The Study of the Effectiveness of Ethylmethylhydroxypyridine Succinate in Acute Alcohol Intoxication.

The effectiveness of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate (EMHPS) in acute alcohol intoxication was tested in a study on SPF male outbred ICR mice. Ethanol (concentration 40%) was administered to animals once intraperitoneally at a dose of 4 g/kg. Control animals were injected with saline in an equivalent volume. In 15 min after the administration of alcohol, the animals were injected intravenously or intramuscularly with EMHPS at a dose of 50 or 100 mg/kg or with saline via the same route in an equivalent volume. Animal behavior was tested 3 and 24 h later after administration of the substances. After 3 and 24 h, mice in the pathological control groups developed semiptosis, the gait and the turning over reflex were impaired, the strength of the hind limbs decreased and the distance between the hind limbs increased when landing; in the open-field test, the latency of the first movement increased, and the number of rearing postures decreased. Intravenous and intramuscular administration of EMHPS in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg had a pronounced antitoxic and neuroprotective effect in acute alcohol intoxication: all studied parameters did not differ significantly from the control.

C60 Fullerene Reduces the Level of Liver Damage in Chronic Alcohol Intoxication of Rats.

The liver is the main organ responsible for the metabolism of ethanol, which suffers significantly as a result of tissue damage due to oxidative stress. It is known that C60 fullerenes are able to efficiently capture and inactivate reactive oxygen species in in vivo and in vitro systems. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine whether water-soluble C60 fullerene reduces the level of pathological process development in the liver of rats induced by chronic alcohol intoxication for 3, 6, and 9 months, depending on the daily dose (oral administration; 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg) of C60 fullerene throughout the experiment. In this context, the morphology of the C60 fullerene nanoparticles in aqueous solution was studied using atomic force microscopy. Such biochemical parameters of experimental animal blood as ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase) and ALP (alkaline phosphatase) enzyme activities, CDT (carbohydrate-deficient transferrin) level, values of pro-antioxidant balance indicators (concentrations of H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) and GSH (reduced glutathione), activities of CAT (catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase) and GPx (selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase)), and pathohistological and morphometric features of liver damage were analyzed. The most significant positive change in the studied biochemical parameters (up to 29 ± 2% relative to the control), as markers of liver damage, was recorded at the combined administration of alcohol (40% ethanol in drinking water) and water-soluble C60 fullerenes in the optimal dose of 1 mg/kg, which was confirmed by small histopathological changes in the liver of rats. The obtained results prove the prospective use of C60 fullerenes as powerful antioxidants for the mitigation of pathological conditions of the liver arising under prolonged alcohol intoxication.

A Novel and Simple Method for a Differentiation of Alcohol Types.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol poisoning is a significant global problem that has become an epidemic. The determination of the alcohol type is hereby essential as it may affect the course of the treatment; however, there is no routine laboratory diagnostic method for alcohol types other than for ethanol. In this study, we aimed to define a simple method for alcohol type differentiation by utilizing a combination of breathalyzer and spectrophotometrically measured serum ethanol results. METHODS: A breathalyzer and spectrophotometry were used to measure four different types of alcohol: ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, and ethylene glycol. To conduct serum alcohol analysis, four serum pools were created, each containing a different type of alcohol. The pools were analyzed using the spectrophotometric method with an enzymatic ethanol test kit. An experiment was conducted to measure the different types of alcohol using impreg-nated cotton and a balloon, simulating a breathalyzer test. An algorithm was created based on the measurements. RESULTS: Based on the results, the substance consumed could be methanol or isopropanol if the breathalyzer test indicates a positive reading and if the blood ethanol measurement is negative. If both the breathalyzer and the blood measurements are negative, the substance in question may be ethylene glycol. CONCLUSIONS: This simple method may determine methanol or isopropanol intake. This straightforward and innovative approach could assist healthcare professionals in different fields with diagnosing alcohol intoxication and, more precisely, help reducing related morbidity and mortality.

