ABSTRACT
Anethole is a terpenoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuronal blockade effects, and the present work was undertaken to study the neuroprotective activity of anethole against diabetes mellitus (DM)-induced neuropathy. Streptozotocin-induced DM rats were used to investigate the effects of anethole treatment on morphological, electrophysiological, and biochemical alterations of the sciatic nerve (SN). Anethole partially prevented the mechanical hyposensitivity caused by DM and fully prevented the DM-induced decrease in the cross-sectional area of the SN. In relation to electrophysiological properties of SN fibers, DM reduced the frequency of occurrence of the 3rd component of the compound action potential (CAP) by 15%. It also significantly reduced the conduction velocity of the 1st and 2nd CAP components from 104.6 ± 3.47 and 39.8 ± 1.02 to 89.9 ± 3.03 and 35.4 ± 1.56 m/s, respectively, and increased the duration of the 2nd CAP component from 0.66 ± 0.04 to 0.82 ± 0.09 ms. DM also increases oxidative stress in the SN, altering values related to thiol, TBARS, SOD, and CAT activities. Anethole was capable of fully preventing all these DM electrophysiological and biochemical alterations in the nerve. Thus, the magnitude of the DM-induced neural effects seen in this work, and the prevention afforded by anethole treatment, place this compound in a very favorable position as a potential therapeutic agent for treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Subject(s)
Allylbenzene Derivatives , Anisoles , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Oxidative Stress , Sciatic Nerve , Animals , Allylbenzene Derivatives/pharmacology , Sciatic Nerve/drug effects , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Rats , Anisoles/pharmacology , Anisoles/therapeutic use , Male , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Rats, Wistar , Diabetic Neuropathies/drug therapy , Diabetic Neuropathies/prevention & control , Diabetic Neuropathies/metabolism , Action Potentials/drug effects , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a disease with a high mortality and disability rate worldwide, and its incidence is increasing per year. Angiogenesis after IS improves blood supply to ischemic areas, accelerating neurological recovery. ß-asarone has been reported to exhibit a significant protective effect against hypoxia injury. The ability of ß-asarone to improve IS injury by inducing angiogenesis has not been distinctly clarified. The experimental rats were induced with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model cells were constructed using human microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1) cells. Cerebral infarction and pathological damage were first determined via triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Then, cell viability, apoptosis, and angiogenesis were assessed by utilizing cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, spheroid-based angiogenesis, and tube formation assays in OGD HMEC-1 cells. Besides, angiogenesis and other related proteins were identified with western blot. The study confirms that ß-asarone, like nimodipine, can ameliorate cerebral infarction and pathological damage. ß-asarone can also upregulate vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and induce phosphorylation of p38. Besides, the study proves that ß-asarone can protect against IS injury by increasing the expression of VEGFA. In vitro experiments affirmed that ß-asarone can induce viability and suppress apoptosis in OGD-mediated HMEC-1 cells and promote angiogenesis of OGD HMEC-1 cells by upregulating VEGFA. This establishes the potential for ß-asarone to be a latent drug for IS therapy.
