report: Social comparison, hypercompetitiveness, and indirect aggression: Associations with loneliness and mental health.

Indirect aggression is commonly used in adulthood, but most researchers have focused on this behavior in romantic relationships or from an intrasexual competition perspective. Therefore, we aimed to understand the social characteristics and mental health correlates of indirect aggression by combining perspectives from developmental psychopathology and evolutionary psychology. We examined: (1) whether social characteristics (social comparison, hypercompetitiveness) contributed to indirect aggression (perpetration, victimization) and (2) whether there were indirect effects from indirect aggression (perpetration, victimization) to mental health difficulties through loneliness. In a cross-sectional sample of 475 young adults (57.7% women, 51.6% White, Mage = 20.2, SDage = 2.18), path analyses revealed that social comparison predicted indirect aggression victimization, which indirectly predicted mental health difficulties (depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms) through loneliness. In contrast, indirect aggression perpetration was only predicted by hypercompetitiveness. The findings highlight that reframing cognitions associated with social comparison could help prevent indirect aggression and mental health difficulties among young people.

The evolution of democratic peace in animal societies.

A major goal in evolutionary biology is to elucidate common principles that drive human and other animal societies to adopt either a warlike or peaceful nature. One proposed explanation for the variation in aggression between human societies is the democratic peace hypothesis. According to this theory, autocracies are more warlike than democracies because autocratic leaders can pursue fights for private gain. However, autocratic and democratic decision-making processes are not unique to humans and are widely observed across a diverse range of non-human animal societies. We use evolutionary game theory to evaluate whether the logic of democratic peace may apply across taxa; specifically adapting the classic Hawk-Dove model to consider conflict decisions made by groups rather than individuals. We find support for the democratic peace hypothesis without mechanisms involving complex human institutions and discuss how these findings might be relevant to non-human animal societies. We suggest that the degree to which collective decisions are shared may explain variation in the intensity of intergroup conflict in nature.

An evaluation of the Ultimatum Game as a measure of irritability and anger.

The Ultimatum Game is an effective tool for understanding how social decision-making is influenced by emotions in both research and clinical settings. Previous findings have shown that the Ultimatum Game can evoke negative emotions, especially anger and aggression. In a sample of non-clinical adults (N = 143) we evaluated the sensitivity of an anger-infused version of the Ultimatum Game to individual differences in anger and irritability. Findings showed significant relationships between anger and aggressive behaviors in the Ultimatum game, but no association between irritability and aggressive behavior were observed. This indicates that the anger-infused Ultimatum Game is a promising method for studying individual differences in trait anger and anger expression. However, the relationship between decision-making in the anger-infused Ultimatum Game and irritability is less straight forward and needs further investigation. Therefore, when studying the behavioral responses of irritability, it would be beneficial to capture other behaviors beyond aggressive responses.

Neural Basis of Agitated Behaviors in Patients with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease.

Background: Aggression, a common symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD), can impose a significant burden on caregivers, necessitating early institutionalization. Objective: The current study examined the neural basis of aggression and its expression mechanism, to advance the development of effective treatment strategies for aggression in patients with AD. Methods: The study sample included 257 patients; 180 were diagnosed with AD and 77 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Factor analysis of the neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI) aggression scores was performed, and the correlation between each factor and cerebral blood flow (CBF) was examined via diagnosis of AD or aMCI using statistical parametric mapping. Results: Refusal of care was correlated with reduced CBF in the right hippocampus of patients with AD while no specific related regions could be identified in patients with aMCI. Violent behavior was associated with decreased CBF in the right temporal pole and medial frontal lobe of patients with AD and aMCI. Conclusions: These findings suggest that aggression, measured using NPI includes two distinct symptoms, refusal of care and violent behavior, having different underlying neural bases.

Pediatric psychiatric inpatients' perspectives of aggression management: Discernment in the doorway.