A 68-Year-Old Man with Depression and Acute Renal Failure Due to Rhabdomyolysis Associated with Alcohol Intoxication While Taking Low-Dose Escitalopram: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Rhabdomyolysis, an uncommon but recognized adverse effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, can precipitate acute renal injury (AKI), especially when combined with risk factors such as alcohol consumption. This report describes a 68-year-old man with acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis associated with alcohol intoxication while taking low-dose escitalopram, an SSRI antidepressant. CASE REPORT The patient, with a history of bipolar affective disorder managed with escitalopram, presented with symptoms of general malaise, diarrhea, myalgias, and transient loss of consciousness following substantial ethanol consumption. Laboratory tests indicated severe rhabdomyolysis with a creatine kinase level of 37 672 U/L and myoglobin level >5710 ng/ml, leading to an AKI diagnosis. The discontinuation of escitalopram, along with hydration and renal replacement therapy, facilitated renal recovery. However, the reintroduction of escitalopram resulted in the recurrence of rhabdomyolysis, suggesting a probable causal link, confirmed using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale. CONCLUSIONS This report highlights the importance of identifying the medication history in patients presenting with acute renal failure and rhabdomyolysis and the association with SSRIs, which can be exacerbated by alcohol. This case underscores the importance of vigilant medication history assessment in patients presenting with AKI and rhabdomyolysis, particularly concerning the use of SSRIs like escitalopram, which can pose heightened risks in the context of alcohol use. It highlights the need for clinical caution in managing patients on long-term SSRI therapy, especially when reintroducing such medications after an episode of rhabdomyolysis.

"If You Don't Eat, You Can Get Drunk Faster": A Qualitative Investigation of Food and Alcohol Disturbance (FAD) Expectancies.

Background: Food and alcohol disturbance (FAD; i.e., use of any compensatory behavior within the context of a drinking episode to offset alcohol-related calories and/or enhance the effects of alcohol) is prevalent among U.S. college students and associated with negative consequences. Expectancies for anticipated outcomes of alcohol use and thinness/restriction behaviors, which comprise FAD, serve as promising targets of intervention for these behaviors individually; however, no study to date has identified or examined FAD expectancies, specifically. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to qualitatively examine the positive and negative FAD expectancies described by students experienced with FAD. Methods: Semi-structured open-ended interviews were conducted with 22 undergraduates with a lifetime history of FAD behavior (72.7% female, 77.3% white non-Hispanic, Mage=20.14). Results: Positive FAD expectancy themes included: Mood Improvement, Appearance/Weight-related Benefits, Alcohol Enhancement, and Social Approval and Connectedness. Negative FAD expectancy themes included: Reputational and Social Concerns, Negative Physical Consequences, Negative Psychological Consequences, and Cognitive and Behavioral Impairment. Conclusions: Results suggest that while there are many similarities, FAD expectancies are distinct from existing alcohol and thinness/restriction expectancies. Specifically, the Mood Improvement theme conceptualizes mood-related improvement within the context of both positive and negative reinforcement and both the Social Approval and Connectedness and Social and Reputational Consequences themes focus on the ways in which one's peers may view and interact with others. Findings lay the groundwork for identifying expectancies that underlie FAD behaviors and provide directions for future research and intervention efforts.

Drinker driver flyer diver.

Blood alcohol concentrations above defined levels are detrimental to cognitive performance. Empirical and published evidence suggest that nitrogen narcosis is analogous to alcohol intoxication with both impairing prefrontal cortex function. Nitrogen narcosis is also known to have been a factor in fatal accidents. To examine the effects of nitrogen narcosis, a recent publication used the Iowa Gambling Task tool, to simulate dynamic real-life risky decision-making behaviour. If the reported outcomes are corroborated in larger rigorously designed studies it is likely to provide further evidence that divers may well experience the negative effects of a 'narcotic agent', even at relatively shallow depths. These deleterious effects may occur regardless of diving experience, aptitude or professional status. In 1872, English law made it an offence to be 'drunk' whilst in charge of horses, carriages, cattle and steam engines. Understanding the danger was easy, establishing who is 'drunk' in the eyes of the court required a legal definition. Driving above a 'legal limit' for alcohol was made illegal in the United Kingdom in 1967. The limit was set at 80 milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood. It took just short of one hundred years to get from first introducing a restriction to specific activities, whilst under the influence of alcohol, to having a clear and well-defined enforceable law. The question surely is whether our modern society will tolerate another century before legally defining safe parameters for nitrogen narcosis?