Subject(s)
Allylbenzene Derivatives , Anisoles , Apoptosis , Cell Survival , Endothelial Cells , Ischemic Stroke , Up-Regulation , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A , Allylbenzene Derivatives/pharmacology , Anisoles/pharmacology , Anisoles/therapeutic use , Apoptosis/drug effects , Ischemic Stroke/drug therapy , Ischemic Stroke/pathology , Ischemic Stroke/metabolism , Humans , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics , Cell Survival/drug effects , Animals , Up-Regulation/drug effects , Rats , Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Endothelial Cells/pathology , Male , Cell Line , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects , AngiogenesisABSTRACT
AIMS: Patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) experience 50% recurrence despite pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), and no consensus is established for secondary treatments. The aim of our i-STRATIFICATION study is to provide evidence for stratifying patients with AF recurrence after PVI to optimal pharmacological and ablation therapies, through in silico trials. METHODS AND RESULTS: A cohort of 800 virtual patients, with variability in atrial anatomy, electrophysiology, and tissue structure (low-voltage areas, LVAs), was developed and validated against clinical data from ionic currents to electrocardiogram. Virtual patients presenting AF post-PVI underwent 12 secondary treatments. Sustained AF developed in 522 virtual patients after PVI. Second ablation procedures involving left atrial ablation alone showed 55% efficacy, only succeeding in the small right atria (<60â mL). When additional cavo-tricuspid isthmus ablation was considered, Marshall-PLAN sufficed (66% efficacy) for the small left atria (<90â mL). For the bigger left atria, a more aggressive ablation approach was required, such as anterior mitral line (75% efficacy) or posterior wall isolation plus mitral isthmus ablation (77% efficacy). Virtual patients with LVAs greatly benefited from LVA ablation in the left and right atria (100% efficacy). Conversely, in the absence of LVAs, synergistic ablation and pharmacotherapy could terminate AF. In the absence of ablation, the patient's ionic current substrate modulated the response to antiarrhythmic drugs, being the inward currents critical for optimal stratification to amiodarone or vernakalant. CONCLUSION: In silico trials identify optimal strategies for AF treatment based on virtual patient characteristics, evidencing the power of human modelling and simulation as a clinical assisting tool.
Subject(s)
Anti-Arrhythmia Agents , Atrial Fibrillation , Catheter Ablation , Pulmonary Veins , Recurrence , Atrial Fibrillation/surgery , Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis , Humans , Catheter Ablation/methods , Pulmonary Veins/surgery , Pulmonary Veins/physiopathology , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome , Models, Cardiovascular , Computer Simulation , Action Potentials , Risk Assessment , Heart Atria/physiopathology , Heart Atria/surgery , Male , Anisoles/therapeutic use , Patient Selection , Female , Patient-Specific Modeling , Middle Aged , Pyrrolidines/therapeutic use , Electrocardiography , Clinical Decision-MakingSubject(s)
Anisoles , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents , Atrial Fibrillation , Electric Countershock , Emergency Service, Hospital , Flecainide , Pyrrolidines , Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy , Humans , Flecainide/therapeutic use , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/adverse effects , Anisoles/therapeutic use , Pyrrolidines/therapeutic use , Pyrrolidines/adverse effects , Pyrrolidines/administration & dosage , Male , Female , Aged , Treatment Outcome , Middle AgedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most severe type of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and one of the most common chronic liver diseases, leading to the increased risk of liver failure, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Trans-anethole was reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activities. However, its role in NASH remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to explore the effect of Trans-anethole on NASH. METHODS: Eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed on a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 8 weeks to induce NASH in mice, and on the meanwhile, mice were also orally administrated with or without 100 mg/kg Trans-anethole daily to evaluate the effect of Trans-anethole on NASH. RESULTS: Trans-anethole dose-dependently ameliorated liver injury in MCD diet-fed mice, then the most effective dose of Trans-anethole 100 mg/kg was chosen. Trans-anethole significantly attenuated hepatic steatosis, inflammation and hepatic fibrosis in MCD diet-induced NASH mice. Moreover, Trans-anethole reduced hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION: Trans-anethole effectively ameliorated NASH in MCD diet-fed mice, which suggested that Trans-anethole might serve as a therapeutic strategy for NASH.
Subject(s)
Allylbenzene Derivatives , Anisoles , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease , Allylbenzene Derivatives/therapeutic use , Animals , Anisoles/therapeutic use , Choline , Diet/adverse effects , Liver/pathology , Liver Cirrhosis/drug therapy , Liver Cirrhosis/prevention & control , Methionine , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/drug therapy , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/etiology , Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolismABSTRACT
ß-Asarone is the main constituent of Acorus tatarinowii Schott and exhibits important effects in diseases such as neurodegenerative and neurovascular diseases. Icariin (ICA) is a major active ingredient of Epimedium that has attracted increasing attention because of its unique pharmacological effects in degenerative disease. In this paper, we primarily explored the effects of the combination of ß-asarone and ICA in clearing noxious proteins and reversing cognitive deficits. The accumulation of damaged mitochondria and mitophagy are hallmarks of aging and age-related neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we provide evidence that autophagy/mitophagy is impaired in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice and in Aß1-42-induced PC12 cell models. Enhanced mitophagic activity has been reported to promote Aß and tau clearance in in vitro and in vivo models. Meanwhile, there is growing evidence that treatment of AD should be preceded by intervention before the formation of pathological products. The efficacy of the combination therapy was better than that of the individual therapies applied separately. Then, we found that the combination therapy also inhibited cell and mitochondrial damage by inducing autophagy/mitophagy. These findings suggest that impaired removal of defective mitochondria is a pivotal event in AD pathogenesis, and that combination treatment with mitophagy inducers represents a potential strategy for therapeutic intervention.
