[Research progress in molecular pharmacognosy of Andrographis paniculata].

Molecular pharmacognosy as an emerging interdisciplinary subject based on molecular biology and Chinese materia medica aims to study the synthesis and molecular regulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Andrographis Herba, the dried aboveground part of Andrographis paniculata, has liver-protecting, bile secretion-promoting, heat-clearing, toxin-removing, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. The quality instability caused by plant varieties, environment, and technology in the production of A. paniculata is a limiting factor for the sustainable development of this industry. Based on the research methods of molecular pharmacognosy and omics, the regulation of secondary metabolites of A. paniculata has become the key solution to the quality problems of A. paniculata. This paper summarized the recent research achievements in the molecular pharmacognosy of A. paniculata, including molecular identification of the resources, genetic diversity, multi-omics, biosynthesis of active compounds, and germplasm resource innovation, and prospected the future development trend in this field. In-depth research of molecular pharmacognosy of A. paniculata will provide more scientific and effective technical support for the development of its medicinal value, give new insights into the cultivation of new A. paniculata varieties, and promote the high-quality sustainable development of this industry.

Isolation, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of NAC Transcription Factor from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees and Their Role in Andrographolide Production.

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees is an important medicinal plant known for its bioactive compound andrographolide. NAC transcription factors (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) play a crucial role in secondary metabolite production, stress responses, and plant development through hormonal signaling. In this study, a putative partial transcript of three NAC family genes (ApNAC83, ApNAC21 22 and ApNAC02) was used to isolate full length genes using RACE. Bioinformatics analyses such as protein structure prediction, cis-acting regulatory elements, and gene ontology analysis were performed. Based on in silico predictions, the diterpenoid profiling of the plant's leaves (five-week-old) and the real-time PCR-based expression analysis of isolated NAC genes under abscisic acid (ABA) treatment were performed. Additionally, the expression analysis of isolated NAC genes under MeJA treatment and transient expression in Nicotiana tabacum was performed. Full-length sequences of three members of the NAC transcription factor family, ApNAC83 (1102 bp), ApNAC21 22 (996 bp), and ApNAC02 (1011 bp), were isolated and subjected to the promoter and gene ontology analysis, which indicated their role in transcriptional regulation, DNA binding, ABA-activated signaling, and stress management. It was observed that ABA treatment leads to a higher accumulation of andrographolide and 14-deoxyandrographolide content, along with the upregulation of ApNAC02 (9.6-fold) and the downregulation of ApNAC83 and ApNAC21 22 in the leaves. With methyl jasmonate treatment, ApNAC21 22 expression decreased, while ApNAC02 increased (1.9-fold), with no significant change being observed in ApNAC83. The transient expression of the isolated NAC genes in a heterologous system (Nicotiana benthamiana) demonstrated their functional transcriptional activity, leading to the upregulation of the NtHMGR gene, which is related to the terpene pathway in tobacco. The expression analysis and heterologous expression of ApNAC21 22 and ApNAC02 indicated their role in andrographolide biosynthesis.

Integrating Transcriptome and Chemical Analyses to Provide Insights into Biosynthesis of Terpenoids and Flavonoids in the Medicinal Industrial Crop Andrographis paniculate and Its Antiviral Medicinal Parts.

Andrographis paniculata is a medicinal plant traditionally used to produce diterpene lactones and flavonoids, which possess various biological activities. Widely distributed in China, India, and other Southeast Asia countries, A. paniculata has become an important economic crop, significantly treating SARS-CoV-2, and is being cultivated on a large scale in southern China. The biosynthesis of active ingredients in A. paniculata are regulated and controlled by genes, but their specific roles are still not fully understood. To further explore the growth regulation factors and utilization of its medicinal parts of this industrial crop, chemical and transcriptome analyses were conducted on the roots, stems, and leaves of A. paniculata to identify the biosynthesis pathways and related candidate genes of the active ingredients. The chemical analysis revealed that the main components of A. paniculata were diterpene lactones and flavonoids, which displayed potential ability to treat SARS-CoV-2 through molecular docking. Moreover, the transcriptome sequencing annotated a total of 40,850 unigenes, including 7962 differentially expressed genes. Among these, 120 genes were involved in diterpene lactone biosynthesis and 60 genes were involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. The expression of diterpene lactone-related genes was the highest in leaves and the lowest in roots, consistent with our content determination results. It is speculated that these highly expressed genes in leaves may be involved in the biosynthesis pathway of diterpenes. Furthermore, two class Ⅰ terpene synthases in A. paniculata transcriptome were also annotated, providing reference for the downstream pathway of the diterpene lactone biosynthesis. With their excellent market value, our experiments will promote the study of the biosynthetic genes for active ingredients in A. paniculata and provide insights for subsequent in vitro biosynthesis.