Preparation of Pueraria lobata Root-Derived Exosome-Like Nanovesicles and Evaluation of Their Effects on Mitigating Alcoholic Intoxication and Promoting Alcohol Metabolism in Mice.

Purpose: Pueraria lobata (P. lobata), a dual-purpose food and medicine, displays limited efficacy in alcohol detoxification and liver protection, with previous research primarily focused on puerarin in its dried roots. In this study, we investigated the potential effects and mechanisms of fresh P. lobata root-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (P-ELNs) for mitigating alcoholic intoxication, promoting alcohol metabolism effects and protecting the liver in C57BL/6J mice. Methods: We isolated P-ELNs from fresh P. lobata root using differential centrifugation and characterized them via transmission electron microscopy, nanoscale particle sizing, ζ potential analysis, and biochemical assays. In Acute Alcoholism (AAI) mice pre-treated with P-ELNs, we evaluated their effects on the timing and duration of the loss of the righting reflex (LORR), liver alcohol metabolism enzymes activity, liver and serum alcohol content, and ferroptosis-related markers. Results: P-ELNs, enriched in proteins, lipids, and small RNAs, exhibited an ideal size (150.7 ± 82.8 nm) and negative surface charge (-31 mV). Pre-treatment with 10 mg/(kg.bw) P-ELNs in both male and female mice significantly prolonged ebriety time, shortened sobriety time, enhanced acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity while concurrently inhibited alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity, and reduced alcohol content in the liver and serum. Notably, P-ELNs demonstrated more efficacy compared to P-ELNs supernatant fluid (abundant puerarin content), suggesting alternative active components beyond puerarin. Additionally, P-ELNs prevented ferroptosis by inhibiting the reduction of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and reduced glutathione (GSH), and suppressing acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) elevation, thereby mitigating pathological liver lipid accumulation. Conclusion: P-ELNs exhibit distinct exosomal characteristics and effectively alleviate alcoholic intoxication, improve alcohol metabolism, suppress ferroptosis, and protect the liver from alcoholic injury. Consequently, P-ELNs hold promise as a therapeutic agent for detoxification, sobriety promotion, and prevention of alcoholic liver injury.

Intoxication cases in the Emergency Department at a Norwegian University Hospital 2019-20. / Pasienter med forgiftning vurdert ved akuttmottaket på St. Olavs hospital 2019­20.

Background: Acute intoxication is a common chief complaint in emergency medicine, but there is a lack of up-to-date studies from the emergency departments in Norway on the incidence and prevalence of various toxic substances. The aim of this study was to survey acute intoxications at the emergency department of St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim. Material and method: In this review of patient records, we used data from the emergency department at St Olav's Hospital in Trondheim in the period 1  January 2019-31  December 2020. All cases with 'acute intoxication' as the reason for the emergency department visit were included. Results: In a patient population of 836 unique patients, there were a total of 1423 intoxications, of which 168/836 patients (20.0 %) had more than one intoxication episode in the period. The median age was 31 years (interquartile range 22-47), and 395/836 (47.2 %) of the patients were women. Combined drug intoxication constituted 666/1423 (46.8 %) of the cases, and the most frequent intoxications were from ethanol: 802/1423 (56.4 %); benzodiazepines 314/1423 (24.0 %); and opioids 243/1423 (17.1 %). Altogether, 1146/1423 (80.5 %) incidents resulted in hospital admission. There were no deaths during their hospital stay. Interpretation: Emergency departments must be prepared to manage patients who have taken various poisoning agents. The antidotes must be available, and it must be possible to perform interventions.