Subject(s)
Allylbenzene Derivatives/pharmacology , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Anisoles/pharmacology , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Mitophagy/drug effects , Allylbenzene Derivatives/therapeutic use , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease/pathology , Amyloid beta-Peptides/antagonists & inhibitors , Amyloid beta-Peptides/pharmacology , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics , Animals , Anisoles/therapeutic use , Autophagy/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Flavonoids/therapeutic use , Hippocampus/cytology , Hippocampus/metabolism , Maze Learning/drug effects , Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , PC12 Cells , Peptide Fragments/pharmacology , RatsABSTRACT
In the present study, we compared the antiepileptic effects of α-asarone derivatives to explore their structure-activity relationships using the PTZ-induced seizure model. Our research revealed that electron-donating methoxy groups in the 3,4,5-position on phenyl ring increased antiepileptic potency but the placement of other groups at different positions decreased activity. Besides, in allyl moiety, the optimal activity was reached with either an allyl or a 1-butenyl group in conjugation with the benzene ring. The compounds 5 and 19 exerted better neuroprotective effects against epilepsy in vitro (cell) and in vivo (mouse) models. This study provides valuable data for further exploration and application of these compounds as potential anti-seizure medicines.
Subject(s)
Allylbenzene Derivatives/chemistry , Allylbenzene Derivatives/therapeutic use , Anisoles/chemistry , Anisoles/therapeutic use , Anticonvulsants/chemistry , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Epilepsy/drug therapy , Allylbenzene Derivatives/chemical synthesis , Animals , Anisoles/chemical synthesis , Anticonvulsants/chemical synthesis , Cells, Cultured , Disease Models, Animal , Male , Mice , Neuroprotective Agents/chemical synthesis , Neuroprotective Agents/chemistry , Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
PURPOSE: We sought to indirectly compare and rank antiarrhythmic agents focusing exclusively on adults with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in order to identify the most effective for pharmacologic cardioversion over different time settings (4 h as primary, and 12, 24 h as secondary outcomes). METHODS: We searched several databases from inception to March 2020 without language restrictions, ClinicalTrials.gov, references of reviews, and meeting abstract material. We included randomized controlled trials of patients with AF lasting ≤7 days comparing either two or more intravenous (i.v.) or oral (p.o.) pharmacologic cardioversion agents or an agent against placebo. For each outcome, we performed network meta-analysis based on the frequentist approach. RESULTS: Forty-one trials (6013 patients) were included in our systematic review. Moderate confidence evidence suggests that i.v. vernakalant and flecainide have the highest conversion rate within 4 h, possibly allowing discharge from the emergency department and reducing hospital admissions. Intravenous and p.o. formulations of class IC antiarrhythmics (flecainide more so than propafenone) are superior regarding conversion rates within 12 h, while amiodarone efficacy is exhibited in a delayed fashion (within 24 h), especially if ranolazine is added. CONCLUSION: Our network meta-analysis identified with sufficient power and consistency the most effective antiarrhythmics for pharmacologic cardioversion over different time settings, with vernakalant and flecainide exhibiting a safer and more efficacious profile toward faster cardioversion.
