Violência psicológica contra a mulher praticada por parceiro íntimo: estudo transversal em uma área rural do Rio Grande do Sul, 2017 / Violencia psicológica contra la mujer por parte de una pareja íntima: un estudio transversal en una zona rural de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2017 / Psychological violence against women practiced by intimate partners: a cross-sectional study in a rural area of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2017

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência e fatores associados à violência psicológica praticada por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher residente em zona rural do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2017. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional, com mulheres de 18-49 anos que tiveram parceiro íntimo na vida. Foram aplicadas questões do World Health Organization Violence Against Women Study. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson para estimar razões de prevalências (RP) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Participaram 971 mulheres, com prevalência de violência psicológica de 17,2% (IC95% 14,9;19,7) na vida. Aquelas com diagnóstico de depressão (RP=2,23 - IC95% 1,70;2,91) e que consumiram álcool na última semana (RP=1,53 - IC95% 1,07;2,17) tiveram maior probabilidade de referir violência psicológica na vida; as solteiras apresentaram maior probabilidade dessa natureza de violência, comparadas às casadas (RP=1,86 - IC95% 1,32;2,63). Conclusão: Violência psicológica contra a mulher na zona rural relacionou-se com agravos na saúde mental e com uso de álcool.

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia y factores asociados a la violencia psicológica practicada por pareja contra mujeres residentes en una zona rural del estado de Rio Grande do Sul, en 2017. Métodos: Estudio poblacional transversal realizado con mujeres de 18-49 años que tuvieron pareja íntima en la vida. Se aplicaron preguntas del World Health Organization Violence Against Women Study. La regresión de Poisson ha sido usada para estimar razones de prevalencia (RP) e intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Participaron 971 mujeres con prevalencia de 17,2% (IC95% 14,9;19,7) de violencia psicológica en la vida. Aquellas con depresión (RP=2,23 - IC95% 1,70;2,91) y que habían consumido alcohol en la última semana tenían más probabilidades de referir violencia psicológica en la vida (RP=1,53 - IC95% 1,07;2,17). Mujeres solteras tenían más probabilidades de violencia psicológica en sus vidas que las casadas (RP=1,86 - IC95% 1,32;2,63). Conclusión: La violencia psicológica contra la mujer en las zonas rurales, tuvo relación con la salud mental y el consumo de alcohol.

Objective: To estimate prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner psychological violence against women in a rural area in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in 2017. Methods: This was a cross-sectional population-based study with women aged 18-49 years old and who had had an intimate partner in their lifetime. Questions from the World Health Organization Violence Against Women Study were administered. Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: 971 women participated. Prevalence of lifetime psychological violence was 17.2% (95%CI 14.9;19.7). Those diagnosed with depression (PR=2.23 - 95%CI 1.70;2.91) and who had consumed alcohol in the last week were more likely to refer lifetime psychological violence (PR=1.53 - 95%CI 1.07;2.17). Single women were more likely to experience psychological violence than married women (PR=1.86 - 95%CI 1.32;2.63). Conclusion: Psychological violence against woman in rural areas was related to mental health and alcohol use.

Violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic: An integrative review.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, incipient data have revealed an increase in violence against women (VAW). OBJECTIVE: To analyze the existing scientific literature on strategies and recommendations to respond to VAW during the implementation of social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. SEARCH STRATEGY: An integrative review was conducted based on articles published between December 2019 and June 2020. Suitable articles were identified from the PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS databases, using relevant terms. SELECTION CRITERIA: Eligible studies included opinion and primary research articles describing the dynamics of VAW during quarantine and in the context of the restrictive measures taken during the COVID-19 pandemic and proposing recommendations to respond to this issue. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted from eligible publications and qualitative synthesis was used. MAIN RESULTS: The 38 articles included in the study showed that some factors increasing women's vulnerabilities to violence were exacerbated during the social distancing and lockdown period. Health professionals are essential for screening and responding to VAW during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies must include integrated actions aiming to prevent and respond to violence during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. These must be designed based on lessons learned from previous public health emergencies.

Vivências de mulheres em situação de violência interpessoal por parceiro íntimo: a contribuição do enfermeiro / Experiences of women in situations of interpersonal violence by an intimate partner: the nurse's contribution

Introdução: a violência interpessoal compreende um dos tipos de violência de gênero, em que a vítima e o agressor não têm laços consanguíneos, em que o principal agressor é o parceiro íntimo. Objetivos: descrever as vivências de mulheres em situação violência interpessoal por parceiro íntimo; caracterizar as implicações da violência interpessoal por parceiro íntimo às mulheres; analisar de que forma as mulheres enfrentam ou buscam a saída do ciclo da violência interpessoal por parceiros íntimos. Metodologia: pesquisa qualitativa, analítica e exploratória, alinhada à técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC). A pesquisa foi realizada no Centro Especializado de Atendimento às Mulheres de Macaé, Rio de Janeiro e foi submetida no Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, aprovada sob parecer 09496919.0.0000.5238. Resultados: foram entrevistadas 19 mulheres, das quais sete tinham entre 20 e 30 anos; oito tinham ensino médio completo; nove delas se autodeclararam pardas; dez estavam desempregadas e com uma renda familiar de um a dois salários mínimos; e nove disseram ser evangélicas. As violências física e psicológica foram as representações que mais foram vivenciadas, com um total de 17 mulheres, respectivamente. Os sentimentos deixados pela violência foram a vergonha e culpa, dificultando o rompimento do ciclo e que trouxeram implicações negativas para a vida das mulheres, desmotivando-as a viverem novos relacionamentos. A rede de apoio e os centros especializados apresentaram-se como essenciais para a saída do ciclo de violência. Conclusão: a violência atinge mulheres em qualquer faixa etária, raça, religião e condição social, não traçando um perfil característico daquelas que vivenciam esta situação. Além disso, mostrou que as vivências permearam por todos os tipos de violência e que a rede familiar e social que circunda essa mulher é decisiva no processo de rompimento do ciclo, bem como o apoio especializado recebido por profissionais.