ApCPS2 contributes to medicinal diterpenoid biosynthesis and defense against insect herbivore in Andrographis paniculata.

Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) spatiotemporally produces medicinally-important ent-labdane-related diterpenoids (ent-LRDs); andrographolide (AD), 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (DDAD), neoandrographolide (NAD). ApCPS1 and ApCPS2, the ent-copalyl pyrophosphate (ent-CPP)-producing class II diterpene synthases (diTPSs) were identified, but their contributions to ent-CPP precursor supply for ent-LRD biosynthesis were not well understood. Here, we characterized ApCPS4, an additional ent-CPP-forming diTPS. Further, we elucidated in planta function of the ent-CPP-producing diTPSs (ApCPS1,2,4) by integrating transcript-metabolite co-profiles, biochemical analysis and gene functional characterization. ApCPS1,2,4 localized to the plastids, where diterpenoid biosynthesis occurs in plants, but ApCPS1,2,4 transcript expression patterns and ent-LRD contents revealed a strong correlation of ApCPS2 expression and ent-LRD accumulation in kalmegh. ApCPS1,2,4 upstream sequences differentially activated ß-glucuronidase (GUS) in Arabidopsis and transiently-transformed kalmegh. Similar to higher expression of ApCPS1 in kalmegh stem, ApCPS1 upstream sequence activated GUS in stem/hypocotyl of Arabidopsis and kalmegh. However, ApCPS2,4 upstream sequences weakly activated GUS expression in Arabidopsis, which was not well correlated with ApCPS2,4 transcript expression in kalmegh tissues. Whereas, ApCPS2,4 upstream sequences could activate GUS expression at a considerable level in kalmegh leaf and roots/calyx, respectively, suggesting the involvement of transcriptional regulator(s) of ApCPS2,4 that might participate in kalmegh-specific diterpenoid pathway. Interestingly, ApCPS2-silenced kalmegh showed a drastic reduction in AD, DDAD and NAD contents and compromised defense against insect herbivore Spodoptera litura. However, ent-LRD contents and herbivore defense in ApCPS1 or ApCPS4-silenced plants remained largely unaltered. Overall, these results suggested an important role of ApCPS2 in producing ent-CPP for medicinal ent-LRD biosynthesis and defense against insect herbivore.

Whole transcriptome analysis identifies full-length genes for neoandrographolide biosynthesis from Andrographis alata, an alternate source for antiviral compounds.

Andrographolide and related compounds are effective against several viral diseases, including dengue, COVID-19, influenza, and chikungunya. Andrographis paniculata is the primary source for these compounds, but its availability is limited. A. alata is a potential alternative source, and neoandrographolide (NAG) is the major antiviral compound in this species. Since molecular studies in A. alata are scarce, we sequenced its leaf transcriptome to identify the full-length genes involved in neoandrographolide biosynthesis. We assembled 13.6 Gb RNA-Seq data and generated 81,361 transcripts with 1007 bp average length and 1,810 bp N50. The transcripts were categorized under biological processes (2,707), cellular components (678), and molecular functions (2,036). KEGG analysis mapped 975 transcripts to the secondary metabolite pathways. Among the 420 transcripts mapped to terpenoids and polyketides pathways, 142 transcripts were related to the biosynthesis of andrographolide and its derivatives. After a detailed analysis of these transcripts, we identified 32 full-length genes coding for all the 22 enzymes needed for andrographolide biosynthesis. Among them, 15 full-length genes were identified for the first time from Andrographis species. These full-length genes and the transcripts shall serve as an invaluable resource for the metabolic engineering of andrographolides and neoandrographolide in Andrographis and other species.