Subject(s)
Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/therapeutic use , Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy , Anisoles/therapeutic use , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/adverse effects , Flecainide/therapeutic use , Humans , Pyrrolidines/therapeutic use , Randomized Controlled Trials as TopicABSTRACT
AIMS: Rapid restoration of sinus rhythm using pharmacological cardioversion is commonly indicated in patients with symptomatic recent-onset atrial fibrillation (AF). The objectives of this large, international, multicenter observational study were to determine the safety and effectiveness of intravenous (IV) vernakalant for conversion of AF to sinus rhythm in daily practice. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consenting patients with symptomatic recent-onset AF (< 7 days) treated with IV vernakalant were enrolled and followed up to 24 h after the last infusion or until discharge, in order to determine the incidence of predefined serious adverse events (SAEs) and other observed SAEs and evaluate the conversion rate within the first 90 min. Overall, 2009 treatment episodes in 1778 patients were analyzed. The age of patients was 62.3 ± 13.0 years (mean ± standard deviation). Median AF duration before treatment was 11.1 h (IQR 5.4-27.0 h). A total of 28 SAEs occurred in 26 patients including 19 predefined SAEs, i.e., sinus arrest (n = 4, 0.2%), significant bradycardia (n = 11, 0.5%), significant hypotension (n = 2, 0.1%), and atrial flutter with 1:1 conduction (n = 2, 0.1%). There were no cases of sustained ventricular arrhythmias or deaths. All patients who experienced SAEs recovered fully (n = 25) or with sequelae (n = 1). Conversion rate to sinus rhythm was 70.2%, within a median of 12 min (IQR 8.0-28.0 min). CONCLUSIONS: This large multicenter, international observational study confirms the good safety profile and the high effectiveness of vernakalant for the rapid cardioversion of recent-onset AF in daily hospital practice.
Subject(s)
Anisoles/therapeutic use , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/therapeutic use , Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy , Pyrrolidines/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anisoles/administration & dosage , Anisoles/adverse effects , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Infusions, Intravenous , Male , Middle Aged , Pyrrolidines/administration & dosage , Pyrrolidines/adverse effects , Time Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
Acute kidney injury (AKI) to chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression has become a life-threatening disease. However, an effective therapeuticstrategyis still needed. The pathophysiology of AKI-to-CKD progression involves chronic inflammation and renal fibrosis driven by macrophage activation, which is physiologically dependent on colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) signaling. In this study, we modulated macrophage infiltration through oral administration of the CSF-1R inhibitor GW2580 in an ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced AKI model to evaluate its therapeutic effects on preventing the progression of AKI to CKD. We found that GW2580 induced a significant reduction in the number of macrophages in I/R-injured kidneys and attenuated I/R-induced renal injury and subsequent interstitial fibrosis. By flow cytometry, we observed that the reduced macrophages were primarily Ly6C+ inflammatory macrophages in the GW2580-treated kidneys, while there was no significant difference in the number and percentage of Ly6C-CX3CR1+ macrophages. We further found that these reduced macrophages also demonstrated some characteristics of M2-like macrophages, which have been generally regarded as profibrotic subtypes in chronic inflammation. These results indicate the existence of phenotypic and functional crossover between Ly6C+ and M2-like macrophages in I/R kidneys, which induces AKI worsening to CKD. In conclusion, therapeutic GW2580 treatment alleviates acute renal injury and subsequent fibrosis by reducing Ly6C+ M2-like macrophage infiltration in ischemia-induced AKI.