The Rising Concern of Ethanol Intoxication from Easy Access to Hand Sanitizers: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Ethanol intoxication is very common, and several forms of alcohol intoxication can lead to emergency department visits. Excessive alcohol users, when in withdrawal, might seek replacement alcoholic beverages; one of the common sources of ethanol is hand sanitizer, which contains 45-95% alcohol. It becomes even more challenging to deal with alcohol use disorder patients when they seek these replacement products inside hospital premises, and medical clinics and hospitals have increased their use of ethanol-based hand sanitizer since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. CASE REPORT We report the case of a 26-year-old man with alcohol dependence presenting with a fictitious illness leading to hospital admission and consumption of ethanol-based hand sanitizer in the emergency department (ED). The patient initially presented reporting severe abdominal pain that persisted despite medications. The initial laboratory tests and imaging were non-significant. The patient was later caught stealing hand sanitizer bottles, consuming them within 4-6 h. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased alcohol intoxication, especially in EDs. Hand sanitizers, including ethanol, are toxic and hazardous when misused, mostly by adolescents and young adults. Treatments include glucose determination, dextrose infusion, and thiamine perfusion. Strategies to reduce ethanol intoxication include eliminating hand sanitizers, using wall-fixed sanitizers, and using sanitizer wipes. CONCLUSIONS Patients with alcohol use disorder are known to develop alcohol-seeking behaviors. This report has highlighted that healthcare professionals should be aware that the increased availability of ethanol-based hand sanitizers, some of which contain toxic antiviral chemical agents, may be targeted by individuals with alcohol dependency.

Negative Affect, Harassment and Problematic Alcohol Use in Young Adults.

Background: While research suggests that both negative affect and alcohol use are impacted by exposure to harassment (i.e., sexual harassment, generalized harassment or bullying), less is known about the effect of harassment on negative affect subsequently leading to alcohol consumption, particularly in young adults. We examined the mediating role of negative affect on the relationships between sexual and generalized harassment at school and alcohol misuse. Methods: Participants were 2899 incoming freshmen in fall of 2011 who completed a Web-based survey assessing demographics (T0), sexual and generalized harassment at school (T0-T2), negative affect (T3), and problems associated with drinking, binge drinking, and drinking to intoxication (T0, T4, T5). Separate hybrid path models were fitted in Mplus v.8.8 for generalized harassment and sexual harassment and each outcome. Results: Mediation analyses showed a small but significant indirect effect for the sexual harassment model (beta = 0.05, S.E. = 0.01, p < 0.001) and generalized harassment (beta = 0.03, S.E. = 0.01, p < 0.01), indicating that negative affect partially mediated the associations between harassment early in students' college experience and later problems associated with drinking. No significant indirect effects were found for the binge drinking or intoxication models. Conclusions: High levels of negative affect associated with harassment may contribute to longer term impact on problematic use of alcohol in young adults, providing evidence that the effects of harassment on drinking may partly stem from harassment's lingering effects on negative affective pathways.