PROBLEM: Aggressive behavior is common on psychiatric inpatient units. Seclusion and restraint interventions to manage patients' aggressive behavior may have the consequence of being traumatizing for patients. Pediatric psychiatric patients' perspective on the use of seclusion and restraint interventions is not present in the literature. METHODS: This hermeneutic nursing research study asked the question, "How might we understand children's experiences of seclusion and restraints on an inpatient psychiatric unit?" Four past pediatric psychiatric inpatients shared their hospitalization experiences that occurred within the previous year when they were 10 years old. The texts of the research interviews were compared to Attachment Theory for a deeper understanding of the meaning of the message. FINDINGS: Participants commonly described experiences with seclusion and restraints as feeling trapped and alone in a dark room. They recommended the nurses step into the room with them to help them heal. Interpretively, the rooms on inpatient units could be considered as actual and metaphorical spaces of possible harm or healing. CONCLUSION: The participant's voices expand understanding of nurse's use of discernment at the doorway of a patient room to ensure the most therapeutic care is provided to the patient in these spaces through a secure nurse-patient relationship.

The relationship between neuroticism and social aggression: a moderated mediation model.

Neuroticism appears to be a factor that triggers social aggression, but the relationship between neuroticism and social aggression and its underlying mechanisms is unclear. Questionnaire data from 942 college students ranging in age from 17 to 24 (Mage = 20.33, SD = 1.03) were analysed to assess whether depression symptoms mediated the relationship between neuroticism and social aggression, and to test a moderating effect of perceived social support. Results showed that neuroticism positively predicted social aggression and this association was mediated by depression symptoms. Moderation was found for the association between neuroticism and depression symptoms, as well as between neuroticism and social aggression, and that neuroticism had a stronger predictive effect on depression symptoms and social aggression under low compared to high perceived social support. These findings may inform prevention and intervention efforts to reduce social aggression.

Responding to Bias: Equipping Residents With Tools to Address Microaggressions.

Introduction: Resident physicians frequently experience bias at work, with patients and families often being the source. Women and other trainees underrepresented in medicine are disproportionately impacted by these negative experiences, and experiencing bias contributes to resident physician burnout. Unfortunately, many resident physicians feel inadequately prepared to respond to bias. Methods: We developed a 45-minute, peer-led, case-based workshop that equipped trainees with tools to respond to patient-expressed bias. Our toolkit centered on resident physicians by including an assessment of the trainee's emotional well-being, a team-based response, and an embedded debrief. The toolkit provided resident physicians with possible responses to bias directed towards themselves (bias-towards-self) or bias directed towards others (bias-towards-others). Surveys were administered pre- and postworkshop to assess change in participants' comfort in responding to patient-expressed bias. Results: Thirty-seven residents completed both surveys. The workshop significantly increased comfort in responding to bias-towards-self (p < .001; 95% CI, 1.00-1.50) and bias-towards-others (p < .001; 95% CI, 1.00-1.50). Discussion: We improved resident physicians' comfort responding to patient bias-towards-self and bias-towards-others through a toolkit and workshop designed specifically for trainees. The toolkit centers the resident physician perspective, incorporates clinical context, and embeds a debrief. Our novel approach situates the toolkit's teaching in a highly scalable, case-based workshop.

Exploring Overt Racial and Ethnic Conflict in Resident-to-Resident Aggression in Long-Term Care Facilities.