Subject(s)
Acute Kidney Injury/drug therapy , Anisoles/pharmacology , Antigens, Ly/immunology , Macrophages/immunology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/antagonists & inhibitors , Reperfusion Injury/complications , Acute Kidney Injury/etiology , Acute Kidney Injury/immunology , Acute Kidney Injury/pathology , Animals , Anisoles/therapeutic use , Antigens, Ly/drug effects , Antigens, Ly/metabolism , CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/drug effects , CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/immunology , CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Fibrosis/drug therapy , Fibrosis/etiology , Fibrosis/immunology , Kidney Tubules/drug effects , Macrophage Activation/drug effects , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/metabolism , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Pyrimidines/therapeutic use , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/etiology , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/immunologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Estragole is an aromatic organic compound belonging to the class of phenylpropanoids derived from cinnamic aldehydes and present in essential oils of plant species, such asRavensara anisata (madeira), Ocimum basilicum (manjericão/alfavaca) and Croton zehntneri (canelinha). Pharmacological studies report its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and vasorelaxant activity. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the acute non-clinical toxicity, gastroprotective activity and the related mechanisms of action. METHODS: Acute toxicity was assessed according to OECD guide 423 in mice. Ethanol, stress, piroxicam and pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer models were used to investigate antiulcer properties. The related mechanisms of action were using the ethanol-gastric lesions protocol. RESULTS: In the acute oral toxicity assay, doses of 300 or 2000 mg/kg of estragole administered orally in Swiss mice did not induce any behavioral changes. However, the dose of 2000 mg/kg showed a decrease in water and feed intake. Lethal dose 50 % (LD50) was set to be equal to or greater than 2500 mg/kg, according to OECD. In all evaluated protocols, estragole (31.25, 62.5, 125 and 250 mg/kg) significantly reduced the area of ââulcerative lesion when compared to control groups. To investigate the mechanisms involved in the gastroprotective activity, the antisecretory or neutralizing of gastric secretion, cytoprotectant, antioxidant and immunoregulatory effects were evaluated. Results showed that treatment with estragole (250 mg/kg) reduced (p < 0.05) the volume of the gastric juice. Besides, sulfhydryl groups, nitric oxide, mucus and prostaglandins seems to be involved in the gastroprotective property. Treatment also increased (p < 0.001) levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and positive cells marked for glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). It also reduced (p < 0.001) malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (p < 0.05) levels. CONCLUSION: Thus, it is possible to infer that estragole presents gastroprotective activity related to antisecretory, cytoprotective, antioxidant and immunomodulatory mechanisms.
Subject(s)
Anisoles/therapeutic use , Anti-Ulcer Agents/therapeutic use , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use , Stomach Ulcer/drug therapy , Allylbenzene Derivatives , Animals , Anisoles/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal , Anti-Ulcer Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Cytokines/immunology , Cytoprotection , Ethanol , Gastric Mucosa/cytology , Immunologic Factors/pharmacology , Male , Mice , Piroxicam , Rats, Wistar , Stomach/drug effects , Stomach/pathology , Stomach Ulcer/etiology , Stomach Ulcer/immunology , Stomach Ulcer/pathology , Stress, PsychologicalABSTRACT
Vernakalant is an intravenous anti-arrhythmic drug available in Europe, Canada and some countries in Asia for the restoration of sinus rhythm in acute onset atrial fibrillation. Currently, it is not available in USA because the US FDA have ongoing concerns about its safety. Vernakalant has a unique pharmacological profile of multi-ion channel activity and atrial-specificity that distinguishes it from other anti-arrhythmic drugs. This is thought to enhance efficacy but there are concerns of adverse events stemming from its diverse pharmacology. This ambiguity has prompted a review of the available clinical evidence on efficacy and safety to help re-evaluate its place in clinical practice.
Subject(s)
Anti-Arrhythmia Agents , Atrial Fibrillation , Anisoles/therapeutic use , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/therapeutic use , Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy , Humans , Pyrrolidines/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Beta-asarone (ß-Asarone), the major component of Acorus tatarinowii Rhizoma, has been proved to be muti-pharmacological activities including anti-inflammation, and which is effective in protecting the central nervous system. However, the effect of ß-Asarone on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is not yet clear. This study used a rat model with 45 min occlusion and 24 h releasing of proximal segment of left anterior descending coronary artery. The effects of ß-Asarone on cardiac histopathology, myocardial infarction size, levels of cardiac troponin T (cTNT), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), protein expressions of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1 and Gasdermin D (GSDMSD), and left ventricular performance were studied respectively. Our results showed that administration of ß-Asarone significantly improved the heart outcome after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in terms of less infarction size and lower serum cTNT concentration. Further, ß-Asarone treatment evidently inhibited inflammatory response with less granulocyte infiltration, mild tissue edema and lower tissue MPO content, it also suppressed NLRP3 signal pathway and cardiac cell's pyroptosis for less protein expressions of ASC and NLRP3, lower level cleavage activation of caspase-1 and GSDMSD, and lower serum IL-1ß concentration. Finally, ß-Asarone treatment well preserved the left ventricular performance with higher ejection fraction and fractional shortening. The experimental results suggested that ß-Asarone was protective against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, in which inhibition of inflammatory response and suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome mediated pyroptosis were supposed to play a vital role.