Quantitative morphological analysis of age structural changes in prostate of experimental animals with ethanol poisoning.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: To find out the age remodeling of the structural components of the prostate gland at alcohol poisoning using quantitative morphological analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: The structure of the prostate gland of 4 white male rats groups were morphologically investigated. The 1 group included 30 control intact animals aged 8 months, the 2-nd group - 30 rats aged 24 months, the 3-rd group - 30 8-month-old animals with ethanol intoxication, and the 4-th group included 30 24-month-old rats with the specified simulated pathology. Ethanol intoxication was modeled by intragastric administration of 30% ethyl alcohol solution at a dose of 20 ml/kg once daily for 28 days. Rats were euthanized by bloodletting under general thiopental anesthesia 28 days after the beginning of the experiment. The area of glands, the height of glandular epithelial cells, the area of their nuclei and cytoplasm, the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in these cells and the stromal-parenchymal ratio in the organ were studied using light microscopy and were determined morphometrically. Morphometric parameters were processed statistically. RESULTS: Results: It was established that with age in the intact prostate of laboratory sexually mature white male rats, the area of glands, the height of glandular epitheliocytes, the area of their nuclei and cytoplasm, with the stability of nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios in the epithelial cells of the glands, significantly decreases, and the stromal-parenchymal ratio in the organ under study increases. Long-term ethanol poisoning leads to pronounced structural changes in the prostate, which is characterized by pronounced atrophy of the glandular epithelium, a decrease in the area of the glands, a decrease in the height of epithelial cells, a violation of nuclear-cytoplasmic relations in them, an increase in stromal-parenchymal ratio, and a prominent growth of the muscle-elastic stroma. The revealed structural changes of the studied components of the prostate dominated in 24-month-old experimental animals. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Morphological analysis of the prostate gland established that morphometric and morphological changed significantly according to the age and were depend on the ethanol poisoning.

Measurement uncertainty of ethyl alcohol concentration in the exhaled breath of drivers and determination of sobriety at the time of incident. / Niepewnosc pomiaru stezenia alkoholu etylowego w powietrzu wydychanym kierowców oraz ustalenia stanu trzezwosci w chwili zdarzenia.

The aim of the study was to determine the components of measurement uncertainty in the concentration of alcohol in exhaled breath and to determine the state of sobriety at the time of incident. Based on the literature review and the authors' experience in providing opinions for law enforcement and the judiciary, the influence of various factors on the final interpretation of sobriety state is described on the basis of measurement uncertainty of breath analyzers, uncertainty of retrospective and prospective calculations, and uncertainty related to the conversion of alcohol concentrations detected during breath and blood tests. The paper pays particular attention to interpreting the concentrations of ethanol in exhaled breath close to the legal limits of the state of sobriety and the state after alcohol use, or the state after alcohol use and the state of insobriety. Analyzing the results of an exhaled breath test concerning concentrations close to the values of 0.1 mg/dm3 and 0.25 mg/dm3, it is necessary to take into account the factors affecting the measurements obtained, including the measurement uncertainty of the determination of alcohol in exhaled breath, the processes of absorption, distribution and metabolism of ethyl alcohol, and the possibility of the presence of alcohol lingering in the oral cavity. The incorrect execution of measurements of the tested person's alcohol concentration is also a problematic issue. When determining sobriety state by means of retrospective and prospective calculations, it is important to remember that the uncertainty of the result is affected by a number of factors and depends, among other things, on the information provided by the suspect. Hence, the expert should draw conclusions particularly cautiously and any overestimation or underestimation of the components of uncertainty can lead to erroneous conclusions. Awareness of the uncertainties inherent in the results of a sobriety test or alcohol calculation allows for meaningful interpretation of test results and determination of the sobriety state of the person tested.