Genomic characterization of bZIP transcription factors related to andrographolide biosynthesis in Andrographis paniculata.

The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor family plays an important role in various biological processes in plants. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Nees, belonging to the family Acanthaceae, has been widely used as an important traditional herb with a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as antivenom, antiretroviral, anticancer and so on. However, there was no comprehensive analysis of bZIP gene family in the Andrographis paniculata been reported. In this study, we identified 62 bZIPs in Andrographis paniculata and grouped them into 12 subfamilies through the phylogenetic tree analysis. The bZIPs in the same groups have similar motif composition, exon-intron structure and domain distribution. In addition, the RNA-seq data gave a reference for selecting candidate bZIPs to make further function verification. Lastly, qRT-PCR analyses revealed seven ApbZIPs (ApbZIP4, ApbZIP19, ApbZIP30, ApbZIP42, ApbZIP50, ApbZIP52, ApbZIP62) were the most highly expressed in leaf and significantly up-regulated with MeJA and ABA treatment which may be involved in biosynthesis regulation of andrographolide. These data pave the way for further revealing the function of the bZIPs in Andrographis paniculata.

UGT86C11 is a novel plant UDP-glycosyltransferase involved in labdane diterpene biosynthesis.

Glycosyltransferases constitute a large family of enzymes across all domains of life, but knowledge of their biochemical function remains largely incomplete, particularly in the context of plant specialized metabolism. The labdane diterpenes represent a large class of phytochemicals with many pharmacological benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and anticarcinogenic. The medicinal plant kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) produces bioactive labdane diterpenes; notably, the C19-hydroxyl diterpene (andrograpanin) is predominantly found as C19-O-glucoside (neoandrographolide), whereas diterpenes having additional hydroxylation(s) at C3 (14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide) or C3 and C14 (andrographolide) are primarily detected as aglycones, signifying scaffold-selective C19-O-glucosylation of diterpenes in planta. Here, we analyzed UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) activity and diterpene levels across various developmental stages and tissues and found an apparent correlation of UGT activity with the spatiotemporal accumulation of neoandrographolide, the major diterpene C19-O-glucoside. The biochemical analysis of recombinant UGTs preferentially expressed in neoandrographolide-accumulating tissues identified a previously uncharacterized UGT86 member (ApUGT12/UGT86C11) that catalyzes C19-O-glucosylation of diterpenes with strict scaffold selectivity. ApUGT12 localized to the cytoplasm and catalyzed diterpene C19-O-glucosylation in planta. The substrate selectivity demonstrated by the recombinant ApUGT12 expressed in plant and bacterium hosts was comparable to native UGT activity. Recombinant ApUGT12 showed significantly higher catalytic efficiency using andrograpanin compared with 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide and trivial activity using andrographolide. Moreover, ApUGT12 silencing in plants led to a drastic reduction in neoandrographolide content and increased levels of andrograpanin. These data suggest the involvement of ApUGT12 in scaffold-selective C19-O-glucosylation of labdane diterpenes in plants. This knowledge of UGT86 function might help in developing plant chemotypes and synthesis of pharmacologically relevant diterpenes.

Molecular Cloning and Differential Gene Expression Analysis of 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-Phosphate Synthase (DXS) in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f) Nees.

Andrographis paniculata 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (ApDXS) gene (GenBank Accession No MG271749.1) was isolated and cloned from leaves for the first time. Expression of ApDXS gene was carried out in Escherichia coli Rosetta cells. Tissue-specific ApDXS gene expression by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed maximum fold expression in the leaves followed by stem and roots. Further, the differential gene expression profile of Jasmonic acid (JA)-elicited in vitro adventitious root cultures showed enhanced ApDXS expression compared to untreated control cultures. A. paniculata 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (ApHMGR) gene expression was also studied where it was up-regulated by JA elicitation but showed lower expression compared to ApDXS. The highest expression of both genes was found at 25 µm JA elicitation followed by 50 µm. HPLC data indicated that the transcription levels were correlated with increased andrographolide accumulation. The peak level of andrographolide accumulation was recorded at 25 µM JA (9.38-fold) followed by 50 µM JA (7.58-fold) in elicitation treatments. The in silico generated ApDXS 3D model revealed 98% expected amino acid residues in the favored and 2% in the allowed regions of the Ramachandran plot with 92% structural reliability. Further, prediction of conserved domains and essential amino acids [Arg (249, 252, 255), Asn (307) and Ser (247)] involved in ligand/inhibitor binding was carried out by in silico docking studies. Our present findings will generate genomic information and provide a blueprint for future studies of ApDXS and its role in diterpenoid biosynthesis in A. paniculata.