Objectives: Resident-to-resident aggression (RRA) in long-term care facilities is gaining recognition as a serious problem. Racial/ethnic conflict may be a contributing factor to RRA incidents, but it remains insufficiently studied. Our goal was to explore overt racial/ethnic conflict in RRA. Design: We used quantitative and qualitative secondary analyses of existing data from a large, rigorously conducted study of RRA to describe the involved residents and patterns of overt racial/ethnic conflicts. Setting and Participants: The parent study included information of 2011 residents in 10 randomly selected New York State nursing homes with a wide range of racial/ethnic minority residents (4.2%-63.2%). A subset of 407 residents were involved in RRA. Methods: We re-examined data from the parent study, which used an innovative approach to identify RRA incidents by reconstructing each incident based on residents' self-reports, staff interviews, field observations, and medical chart review. Resident and facility information was collected. Results: A total of 35 residents (8.6% of those involved in RRA incidents) were identified as involved in overt racial/ethnic conflicts. These residents were more likely to have had less education than residents involved in other types of RRA but not in overt racial/ethnic conflicts. More than half (56.9%) of the 51 incidents of RRA involving overt racial/ethnic conflict between a specific pair of residents occurred repeatedly. Manifestation of racial/ethnic conflicts included physical violence, discrimination, racial/ethnic slurs, stereotypes, and microaggression. Acute precipitants of these incidents included various communal-living challenges and unmet needs at the facility, relational, and individual levels. Psychological and behavioral consequences were also described. Conclusion and Implications: We found a broad range of manifestations, acute precipitants, circumstances surrounding, and consequences of overt racial/ethnic conflicts in RRA. Additional research is needed to improve understanding of this phenomenon and how staff may effectively intervene and prevent it.

De-escalating aggression in acute inpatient mental health settings: a behaviour change theory-informed, secondary qualitative analysis of staff and patient perspectives.

BACKGROUND: De-escalation is often advocated to reduce harm associated with violence and use of restrictive interventions, but there is insufficient understanding of factors that influence de-escalation behaviour in practice. For the first time, using behaviour change and implementation science methodology, this paper aims to identify the drivers that will enhance de-escalation in acute inpatient and psychiatric intensive care mental health settings. METHODS: Secondary analysis of 46 qualitative interviews with ward staff (n = 20) and patients (n = 26) informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework. RESULTS: Capabilities for de-escalation included knowledge (impact of trauma on memory and self-regulation and the aetiology and experience of voice hearing) and skills (emotional self-regulation, distress validation, reducing social distance, confirming autonomy, setting limits and problem-solving). Opportunities for de-escalation were limited by dysfunctional risk management cultures/ relationships between ward staff and clinical leadership, and a lack of patient involvement in safety maintenance. Motivation to engage in de-escalation was limited by negative emotion associated with moral formulations of patients and internal attributions for behaviour. CONCLUSION: In addition to training that enhances knowledge and skills, interventions to enhance de-escalation should target ward and organisational cultures, as well as making fundamental changes to the social and physical structure of inpatient mental health wards. Psychological interventions targeting negative emotion in staff are needed to increase motivation. This paper provides a new evidence-based framework of indicative changes that will enhance de-escalation in adult acute mental health inpatient and PICU settings.

Social, not genetic, programming of development and stress physiology of a colonial seabird.

Phenotypic differences often stem from genetic/maternal differences and/or early-life adaptations to local environmental conditions. In colonial animals, little is known on how variation in the social environment is embedded into individual phenotypes, nor what the consequences are on individual fitness. We conducted an experimental cross-fostering study on king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), exchanging eggs among 134 pairs breeding in high-density (67 pairs) or low-density (67 pairs) areas of the same breeding colony. We investigated differences in parent and chick phenotypes and survival in relation to the density of their origin and foster environment. Adults breeding in colony areas of high density exhibited decreased resting behaviour and increased aggression and vigilance, increased hypometabolism during incubation fasts, and more moderate corticosterone responses shaped by exposure to chronic stressors (e.g. constant aggression by neighbours). Chick phenotypes were more influenced by the environment in which they were raised than their genetic/maternal origin. Chicks raised in high-density colonial environments showed enhanced weight gain and survival rates regardless of the density of their genetic parents' breeding areas. Our study experimentally shows advantages to breeding in colonial areas of higher breeder densities in king penguins, and highlights the importance of social settings in shaping phenotype expression in colonial seabirds.

Sexual Orientation Microaggression Rating Scale (SOMRS): Development and association with alliance ruptures.