Young adults' change talk within brief motivational intervention in the emergency department and booster sessions is associated with a decrease in heavy drinking over 1 year.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the effect of change talk (CT) within successive brief motivational interventions (BMIs) as a mechanism of change for alcohol use. METHOD: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial in which 344 young adults (18-35 years old) admitted to a Swiss emergency department with alcohol intoxication received either BMI (N = 171) or brief advice (N = 173). Participants with a baseline audio-recorded BMI were included (N = 140; median age 23 [Q1-Q3: 20-27], 72.9% men). Up to three booster sessions by phone were offered at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. Percent CT and CT Average Strength were used as predictor variables. The outcome was the number of heavy drinking days (HDD) over the 30 days prior to research assessments at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up. A latent growth curve modeling framework was first used to estimate predictor and outcome variable growth parameters (i.e., intercept and slope) over time, and then to regress HDD growth parameters on CT growth parameters. RESULTS: CT increased specifically from baseline to the 1-week booster session and thereafter remained stable. Higher baseline CT was associated with lower HDD at 1 month (Percent CT: b = -0.04, 95% confidence interval [-0.06, -0.01]; Average Strength: b = -0.99 [-1.67, -0.31]). An increase in CT from baseline to the 1-week booster session was related to a decrease in HDD from 1 month to 12 months (Percent CT: b = -0.08 [-0.14, -0.03]; Average Strength: b = -2.29 [-3.52, -1.07]). CONCLUSIONS: Both baseline CT and CT trajectory over the first week are meaningful predictors of HDD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The arousal effect of An-Gong-Niu-Huang-Wan on alcoholic-induced coma rats: A research based on EEG.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Acute alcohol intoxication is one of the leading causes of coma. A well-regarded Chinese herbal formula, known as An-Gong-Niu-Huang-Wan (AGNHW), has garnered recognition for its efficacy in treating various brain disorders associated with impaired consciousness, including acute alcohol-induced coma. Despite its clinical effectiveness, the scientific community lacks comprehensive research on the mechanistic aspects of AGNHW's impact on the electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns observed during alcohol-induced coma. Gaining a deeper understanding of AGNHW's mechanism of action in relation to EEG characteristics would hold immense importance, serving as a solid foundation for further advancing its clinical therapeutic application. AIM OF THE STUDY: The study sought to investigate the impact of AGNHW on EEG activity and sleep EEG patterns in rats with alcoholic-induced coma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A rat model of alcohol-induced coma was used to examine the effects of AGNHW on EEG patterns. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with 32% ethanol to induce a coma, followed by treatment with AGNHW. Wireless electrodes were implanted in the cortex of the rats to obtain EEG signals. Our analysis focused on evaluating alterations in the Rat Coma Scale (RCS), as well as assessing changes in the frequency and distribution of EEG patterns, sleep rhythms, and body temperature subsequent to AGNHW treatment. RESULTS: The study found a significant increase in the δ-band power ratio, as well as a decrease in RCS scores and ß-band power ratio after modeling. AGNHW treatment significantly reduced the δ-band power ratio and increased the ß-band power ratio compared to naloxone, suggesting its superior arousal effects. The results also revealed a decrease in the time proportion of WAKE and REM EEG patterns after modeling, accompanied by a significant increase in the time proportion of NREM EEG patterns. Both naloxone and AGNHW effectively counteracted the disordered sleep EEG patterns. Additionally, AGNHW was more effective than naloxone in improving hypothermia caused by acute alcohol poisoning in rats. CONCLUSION: Our study provides evidence for the arousal effects of AGNHW in alcohol-induced coma rats. It also suggests a potential role for AGNHW in regulating post-comatose sleep rhythm disorders.

Therapeutic potential of Lingjiao Gouteng decoction in acute alcohol intoxication and alcohol-induced brain injury involving the RhoA/ROCK2/NF-κB signaling pathway.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Alcohol misuse persists as a prevalent societal concern and precipitates diverse deleterious consequences, entailing significant associated health hazards including acute alcohol intoxication (AAI). Binge drinking, a commonplace pattern of alcohol consumption, may incite neurodegeneration and neuronal dysfunction. Clinicians tasked with managing AAI confront a dearth of pharmaceutical intervention alternatives. In contrast, natural products have garnered interest due to their compatibility with the human body and fewer side effects. Lingjiao Gouteng decoction (LGD), a classical traditional Chinese medicine decoction, represents a frequently employed prescription in cases of encephalopathy, although its efficacy in addressing acute alcoholism and alcohol-induced brain injury remains inadequately investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the conceivable therapeutic benefits of LGD in AAI and alcohol-induced brain injury, while delving into the underlying fundamental mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We established an AAI mouse model through alcohol gavage, and LGD was administered to the mice twice at the 2 h preceding and 30 min subsequent to alcohol exposure. The study encompassed the utilization of the loss of righting reflex assay, histopathological analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and cerebral tissue biochemical assays to investigate the impact of LGD on AAI and alcohol-induced brain injury. These assessments included a comprehensive evaluation of various biomarkers associated with the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Finally, RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining were carried out to explore the underlying mechanisms through which LGD exerts its therapeutic influence, potentially through the regulation of the RhoA/ROCK2/NF-κB signaling pathway. RESULTS: Our investigation underscores the therapeutic efficacy of LGD in ameliorating AAI, as evidenced by discernible alterations in the loss of righting reflex assay, pathological analysis, and assessment of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers. Furthermore, the results of RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining manifest a noteworthy regulatory effect of LGD on the RhoA/ROCK2/NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirmed the therapeutic potential of LGD in AAI and alcohol-induced brain injury, and the protective effects of LGD against alcohol-induced brain injury may be intricately linked to the RhoA/ROCK2/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Trends in psychosomatic symptoms among adolescents and the role of lifestyle factors.

