Causes of death among Federal Black Lung Benefits Program beneficiaries enrolled in Medicare, 1999-2016.

BACKGROUND: Coal miners with totally disabling pneumoconiosis are eligible for benefits through the Federal Black Lung Benefits Program (FBLP). We identify the causes of death among Medicare beneficiaries with a claim for which the FBLP was the primary payer and compare these causes of death to all deceased Medicare beneficiaries to better understand elevated death and disease among miners with occupational respiratory exposures. METHODS: From 1999 to 2016 Medicare data, we extracted beneficiary and National Death Index data for 28,003 beneficiaries with an FBLP primary payer claim. We summarized the International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification 10th revision-coded underlying causes of death and entity-axis multiple causes of death for 22,242 deceased Medicare beneficiaries with an FBLP primary payer Medicare claim and compared their causes of death to the deceased Medicare beneficiary population. RESULTS: Among deceased FBLP beneficiaries, the three leading underlying causes of death were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, unspecified (J44.9, 10.1%), atherosclerotic heart disease (I25.1, 9.3%), and coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) (J60, 9.2%). All diseases of the respiratory system combined (J00-J99) were the underlying cause of death for 29.1% of all beneficiaries, with pneumoconioses (J60-J64) as the underlying cause for 11.0% of all beneficiaries. CONCLUSIONS: Coal miners enrolled in Medicare with an FBLP primary payer claim were more likely to have specific respiratory and cardiovascular diseases listed as a cause of death than deceased Medicare beneficiaries overall, and were also more likely to die from CWP or any pneumoconioses.

Comparison of lung cancer risk in black-coal miners based on mortality and incidence.

BACKGROUND: Cancer risk (especially as regards lung cancer) in black-coal miners is mainly analyzed on the basis of mortality. The risk calculated based on mortality may differ from the values based on incidence. The aim of the study was to compare cancer risk in black-coal miners with and without coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), based on data on mortality and the incidence of lung cancer in the Czech Republic in 1992-2013. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The cohort without CWP was composed of 6687 miners, and the cohort with CWP of 3476 miners. Information on the incidence of lung cancer was obtained from the Czech National Oncological Register (NOR), and information on mortality from the National Population Register. The risk of lung cancer incidence was compared with the general male population in the Czech Republic using the standardized incidence ratio (SIR), and the risk of lung cancer mortality using the standardized mortality ratio (SMR), with the 95% CI. RESULTS: In miners with CWP, a lower SMR value was found, SMR = 1.70 (95% CI: 1.41-2.04), compared with the SIR value, SIR = 2.01 (95% CI: 1.70-2.36). In miners without CWP, this was opposite, the value of SIR = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.69-0.94) was lower than the value of SMR = 0.83 (95% CI: 0.70-0.98). In miners without CWP, 17 cases of lung cancer (out of 176 cases in total) were not registered in NOR. In miners with CWP, the share of not registered cases was significantly lower (p = 0.018), and it was represented by 3% of not registered lung cancer cases, out of 156 cases with the diagnosis of lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the difference between SIR and SMR, the results of both indicators were consistent with the resulting relationship between the lung cancer risk and CWP. Med Pr. 2020;71(5):513-8.

Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis-Attributable Years of Potential Life Lost to Life Expectancy and Potential Life Lost Before Age 65 Years - United States, 1999-2016.

Coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) is a preventable occupational lung disease caused by inhaling coal mine dust that can lead to premature* death (1,2). To assess trends in premature mortality attributed to CWP (3), CDC analyzed underlying† causes of death data from 1999 to 2016, the most recent years for which complete data are available. Years of potential life lost to life expectancy (YPLL) and years of potential life lost before age 65 years (YPLL65)§ were calculated (4). During 1999-2016, a total of 38,358 YPLL (mean per decedent = 8.8 years) and 2,707 YPLL65 (mean per decedent = 7.3 years) were attributed to CWP. The CWP-attributable YPLL decreased from 3,300 in 1999 to 1,813 in 2007 (p<0.05). No significant change in YPLL occurred after 2007. During 1996-2016, however, the mean YPLL per decedent significantly increased from 8.1 to 12.6 per decedent (p<0.001). Overall, CWP-attributable YPLL65 did not change. The mean YPLL65 per decedent decreased from 6.5 in 1999 to 4.3 in 2002 (p<0.05), sharply increased to 8.9 in 2005, and then gradually decreased to 6.5 in 2016 (p<0.001). Increases in YPLL per decedent during 1999-2016 indicate that over time decedents aged ≥25 years with CWP lost more years of life relative to their life expectancies, suggesting increased CWP severity and rapid disease progression. This finding underscores the need for strengthening proven prevention measures to prevent premature CWP-associated mortality.