Subject(s)
Anisoles/therapeutic use , Inflammation Mediators/antagonists & inhibitors , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyroptosis/drug effects , Allylbenzene Derivatives , Animals , Anisoles/pharmacology , Fibrinolytic Agents/pharmacology , Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use , Inflammasomes/antagonists & inhibitors , Inflammasomes/metabolism , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Male , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/metabolism , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/pathology , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism , Pyroptosis/physiology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
No adequate treatment is available for painful urinary bladder disorders such as interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, and the identification of new urological therapeutic targets is an unmet need. The sigma-1 receptor (σ1-R) modulates somatic pain, but its role in painful urological disorders is unexplored. The urothelium expresses many receptors typical of primary sensory neurons (e.g. TRPV1, TRPA1 and P2X3) and high levels of σ1-R have been found in these neurons; we therefore hypothesized that σ1-R may also be expressed in the urothelium and may have functional relevance in this tissue. With western blotting and immunohistochemical methods, we detected σ1-R in the urinary bladder in wild-type (WT) but not in σ1-R-knockout (σ1-KO) mice. Interestingly, σ1-R was located in the bladder urothelium not only in mouse, but also in human bladder sections. The severity of histopathological (edema, hemorrhage and urothelial desquamation) and biochemical alterations (enhanced myeloperoxidase activity and phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinases 1/2 [pERK1/2]) that characterize cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis was lower in σ1-KO than in WT mice. Moreover, cyclophosphamide-induced pain behaviors and referred mechanical hyperalgesia were dose-dependently reduced by σ1-R antagonists (BD-1063, NE-100 and S1RA) in WT but not in σ1-KO mice. In contrast, the analgesic effect of morphine was greater in σ1-KO than in WT mice. Together these findings suggest that σ1-R plays a functional role in the mechanisms underlying cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis, and modulates morphine analgesia against urological pain. Therefore, σ1-R may represent a new drug target for urinary bladder disorders.
Subject(s)
Cystitis/drug therapy , Hyperalgesia/drug therapy , Pain/drug therapy , Receptors, sigma/antagonists & inhibitors , Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use , Animals , Anisoles/pharmacology , Anisoles/therapeutic use , Cyclophosphamide , Cystitis/chemically induced , Female , Humans , Mice, Knockout , Morphine/therapeutic use , Morpholines/pharmacology , Morpholines/therapeutic use , Pain/chemically induced , Piperazines/pharmacology , Piperazines/therapeutic use , Propylamines/pharmacology , Propylamines/therapeutic use , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/therapeutic use , Receptors, sigma/genetics , Urinary Bladder/metabolism , Urinary Bladder/pathology , Sigma-1 ReceptorABSTRACT
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease that affects more than 12 million people, with a limited therapy. Plant-derived natural products represent a useful source of anti-protozoan prototypes. In this work, four derivatives were prepared from neolignans isolated from the Brazilian plant Nectandra leucantha, and their effects against intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania (L.) infantum evaluated in vitro. IC50 values between 6 and 35 µM were observed and in silico predictions suggested good oral bioavailability, no PAINS similarities, and ADMET risks typical of lipophilic compounds. The most selective (SI > 32) compound was chosen for lethal action and immunomodulatory studies. This compound caused a transient depolarization of the plasma membrane potential and induced an imbalance of intracellular Ca2+, possibly resulting in a mitochondrial impairment and leading to a strong depolarization of the membrane potential and decrease of ATP levels. The derivative also interfered with the cell cycle of Leishmania, inducing a programmed cell death-like mechanism and affecting DNA replication. Further immunomodulatory studies demonstrated that the compound eliminates amastigotes via an independent activation of the host cell, with decrease levels of IL-10, TNF and MCP-1. Additionally, this derivative caused no hemolytic effects in murine erythrocytes and could be considered promising for future lead studies.