Sexual minority clients report experiencing frequent microaggressions during therapy, however, therapists may not recognize those microaggressions or may be reluctant to self-report them. The main aim of the present study was thus to develop an observational measure of in-session therapist-committed microaggressions related to the sexual orientation of sexual minority individuals (e.g., those who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or queer). The present study further examined the association between therapist-committed sexual orientation microaggressions and ruptures in the therapeutic alliance. We hypothesized that clinically significant microaggressions would be positively associated with withdrawal ruptures in the alliance. The sample consisted of 44 gay and bisexual men who participated in a cognitive behavioral treatment designed to reduce depression, anxiety, human immunodeficiency virus-transmission-risk behaviors, and substance use. An observer-based coding measure designed for this study, the Sexual Orientation Microaggression Rating Scale (SOMRS), was utilized to capture sexual minority microaggressions in the initial sessions of treatment. Good interrater reliability was achieved for the SOMRS. Microaggressions were coded in 34% of the sessions. Within the subset of sessions with coded microaggressions, a significant association was found between withdrawal ruptures and microaggression significance ratings. The SOMRS holds potential for supporting research on microaggression as well as future efforts to help clinicians recognize and repair in-session behaviors that negatively impact sexual minority clients. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Treating Children and Adolescents with Aggressive Behaviors in the Inpatient Setting.

The mental health crisis in children and adolescents presents a unique challenge for pediatric providers in the inpatient setting. Patients are presenting to the emergency department in acute psychiatric crises, but the increased need for behavioral health services is met with an already limited supply of behavioral health services and facilities. As such, these patients are hospitalized on acute care floors, which can serve to exacerbate symptoms of aggression regardless of cause and complicates treatment and harm prevention strategies. We present a comprehensive management approach to the acutely agitated pediatric patient with aggressive behaviors, including prevention of symptoms in patients with risk factors; nonpharmacological approaches to de-escalation, including the use of restraint; and common oral and parenteral psychopharmacological agents. Such strategies are considered from a medical, ethical, and legal standpoint with the goal of maintaining safety and minimizing harm to patients, families, and staff. [Pediatr Ann. 2024;53(8):e293-e298.].

Rapid body colouration changes in Oryzias celebensis as a social signal influenced by environmental background.

Rapid body colouration changes in some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, serve dual functions: camouflage and intraspecific communication. It has been hypothesized that these colouration changes originally evolved to provide camouflage and subsequently were co-opted as social signals; however, experimental model systems that are suitable for studying such evolutionary processes are limited. Here, we investigated the relationship between rapid colouration changes of the blackened markings and aggressive behaviours in male Oryzias celebensis, an Indonesian medaka fish, under triadic relationships (two males and one female) or three males conditions with two different environmental backgrounds. In an algae-covered tank, mimicking the common laboratory rearing conditions, males with blackened markings exhibited more frequent attacks towards different conspecific individuals compared with non-blackened males and females. The blackened males were seldom attacked by non-blackened males and females. By contrast, neither aggressive behaviours nor black colouration changes were observed in the transparent background condition with a brighter environment. These indicated that the blackened markings in O. celebensis serve as a social signal depending on the environmental backgrounds. Considering that such colouration changes for camouflage are widely conserved among teleost fishes, the traits are likely to be co-opted for displaying social signals in O. celebensis.

The mediating role of hostile attribution bias in social exclusion affecting aggressive behavior.

Aggression is one of the public social issues affecting campus harmony and stability, and social exclusion is an important interpersonal contextual factor among many factors affecting aggression. However, studies examining the influence of social exclusion on aggression and its mediating mechanism are not systematic enough. Based on the general aggression model (GAM), we intend to explore the role of hostile attribution bias (HAB) in both trait and state levels of social exclusion, which leads to aggression through a combination of questionnaire and experimental methods. Study 1 surveyed 388 current high school students (Mage = 16.09, SD = 1.01) and found that HAB mediates the relationship between long-term social exclusion (trait level) and aggression tendency. Study 2 experimented with 181 high school students (Mage = 16.95, SD = 1.13) to examine whether short-term social exclusion (state level) after initiating the Cyberball paradigm could still influence aggressive behavior through the mediating role of HAB. Results found that the mediating role of HAB still holds. The findings of the study further enrich the GAM and have important implications for a more targeted approach to aggression prevention and intervention.