Survival Analysis of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis (CWP) Patients in a State-Owned Mine in the East of China from 1963 to 2014.

To investigate the mortality probability, life expectancy of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), and related factors of life expectancy, a total of 495 patients with CWP were diagnosed and reported from 1963 to 2014 in a state-owned mine in the east of China. The life table method, log rank method, and Cox regression model were used for survival analysis. 95 out of 495 CWP died during this period. The mortality rate was 19.19%. The average life span was 12.1 (0.0-33.2) years and average death age was 57.4 (33.0-83.0) years. The life table indicated that overall mortality probability increased with the age of CWP patients. Life expectancy of CWP patients was prolonged to 4.3, 1.4, 1.2, and 1.4 years without death caused by pneumoconiosis, tuberculosis, lung cancer, and pulmonary heart disease respectively. The survival curve of CWP patients without pulmonary tuberculosis was higher (average 37.9 years) than patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (average 34.1 years). There was significant difference observed (χ² = 6.196, p < 0.05). Three risk factors that include initial dust exposure year, age of onset, and first diagnostic stage were put into the Cox regression model for evaluation. The data indicated that prevention and treatment of CWP complication is important to improve patients' survival rates.

Mortality in Miners with Coal-Workers' Pneumoconiosis in the Czech Republic in the Period 1992-2013.

While working underground, miners are exposed to a number of risk factors that have a negative impact on their health and may be a cause of an increased mortality in miners. The aim of the study was to compare total and specific mortality in black coal miners with acknowledged coal-workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) and without CWP, and the mortality of the general male population in the Czech Republic in the period 1992-2013. The sample consisted of 3476 coal miners with CWP and 6687 ex-coal miners without CWP, who were removed after achieving the maximum permissible exposure (MPE). The mortality risk differences were analyzed with the use of the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and 95% confidence interval. Significantly higher total mortality (SMR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.02-1.17), and mortality from malignant neoplasm (SMR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.03-1.30), lung cancers (SMR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.41-2.04), and non-malignant respiratory diseases (SMR = 2.78; 95% CI: 2.32-3.31) were found in the sample of coal miners with CWP. In this sample, the severity of CWP was assessed, and the SMR increased with the severity of CWP. The total (SMR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.82-0.91) and specific mortality of miners without CWP were not higher compared with the general population. In the case where the miners were removed from underground work after achieving the MPE (without CWP), their mortality was not higher than that of the general population, but the mortality of miners with CWP was higher compared to the general population. This mortality was affected by malignant and non-malignant respiratory diseases.

An approach to adjust standardized mortality ratios for competing cause of death in cohort studies.

PURPOSE: The calculation of standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) is a standard tool for the estimation of health risks in occupational epidemiology. An increasing number of studies deal with the analysis of the mortality in employees suffering from an occupational disease like silicosis or coal-worker pneumoconiosis (CWP). Their focus lies not on the mortality risk due to the occupational disease itself, but on other diseases such as lung cancer or heart diseases. Using population-based reference rates in these studies can cause misleading results because mortality rates of the general population do not reflect the elevated mortality due to the occupational disease investigated. Hence, the purpose of the present paper is to develop an approach to adjust the risk estimates for other causes of death with respect to the effect of an occupational disease as a competing cause of death in occupational mortality cohort studies. METHODS: To overcome the problems associated with SMRs, the paper makes use of proportional mortality ratios (PMR), which are a further approach for the estimation of health risks in occupational epidemiology. The cause-specific SMR can be rewritten as a product of PMR times the overall SMR. The PMR can be adjusted by ignoring the competing cause of death. Hence, an adjusted cause-specific SMR can be derived by multiplying this adjusted PMR with the overall SMR. This approach is applied to studies concerning lung cancer risk in coal miners suffering from CWP. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The usual approach for calculating SMRs leads to an underestimation of the real lung cancer risk in subgroups of miners suffering from CWP. The same effect can be observed in workers exposed to respirable silica already suffering from silicosis. The presented approach results in more realistic risk estimation in mortality cohort studies of employees suffering from an occupational disease. It is easily calculable on the basis of usually published values of observed cases and the corresponding cause-specific SMR.

Patterns of pneumoconiosis mortality in Kentucky: Analysis of death certificate data.