Subject(s)
Anisoles/pharmacology , Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology , Leishmania infantum/drug effects , Leishmaniasis/drug therapy , Neglected Diseases/drug therapy , Animals , Anisoles/chemistry , Anisoles/isolation & purification , Anisoles/therapeutic use , Antiprotozoal Agents/chemistry , Antiprotozoal Agents/isolation & purification , Antiprotozoal Agents/therapeutic use , Brazil , Cell Division/drug effects , Cell Line , DNA Replication/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Energy Metabolism/drug effects , Erythrocytes/drug effects , Female , Hemolysis/drug effects , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Lauraceae/chemistry , Leishmania infantum/cytology , Leishmania infantum/genetics , Leishmania infantum/metabolism , Leishmaniasis/parasitology , Male , Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects , Mesocricetus , Mice , Neglected Diseases/parasitology , Primary Cell Culture , Reactive Oxygen Species , Toxicity TestsABSTRACT
Molecules from natural sources, such as essential oils, have shown activity against parasites in vitro, but have not yet been explored extensively in vivo. Anethole and carvone (10% each), encapsulated with 80% of a solid matrix, referred to as EO (encapsulated oils), were tested in vivo in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1: Lambs were artificially infected with multidrug resistant Haemonchus contortus, or left uninfected, and treated (or not) with 50â¯mg/kg bw (body weight) of EO in a controlled environment. Thirty-two male lambs were kept in individual cages for a period of 45 days, after which animals were evaluated for parasitological, hematological, toxicological, and nutritional parameters. After 45 days of treatment, EO at 50â¯mg/kg bw provided a significant (Pâ¯≤â¯0.05) reduction in fecal egg count (FEC). Although FEC was reduced, animals from both treatments had similar counts of total adult worms. The low FEC was caused probably by a significant reduction (Pâ¯≤â¯0.05) in both male worm size and female fecundity. Dry matter intake of uninfected controls was significantly (Pâ¯≤â¯0.05) reduced, although no toxicity was observed in treated animals. Thus, in Experiment 2, conducted for five months we used an EO dose of 20â¯mg/kg bw. Thirty-four weaned lambs, free of parasites, were divided in two groups and kept in collective pens. One group received EO at 20â¯mg/kg bw mixed with concentrate for 5 months and the other was kept as a control group (CTL). Parasitological and hematological parameters as well as body weight were evaluated. In the first 2.5 months, CTL and EO groups were confined, and both presented similar clinical parameters. Then, animals were allotted to graze on contaminated pastures to acquire natural infection for the next 2.5 months. The infection was patent after 25 days and both groups had similar decreases in weight gain, increases in FEC, and decreases in blood parameters. Coprocultures from CTL and EO groups established that parasite population was 90% Haemonchus sp. We concluded that the technology of encapsulation is safe and practical to deliver to lambs at the farm level and anethole and carvone at 50â¯mg/kg bw caused a significant decrease in FEC and, consequently, in pasture contamination by free living stages of H. contortus. However, EO at 20â¯mg/kg bw was not effective to prevent or treat sheep naturally-infected with gastrointestinal nematodes.
Subject(s)
Anisoles/therapeutic use , Haemonchiasis/veterinary , Monoterpenes/therapeutic use , Sheep Diseases/drug therapy , Sheep Diseases/parasitology , Abomasum/parasitology , Allylbenzene Derivatives , Animals , Anisoles/administration & dosage , Anisoles/chemistry , Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood , Capsules , Creatinine/blood , Cyclohexane Monoterpenes , Drug Resistance, Multiple , Drug Synergism , Eating , Erythrocyte Count/veterinary , Feces/parasitology , Female , Fertility , Haemonchiasis/drug therapy , Haemonchiasis/parasitology , Haemonchus/drug effects , Haemonchus/growth & development , Haemonchus/physiology , Male , Monoterpenes/administration & dosage , Monoterpenes/chemistry , Parasite Egg Count/veterinary , Random Allocation , Sheep , Urea/blood , Weight Gain , gamma-Glutamyltransferase/bloodSubject(s)
Anisoles/therapeutic use , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/therapeutic use , Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Pyrrolidines/therapeutic use , Aged , Anisoles/administration & dosage , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/administration & dosage , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Female , Humans , Infusions, Intravenous , Male , Middle Aged , Point-of-Care Testing , Pyrrolidines/administration & dosage , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Safety , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia, and there is a one in four lifetime risk of developing the condition for people who are over the age of 40. Vernakalant, a new addition to intravenous antiarrhythmic drugs for cardioversion of AF, is the first atrial-specific antiarrhythmic drug for pharmacological cardioversion of recent onset AF and is more effective than placebo and amiodarone. The drug offers patients an alternative to other pharmacological agents for chemical cardioversion and avoids the risks associated with electrical cardioversion. Its main advantage is rapid conversion of AF, which potentially reduces atrial remodelling and it can be used in patients with little or no underlying cardiovascular disease and in those with moderate disease such as stable coronary and hypertensive heart disease. Post-marketing and clinical trials suggest a favourable rate of conversion to sinus rhythm. Jersey General Hospital was the first in the UK to obtain and introduce the drug in practice. This article describes the evidence and guidelines for its use and the local implementation process.