Transcriptomic analysis of seed germination improvement of Andrographis paniculata responding to air plasma treatment.

The plasma seed treatment is effective for promoting seed germination in many crops. However, the biological mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, mRNA sequencing was used to screen differentially expressed genes in the germination process of Andrographis paniculata seeds treated with air plasma (power density = 8.99 J/cm3). Following plasma treatment, the germination percentages were significantly higher than those of the control, they were 3.5±0.6% vs. 0 at 28 hours after sowing (HAS) and 50.3±2.6% vs. 37.3±1.7% at 48 HAS. After unigenes were assembled and annotated, 125 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected at 28 HAS, compared with nine DEGs at 48 HAS, but no DEGs were detected at 0 HAS, indicating that air plasma treatment mainly changed the gene expression of A. paniculata seeds at 28 HAS. The NCED5 expression level of the treated group was less than one-fifth of the control, and the expressions of three ethylene response factors were significantly higher than the control at 28 HAS, indicating that lower abscisic acid levels play an important role and ethylene signal transduction also participates in radicle protrusion. ACO, NRT1 and PRP3 expressions were significantly higher than in the control at 48 HAS, suggesting that higher ethylene levels cause the endosperm cap to weaken and start to grow root hairs and lateral roots earlier. These findings reveal that plasma promotes seed germination mainly by regulating the expression of hormone-related genes. And the possible signal transduction of related hormones was discussed.

Isolation, characterization and in silico analysis of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) gene from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f) Nees.

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzymeA reductase (HMGR), the first rate-limiting enzyme of Mevalonate (MVA) pathway was isolated from Andrographis paniculata (ApHMGR) and expressed in bacterial cells. Full length ApHMGR (1937 bp) was submitted to NCBI with accession number MG271748.1. The open reading frame (ORF) was flanked by a 31-bp 5'-UTR, 118-bp 3'-UTR and ApHMGR contained a 1787 bp ORF encoding protein of 595 amino acids. ApHMGR protein was approximately 64 kDa, with isoelectric point of 5.75. Isolated ApHMGR was cloned into pET102 vector and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE 3) cells, and characterized by SDS-PAGE. HPLC analysis for andrographolide content in leaf, stem and root of A. paniculata revealed highest in leaf tissue. The expression patterns of ApHMGR in different plant tissues using qRT-PCR revealed high in root tissue correlating with HPLC data. Three dimensional (3D) structural model of ApHMGR displayed 90% of the amino acids in most favored regions of the Ramachandran plot with 93% overall quality factor. ApHMGR was highly conserved with plant specific N-terminal membrane domains and C-terminal catalytic regions. Phylogenetic analysis showed A. paniculata sharing common ancestor with Handroanthus impetiginosus. 3D model of ApHMGR was screened for the interaction with substrates NADPH, HMG CoA and inhibitor using Auto Dock Vina. In silico analysis revealed that full length ApHMGR had extensive similarities to other plant HMGRs. The present communication reports the isolation of full length HMGR from A. paniculata, its heterologous expression in bacterial cells and in silico structural and functional characterization providing valuable genomic information for future molecular interventions.

The genome of the medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata provides insight into the biosynthesis of the bioactive diterpenoid neoandrographolide.