BACKGROUND: Adolescent mental health problems are on the rise globally, including in Sweden. One indicator of this trend is increased psychosomatic symptoms (PSS) over time. Lifestyle factors such as physical activity (PA), diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption may influence the time trends in PSS; however, the evidence base is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between time trends in PSS and lifestyle factors. METHODS: The study was based on data collected from a nationally representative sample of 9,196 fifteen-year-old boys and girls in Sweden using the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) symptom checklist. The sample comprised nearly equal proportions of girls (50.5%) and boys. The lifestyle factors examined in this study included PA, regular breakfast intake, consumption of fruits, vegetables, sweets, or soft drinks, smoking, and alcohol drunkenness. We used data from 2002 to 2018 and stratified by family affluence scale (FAS) to demonstrate how the associations varied among the FAS groups. We fitted separate regression models for the high- and low-FAS groups, where interaction terms between the year of survey and each lifestyle factor were used to estimate the level and direction of associations between the factors and trends in PSS. RESULTS: There was a generally increasing trend in PSS mean scores from 2.26 in 2002 to 2.49 in 2018 (p <.001). The changes in each survey year compared to the average mean scores during the preceding years were significant in all years except 2010. Regular breakfast intake, daily fruit and vegetable consumption, and higher PA were associated with lower PSS mean scores, while smoking and drunkenness had opposite associations with PSS. The only significant interaction between survey year and the lifestyle factors was observed regarding drunkenness in the high FAS group, suggesting that the association between trends in PSS and the experience of getting drunk at least twice got stronger over time (B = 0.057; CI:0.016, 0.097; p <.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate increasing trends in PSS among young people in Sweden from 2002 to 2018, with a significant increase observed among adolescents in the high FAS group who reported getting drunk on at least two occasions.

Intoxication and Glasgow coma scale scores in patients with head trauma.

INTRODUCTION: The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is an assessment tool commonly used by emergency department (ED) clinicians to objectively describe level of consciousness, especially in trauma patients. This study aims to assess the effect of drug and alcohol intoxication on GCS scores in cases of traumatic head injury. METHODS: In this retrospective chart review study, data were extracted from The Pennsylvania Trauma Systems Foundation Data Base Collection System. Eligible subjects included trauma patients aged 18 years and older, with head trauma, who presented between January 2019 and August 2023. Subjects were matched to controls who did not test positive for drugs or alcohol, matched by Injury Severity Score (ISS) category. RESULTS: Among 1088 subjects, the mean age was 63 (95% CI 62-64). The mean Injury Severity Score was 21 (95% CI 21-22). The median GCS among all subjects was 14 (IQR 6-15). Cases with alcohol or drug use were matched to controls without alcohol or drug use, and were matched by categories of Injury Severity Score. Cases with alcohol or drug use had lower GCS (median 13; IQR 3-15), compared to cases without alcohol or drug use (median 15; IQR 13-15) (p < 0.0001, Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with head trauma, intoxicated patients had statistically significant lower GCS scores as compared to matched patients with similar Injury Severity Scores.