Characterizing myths of sexual aggression in the young population in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Myths of sexual aggression have a negative influence in aggressive behavior against women, in the institutional approaches to sexual violence and in how women cope with it. The objective of this study is to describe acceptance of myths of sexual aggression in young women and men residing in Spain. METHOD: Cross-sectional study carried out online with 2,515 women (50.2%) and men (49.8%) ages 18-35 in Spain in 2020. Information on myths was collected using the Acceptance of Modern Myths About Sexual Aggression Scale (AMMSA). We described the myths most prevalent among women and men. The variables associated with myths were identified using multiple regression. The regression models were adjusted by sociodemographic and sexual orientation variables. RESULTS: The average AMMSA values were higher among men [mean: 3.11; standard deviation (sd):1.23] than among women (mean 2.49 sd:1.11). In both sexes, the myths with greater acceptance showed the presence of patriarchal gender roles in sexual contacts. Men were more likely than women to accept myths that question allegations and severity of violence. Having a higher level of educational studies (ß -0.350 sd: 0.046) was associated with lower average AMMSA values. Being born in Latin America (ß 0.047 sd: 0.063) was associated with higher average AMMSA values. Among heterosexual men, AMMSA values were greater than among gay and bisexual men. Among women, there was no difference in average AMMSA values based on sexual orientation. CONCLUSIONS: Myths persist during youth that question and trivialize sexual violence against women. It is necessary to implement strategies that reduce these myths, particularly in heterosexual men, in those of foreign-born origin and among those with low levels of education.

Interpersonal violence against transgender and cisgender women in Brazilian municipalities: trends and characteristics. / Violência interpessoal em mulheres transgêneras e cisgêneras nos municípios brasileiros: tendências e características.

Violence against women is characterised by male symbolic domination underpinned by patriarchy and expressing gender inequality in society. This study examined reporting of interpersonal violence against cisgender and transgender women 20 to 59 years old in Brazilian municipalities, from 2015 to 2021. This repeat panel study used data from the information system, and time-trend analysis by the Prais-Winsten method. A total of 605,983 notifications were eligible, 1.8% of which involved transgender women. Notifications regarding cisgender women were recorded in 84.8% of the municipalities and transgender women, in 31.7%. Notifications involved predominantly women who were younger (71.9%) and black (55.3%), and proportionally more transgender women (p<0.001). Most notifications were of physical violence (84.8%), followed by psychological violence (40.1%), which was higher among cisgender women (p<0.001) and at shorter intervals among transgender women (ß=-0.71; p=0.005). Notifications of violence still do not reflect the realities, particularly as regards transgender women. Psychological violence, however, which usually starts the cycle of aggression, now ranks second among notifications in Brazil, despite conservative reverses of recent years.

A violência contra mulher caracteriza-se pela dominação simbólica masculina com pilares no patriarcado, expressando a desigualdade de gênero existente na sociedade. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a notificação de violência interpessoal em mulheres cisgêneras e transgêneras, de 20 a 59 anos, nos municípios brasileiros, no período de 2015 a 2021. Trata-se de estudo do tipo painéis repetidos, utilizando dados do sistema de informação, e análise de tendência temporal pelo método Prais-Winsten. Foram elegíveis 605.983 notificações, sendo 1,8% de transgêneras. As notificações foram registradas em 84,8% dos municípios para mulheres cisgêneras e 31,7% para transgêneras. Houve predomínio em jovens (71,9%) e negras (55,3%), sendo proporcionalmente maior entre as transgêneras (p<0,001). A maioria das notificações foi de violência física (84,8%); seguida de violência psicológica (40,1%), sendo maior nas cisgêneras (p<0,001) e com redução no período para as transgêneras (ß=-0,71; p=0,005). A notificação de violência ainda não reflete a realidade, em particular para mulheres transgêneras. A violência psicológica, entretanto, que costuma ser o início do ciclo de agressão, já ocupa o segundo lugar entre as notificações no país, apesar dos retrocessos vivenciados nos últimos anos.