Andrographis paniculata is a herbaceous dicot plant widely used for its anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties across its distribution in China, India and other Southeast Asian countries. A. paniculata was used as a crucial therapeutic treatment during the influenza epidemic of 1919 in India, and is still used for the treatment of infectious disease in China. A. paniculata produces large quantities of the anti-inflammatory diterpenoid lactones andrographolide and neoandrographolide, and their analogs, which are touted to be the next generation of natural anti-inflammatory medicines for lung diseases, hepatitis, neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune disorders and inflammatory skin diseases. Here, we report a chromosome-scale A. paniculata genome sequence of 269 Mb that was assembled by Illumina short reads, PacBio long reads and high-confidence (Hi-C) data. Gene annotation predicted 25 428 protein-coding genes. In order to decipher the genetic underpinning of diterpenoid biosynthesis, transcriptome data from seedlings elicited with methyl jasmonate were also obtained, which enabled the identification of genes encoding diterpenoid synthases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases potentially involved in diterpenoid lactone biosynthesis. We further carried out functional characterization of pairs of class-I and -II diterpene synthases, revealing the ability to produce diversified labdane-related diterpene scaffolds. In addition, a glycosyltransferase able to catalyze O-linked glucosylation of andrograpanin, yielding the major active product neoandrographolide, was also identified. Thus, our results demonstrate the utility of the combined genomic and transcriptomic data set generated here for the investigation of the production of the bioactive diterpenoid lactone constituents of the important medicinal herb A. paniculata.

Molecular cloning and functional characterization of multiple geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthases (ApGGPPS) from Andrographis paniculata.

KEY MESSAGE: We found that ApGGPPS1, ApGGPPS2, and ApGGPPS3 can convert IPP and DMAPP to GGPP. ApGGPPS2 is probably involved in andrographolide biosynthesis. ApGGPPS3 may be responsible for the synthesis of the cytosolic GGPP. Andrographis paniculata is a traditional herb for the treatment of sore throat, flu, upper respiratory tract infections and other disorders. In A. paniculata, GGPP is not only the precursor of andrographolide and its primary bioactive compounds, but also the precursor of chlorophylls, carotenoids, gibberellins, and abscisic acid, which are the biomolecules of photosynthesis, growth regulation and other physiological and ecological processes. In this study, four cDNAs (named ApGGPPS1, ApGGPPS2, ApGGPPS3 and ApGGPPS4) encoding geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthases from A. paniculata were putatively isolated. Bioinformatic and phylogenetic analyses suggested that these ApGGPPS are highly similar to the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthases in other plants. Prokaryotic expression showed that ApGGPPS1, ApGGPPS2 and ApGGPPS3 could convert IPP and DMAPP to GGPP, although ApGGPPS4 lacks a similar function. The expression of ApGGPPS2 was similar as ApCPS2 under MeJA treatment, ApCPS2 involved in the biosynthesis pathway of andrographolide (Shen et al., Biotechnol Lett 38:131-137, 2016a), has been proven through Virus-induced Gene Siliencing (VIGS) (Shen et al., Acta Bot Boreal 36:17-22, 2016b), and the subcellular localization of ApGGPPS2 was shown to localize in the plastid, suggested that ApGGPPS2 could be the key synthase in the biosynthesis pathway of andrographolide. In addition, ApGGPPS3 was shown to localize in the cytoplasm, suggested that ApGGPPS3 may be responsible for the synthesis of cytosolic GGPP, which may participate in the synthesis of cytosolic oligoprenols as side chains to produce ubiquinone, dolichols or other isoprenoids, in the synthesis of polyisoprenoids, and in protein prenylation.

[SSR loci information analysis in transcriptome of Andrographis paniculata].

To study the SSR loci information and develop molecular markers, a total of 43 683 Unigenes in transcriptome of Andrographis paniculata were used to explore SSR. The distribution frequency of SSR and the basic characteristics of repeat motifs were analyzed using MicroSAtellite software, SSR primers were designed by Primer 3.0 software and then validated by PCR. Moreover, the gene function analysis of SSR Unigene was obtained by Blast. The results showed that 14 135 SSR loci were found in the transcriptome of A. paniculata, which distributed in 9 973 Unigenes with a distribution frequency of 32.36%. Di-nucleotide and Tri-nucleotide repeat were the main types, accounted for 75.54% of all SSRs. The repeat motifs of AT/AT and CCG/CGG were the predominant repeat types of Di-nucleotide and Tri-nucleotide, respectively. A total of 4 740 pairs of SSR primers with the potential to produce polymorphism were designed for maker development. Ten pairs of primers in 20 pairs of randomly picked primers produced fragments with expected molecular size. The gene function of Unigenes containing SSR were mostly related to the basic metabolism function of A. paniculata. The SSR markers in transcriptome of A. paniculata show rich type, strong specificity and high potential of polymorphism, which will benefit the candidate gene mining and marker-assisted breeding.