Subject(s)
Anisoles/therapeutic use , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/therapeutic use , Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy , Pyrrolidines/therapeutic use , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , United KingdomABSTRACT
Alpha-asarone is one of the bioactive phytochemicals present in the rhizomes of Acorus species and demonstrated its anticonvulsant activity in rodents. Alpha-asarone protected mice from the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor antagonist or N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist-induced seizures. In our recent study, α-asarone attenuated the nicotine withdrawal-induced depression-like behavior in mice. The seizures induced by nicotine is mediated through the activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and stimulation of NMDA receptors. Therefore, we hypothesized that α-asarone might be effective against nicotine-induced seizures. Also, the interaction of α-asarone with nAChRs is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of α-asarone on the locomotor activity and body temperature in mice. In addition, we studied the effect of α-asarone on nicotine-induced seizures in mice. Finally, we assessed in vivo pharmacodynamic interaction of α-asarone with nAChRs using nicotine-induced hypomotility and hypothermia tests in mice. The results of this study showed that the α-asarone (50-200 mg/kg, i.p.) and diazepam (5 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment significantly decreased the locomotor activity and body temperature in mice. Furthermore, α-asarone (50-200 mg/kg, i.p.) and diazepam (5 mg/kg, i.p.) pretreatment significantly prolonged the onset time of nicotine-induced seizures in mice. However, α-asarone (30 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) pretreatment did not inhibit the nicotine-induced hypomotility or hypothermia in mice. Conversely, mecamylamine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) pretreatment completely blocked the nicotine-induced seizures and significantly prevents the nicotine-induced hypomotility and hypothermia in mice. Overall, these results suggest that the protective effect of α-asarone against nicotine-induced seizures did not mediate through the antagonism of nAChRs. We also postulated that the GABAergic and glutamatergic activities of α-asarone could be involved in its protective effect against nicotine-induced seizures and based on this aspect further studies are required.
Subject(s)
Anisoles/therapeutic use , Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use , Nicotine/toxicity , Receptors, Nicotinic/physiology , Seizures/chemically induced , Seizures/prevention & control , Allylbenzene Derivatives , Animals , Anisoles/pharmacology , Anticonvulsants/pharmacology , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Locomotion/drug effects , Locomotion/physiology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred ICR , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Nicotinic Antagonists/pharmacology , Nicotinic Antagonists/therapeutic use , Seizures/metabolismABSTRACT
Neuropathic pain is an intractable disease with few definitive therapeutic options. Anethole (AN) has been confirmed to possess potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, but its effect on neuropathic pain has not been reported. The present study was designed to investigate the antinociceptive effect of AN on chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain in mice. AN (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) and pregabalin (40 mg/kg) were intragastric administered for 8 consecutive days from the 7th day post-surgery. Behavioral parameters were measured on different days, namely, 0, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 14, from CCI operation. Additionally, electrophysiological and histopathological changes were analyzed on the 14th day. Afterward, immunofluorescence and Western blot were utilized to examine the activation of glial cells and the expression of inflammatory cytokines, respectively. AN treatment of CCI mice considerably alleviated hyperalgesia and allodynia, ameliorated abnormal sciatic nerve conduction, and restored injured sciatic nerves in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, AN suppressed the activation of glial cells, down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-6, and IL-1ß), and up-regulated the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). These assays first indicated that AN exerted an antinociceptive effect on CCI-induced neuropathic pain, and might be attributed to the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities of AN.