BACKGROUND: Mortality rates associated with total pneumoconiosis, including coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP), have remained elevated. METHODS: 2003-2013 pneumoconiosis mortality data obtained from National Center for Health Statistics and 2011-2013 Kentucky death certificates were analyzed. RESULTS: Total pneumoconiosis mortality rates showed significant linear decreases in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and the U.S. from 2003 to 2013; Pennsylvania and Kentucky had comparable rates in 2003 but while Pennsylvania rates significantly decreased ∼3.0 deaths/million annually, Kentucky rates decreased only 0.5/million annually. Kentucky and Pennsylvania CWP fatality rates were also comparable in 2003 but while Pennsylvania rates decreased 82% over the study period, Kentucky rates decreased only 26%. Kentucky pneumoconiosis deaths primarily occurred in white Appalachian males in-hospital. Diseases leading to pneumoconiosis death were largely respiratory and cardiovascular, with autopsies rarely performed. CONCLUSIONS: Coal worker environmental exposure protection should be enhanced and pneumoconiosis surveillance improvements, including enhanced management of comorbid conditions like COPD, should be considered.

[Case fatality rate in patients with pneumoconiosis in China: a meta-analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the fatality rate of pneumoconiosis as well as the contributory factors in China in order to provide a foundation for prolonging the patients' lives. METHODS: China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang Databases were searched to collect observational studies published between Jan, 2000 and Oct, 2013 on pneumoconiosis case fatality rate. Articles meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed systematically, and analyzed by using Stata/SE 12.0, according to stage and type of pneumoconiosis and whether complicated with tuberculosis. RESULTS: 41 papers were included for meta-analysis. The pooled total case fatality rate of pneumoconiosis was 31.2%. The pooled case fatality rate of pneumoconiosis patients of stage 1, 2 and 3 were 25.4%, 39.8%and 57.5%, respectively. The pooled case fatality rate of patients with silicosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, foundry worker's pneumoconiosis, asbestosis and cement pneumoconiosis were 35.8%, 32.4%, 24.7%, 35.1%and 5.5%, respectively. The complication with tuberculosis was a risk factor for the death of pneumoconiosis patients and the pooled RR was 1.82 (95%CI: 1.59∼2.08). CONCLUSION: There are significant differences in the case fatality rate of pneumoconiosis among different stages and different types of pneumoconiosis and whether complicated with tuberculosis.

Respiratory diseases caused by coal mine dust.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an update on respiratory diseases caused by coal mine dust. METHODS: This article presents the results of a literature review initially performed for an International Conference on Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease held in summer 2013. RESULTS: Coal mine dust causes a spectrum of lung diseases collectively termed coal mine dust lung disease (CMDLD). These include Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis, silicosis, mixed dust pneumoconiosis, dust-related diffuse fibrosis (which can be mistaken for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CMDLD continues to be a problem in the United States, particularly in the central Appalachian region. Treatment of CMDLD is symptomatic. Those with end-stage disease are candidates for lung transplantation. Because CMDLD cannot be cured, prevention is critical. CONCLUSIONS: Coal mine dust remains a relevant occupational hazard and miners remain at risk for CMDLD.

Lung transplantation in patients with coal workers' pneumoconiosis.

Patients with coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) can develop chronic respiratory failure and require lung transplantation. A retrospective review was performed of the 712 referrals and 143 patients undergoing unilateral or bilateral lung transplantation at the University of Kentucky Medical Center between January 1999 and July 2009. Twenty-one of the 712 referrals (3%) had a diagnosis of CWP with eight patients eventually undergoing lung transplant (six single, two bilateral). The mean age of the cohort was 53 ± 5 (mean ± SD) yr (range 45-59). There was no increased risk of perioperative or postoperative complications. Six patients (75%) remain alive after a mean follow-up of 1013 ± 857 d with the two deaths attributable to sepsis 683 and 145 d after transplant, respectively. There were no pulmonary complications because of the native lung in patients after a single lung transplant, with otherwise good clinical outcomes seen after lung transplantation.

Coal workers' pneumoconiosis-related years of potential life lost before age 65 years - United States, 1968-2006.

Coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) is a preventable, slowly progressive parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation and deposition of coal mine dust in the lungs. The incidence and rate of CWP progression is related to the amount of respirable coal dust to which miners were exposed during their working lifetime. Early pneumoconiosis can be asymptomatic, but advanced disease often leads to disability and premature death. To characterize the impact of premature mortality attributed to CWP in the United States, CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) analyzed annual underlying cause of death data from 1968-2006, the most recent years for which complete data were available. Years of potential life lost before age 65 years (YPLL), and mean YPLL were calculated using standard methodology. This report describes the results of that analysis, which indicate that during 1968-2006, a total of 22,625 YPLL were attributed to CWP (mean per decedent: 5.7). Annual YPLL attributed to CWP decreased 91.2%, from an average of 1,484 YPLL per year during 1968-1972 to 154 per year during 2002-2006. However, annual YPLL from CWP have been increasing since 2002, from 135 in that year to 169 YPLL in 2006, suggesting a need for strengthening CWP prevention measures. CDC intends to maintain surveillance of CWP deaths to determine future trends and promote safer work environments.