Anti-cancer labdane diterpenoids from adventitious roots of Andrographis paniculata: augmentation of production prospect endowed with pathway gene expression.

Andrographolide (AD) is the time-honoured pharmacologically active constituent of the traditionally renowned medicinal plant-Andrographis paniculata. Advancements in the target-oriented drug discovery process have further unravelled the immense therapeutic credibility of another unique molecule-neoandrographolide (NAD). The escalated market demand of these anti-cancer diterpenes is increasingly facing unrelenting hurdles of demand and supply disparity, attributable to their limited yield. Callus and adventitious root cultures were generated to explore their biosynthetic potentials which first time revealed NAD production along with AD. Optimization of the types and concentrations of auxins along with media form and cultivation time led to the successful tuning towards establishing adventitious roots as a superior production alternative for both AD/NAD. Supplementation of IBA to the NAA + Kn-containing MS medium boosted the overall growth and AD/NAD synthesis in the adventitious roots. Compared to control leaves, the adventitious root exhibited about 2.61- and 8.8-fold higher contents of AD and NAD, respectively. The qRT-PCR involving nine key pathway genes was studied, which revealed upregulation of GGPS1 and HMGR1/2 genes and downregulation of DXS1/2 and HDR1/2 genes in the adventitious root as compared to that in the control leaves. Such observations highlight that in vitro cultures can serve as efficient production alternatives for AD/NAD as the cytosolic genes (HMGR1/2 of MVA pathway) are competent enough to take over from the plastidial genes (DXS1/2 and HDR1/2 of MEP pathway), provided the accredited first branch-point regulatory gene (GGPS) expression and the culture requirements are optimally fulfilled.

[Cloning and functional identification of a new NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase in Andrographis paniculata].

Andrographolide is a main active ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine Andrographis paniculata，with a variety of pharmacological activity，widely used in clinical practice. However its biosynthetic pathway has not been resolved. Cytochrome P450 reductase provides electrons for CYP450 and plays an important role in the CYP450 catalytic process. In this study，the coding sequence of A. paniculata CPR was screened and cloned by homologous alignment，named ApCPR4. The ApCPR4 protein was obtained by prokaryotic expression. After isolation and purification，the enzyme activity was identified in vitro. The results showed that ApCPR4 could reduce the cytochrome c and ferricyanide in NADPH-dependent manner. In order to verify its in vivo function，ApCPR4 and CYP76AH1 were co-transformed into yeast engineering bacteria. The results showed that ApCPR4 could help CYP76AH1 catalyze the formation of rustols in yeast. Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that the expression of ApCPR4 increased gradually in leaves treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The expression pattern was consistent with the trend of induction and accumulation of andrographolide by MeJA，suggesting that ApCPR4 was associated with biosynthesis of andrographolide.

Morphological and chemical studies of artificial Andrographis paniculata polyploids.

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees (AP) is commonly used for the treatment of many infectious diseases and has been cultivated widely in Asian countries, and has been included in United States Pharmacopoeia as a dietary supplement, but the cultivars of A. paniculata are not abundant due to its self-pollinated. With the aims to enrich AP resources and provide materials for after breeding we explored the polyploidy induction. Different explants, colchicine concentration, and treatment time were tested. After identification by flow cytometry, eleven polyploid plants with different morphologic traits were obtained. The agronomic traits and andrographolide concentration of the polyploids were improved greatly. One of the polyploids (serial 3-7) was chosen for further study. The traits of the second and third generation polyploids (serial 3-7) were stable. Compared with the normal plants, the seeds (2nd generation) weight increased by 31%, and the andrographolide concentration of the leaves increased by 14% (2nd) and 28% (3rd). In conclusion, AP autopolyploids with different morphologic traits were established successfully for the first time, and the polyploids induction might be effective for crop improvement of AP.