Factors associated with the recurrence of violence against children and adolescents. Mato Grosso-Brazil, 2013 to 2019. / Fatores associados à recorrência de violência em crianças e adolescentes. Mato Grosso-Brasil, 2013 a 2019.

This study examined factors associated with the recurrence of interpersonal violence against children and adolescents in Mato Grosso state, considering cases recorded in the Notifiable Diseases Information System, from 2013 to 2019. Associations between variables were estimated by logistic regression and stratified by age group (children and adolescents). The frequency of recurrent violence against children was 49.0% and, against adolescents, 42.9%. For both, recurrent violence was positively associated with occurrence at home, psychological or emotional violence, aggressors' being more than two, their being relatives and threats being the means of aggression. Neglect or abandonment and male or both-sex aggressors were positively associated with recurrent violence against children. Against adolescents, poor education, sexual violence and intimate-partner aggressors were positively associated with recurrent violence, while other aggressors and firearms or physical force were negatively associated. The findings offer significant contributions to knowledge of factors associated with recurrent violence, which is still little studied in the national and international literature. This is essential in order to inform strategies to reduce the recurrence of violence and protect children and adolescents.

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os fatores associados à recorrência da violência interpessoal contra crianças e adolescentes em Mato Grosso. Estudo com casos registrados no Sistema Informação de Agravos de Notificação no período de 2013 a 2019. A associação entre as variáveis foi estimada pela regressão logística, estratificada por faixa etária (crianças e adolescentes). A frequência da violência recorrente em crianças foi de 49,0%, e de 42,9% em adolescentes. Para ambos, a violência recorrente associou-se positivamente com ocorrência em residência, violência psicológica/moral, com mais de dois agressores envolvidos, agressores familiares e meio de agressão, ameaça. Para as crianças, negligência/abandono, sexo do agressor masculino ou ambos associaram-se positivamente com a recorrência da violência. Para adolescentes, baixa escolaridade, violência sexual e agressor parceiro íntimo estiveram associados positivamente à recorrência da violência, enquanto outros agressores e arma de fogo ou força corporal associaram-se negativamente. Os resultados trazem contribuições relevantes para o conhecimento dos fatores associados à violência recorrente, ainda pouco estudada na literatura nacional e internacional, sendo fundamental para apoiar estratégias de redução da recorrência da violência e de proteção às crianças e adolescentes.

Understanding the moral cognition of aggression: Longitudinal serial effects of personal relative deprivation and hostility on within-person changes in civic moral disengagement.

Moral disengagement is an important aggressive and moral cognition. The mechanisms of changes in moral disengagement remain unclear, especially at the within-person level. We attempted to clarify this by exploring the serial effects of personal relative deprivation and hostility on civic moral disengagement. We conducted a three-wave longitudinal survey with 1058 undergraduates (63.61% women; mean age = 20.97). The results of the random intercept cross-lagged panel model showed that personal relative deprivation at Wave 1 and hostility at Wave 2 formed a serial effect on the within-person changes in civic moral disengagement at Wave 3, and the longitudinal indirect effect test showed that the within-person dynamics in hostility at Wave 2 acted as a mediator. The results of multiple group analysis across genders further showed that the longitudinal indirect role of hostility at Wave 2 was only observed for men, but not for women, which indicates the moderating effect of gender. These findings facilitate an understanding of the mechanisms of aggressive cognitions at the within-person level and offer implications for the prevention and intervention of aggression from the perspective of moral cognition.