[Cloning, subcellular localization, and heterologous expression of ApNAC1 gene from Andrographis paniculata].

Andrographis paniculata is widely used as medicinal herb in China for a long time and andrographolide is its main medicinal constituent. To investigate the underlying andrographolide biosynthesis mechanisms, RNA-seq for A. paniculata leaves with MeJA treatment was performed. In A. paniculata transcriptomic data, the expression pattern of one member of NAC transcription factor family (ApNAC1) matched with andrographolide accumulation. The coding sequence of ApNAC1 was cloned by RT-PCR, and GenBank accession number was KY196416. The analysis of bioinformatics showed that the gene encodes a peptide of 323 amino acids, with a predicted relative molecular weight of 35.9 kDa and isoelectric point of 6.14. To confirm the subcellular localization, ApNAC1-GFP was transiently expressed in A. paniculata protoplast. The results indicated that ApNAC1 is a nucleus-localized protein. The analysis of real-time quantitative PCR revealed that ApNAC1 gene predominantly expresses in leaves. Compared with control sample, its expression abundance sharply increased with methyl jasmonate treatment. Based on its expression pattern, ApNAC1 gene might involve in andrographolide biosynthesis. ApNAC1 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA agarose. Further study will help us to understand the function of ApNAC1 in andrographolide biosynthesis.

Molecular cloning and functional characterization of multiple NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases from Andrographis paniculata.

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees is widely used as medicinal herb in Southern and Southeastern Asia and andrographolide is its main medicinal constituent. Based on the structure of andrographolide, it has been proposed that cytochrome P450 enzymes play vital roles on its biosynthesis. NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is the most important redox partner of multiple P450s. In this study, three CPRs were identified in the genomic data of A. paniculata (namely ApCPR1, ApCPR2, and ApCPR3), and their coding regions were cloned. They varied from 62% to 70% identities to each other at the amino acid sequence level. ApCPR1 belongs to Class I of dicotyledonous CPR while both ApCPR2 and ApCPR3 are grouped to Class II. The recombinant enzymes ApCPR1 and ApCPR2 reduced cytochrome c and ferricyanide in an NADPH-dependent manner. In yeast, they supported the activity of CYP76AH1, a ferruginol-forming enzyme. However, ApCPR3 did not show any enzymatic activities either in vitro or in vivo. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that both ApCPR1 and ApCPR2 expressed in all tissues examined, but ApCPR2 showed higher expression in leaves. Expression of ApCPR2 was inducible by MeJA and its pattern matched with andrographolide accumulation. Present investigation suggested ApCPR2 involves in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites including andrographolide.

Functional characterization of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase from Andrographis paniculata with putative involvement in andrographolides biosynthesis.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP) synthase involved in the biosynthetic pathway of andrographolides in a medicinal plant, Andrographis paniculata. RESULTS: The ent-CPP synthase (ent-CPS) gene was cloned from A. paniculata and its encoded ApCPS was demonstrated to react with (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate to form ent-CPP through recombinant expression in Escherichia coli. Site-directed mutagenesis of the Asp to Ala in the conserved DXDD motif of ApCPS resulted in loss of function. One Arg is located in the conserved position close to DXDD motif indicating the involvement of ApCPS in specialized metabolism. In addition, RT-PCR analysis revealed that ApCPS was expressed in all tissues of A. paniculata at all growth stages, which is consistent with andrographolides accumulating in these organs. Methyl jasmonate induced ApCPS gene expression, matching inducible accumulation of andrographolides in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: ApCPS is the first ent-CPS characterized in A. paniculata and is suggested to be involved in biosynthesis of andrographolides that have high pharmaceutical values.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of the medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata.

The complete chloroplast genome of Andrographis paniculata, an important medicinal plant with great economic value, has been studied in this article. The genome size is 150,249 bp in length, with 38.3% GC content. A pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 25,300 bp) are separated by a large single copy region (LSC, 82,459 bp) and a small single-copy region (SSC, 17,190 bp). The chloroplast genome contains 114 unique genes, 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. In these genes, 15 genes contained 1 intron and 3 genes comprised of 2 introns.