Introduction: interpersonal violence comprises one of the types of gender violence, in which the victim and the aggressor do not have consanguineous ties, in which the main aggressor is the intimate partner. Objectives: to describe the experiences of women in situations of interpersonal violence by an intimate partner; characterize the implications of interpersonal violence by an intimate partner to women; to analyze how women face or seek an exit from the cycle of interpersonal violence by intimate partners. Methodology: qualitative, analytical and exploratory research, aligned with the Collective Subject Discourse (DSC) technique. The research was conducted at the Specialized Center for Assistance to Women in Macaé, Rio de Janeiro and was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee of the Anna Nery School of Nursing, approved under opinion 09496919.0.0000.5238. Results: 19 women were interviewed, seven of whom were between 20 and 30 years old; eight had completed high school; nine of them declared themselves brown; ten were unemployed and had a family income of one to two minimum wages; and nine said they were evangelical. Physical and psychological violence were the most experienced representations, with a total of 17 women, respectively. The feelings left by the violence were shame and guilt, making it difficult to break the cycle and which had negative implications for the lives of women, discouraging them from experiencing new relationships. The support network and specialized centers were essential to end the cycle of violence. Conclusion: violence affects women in any age group, race, religion and social condition, not drawing a characteristic profile of those who experience this situation. In addition, it showed that the experiences permeated all types of violence and that the family and social network that surrounds this woman is decisive in the process of breaking the cycle, as well as the specialized support received by professionals.

Introducción: la violencia interpersonal comprende uno de los tipos de violencia de género, en el que la víctima y el agresor no tienen vínculos consanguíneos, en el que el agresor principal es su pareja. Objetivos: describir las experiencias de las mujeres en situaciones de violencia interpersonal por parte de la pareja; caracterizar las implicaciones de la violencia interpersonal de su pareja para las mujeres; analizar cómo las mujeres enfrentan o buscan una salida del ciclo de violencia interpersonal por parte de sus parejas. Metodología: investigación cualitativa, analítica y exploratoria, alineada con la técnica del Discurso del sujeto colectivo (DSC). La investigación se realizó en el Centro Especializado de Asistencia a la Mujer en Macaé, Río de Janeiro, y se presentó al Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Escuela de Enfermería Anna Nery, aprobada con el dictamen 09496919.0.0000.5238. Resultados: se entrevistó a 19 mujeres, siete de las cuales tenían entre 20 y 30 años; ocho habían completado la escuela secundaria; nueve de ellos se declararon marrones; diez estaban desempleados y tenían un ingreso familiar de uno o dos salarios mínimos; y nueve dijeron que eran evangélicos. La violencia física y psicológica fueron las representaciones más experimentadas, con un total de 17 mujeres, respectivamente. Los sentimientos que dejó la violencia fueron vergüenza y culpa, lo que dificultaba romper el ciclo y tenía implicaciones negativas para la vida de las mujeres, desanimándolas de experimentar nuevas relaciones. La red de apoyo y los centros especializados fueron esenciales para poner fin al ciclo de violencia. Conclusión: la violencia afecta a mujeres de cualquier grupo de edad, raza, religión y condición social, y no dibuja un perfil característico de quienes experimentan esta situación. Además, demostró que las experiencias impregnaron todo tipo de violencia y que la red familiar y social que rodea a esta mujer es decisiva en el proceso de romper el ciclo, así como el apoyo especializado recibido por los profesionales.

La mujer golpeada en la Argentina. Derivas entre Estado, sociedad y psicología (1983-1995) / A mulher maltratada na Argentina. Desvios entre estado, sociedade e psicologia (1983-1995) / The battered woman in Argentina. Drifts between State, society and psychology (1983-1995)

En el presente artículo se reconstruye la trama específica en la que surgió la categoría mujer golpeada en la psicología argentina, en una peculiar circulación entre sociedad civil y Estado. Desde el enfoque de la historia crítica de la psicología junto a los aportes de la historia reciente, se analiza el proceso de recepción que se produjo en el escenario local, en el entrecruzamiento de la agenda de los derechos humanos con el ideario feminista. Se analiza cómo la violencia de género fue incluida en la agenda gubernamental, en los espacios de activismo feminista y en la producción teórica de la psicología. Se da cuenta de las solidaridades y diferencias entre estos ámbitos, poniendo en evidencia los entramados representacionales y valorativos implicados en los usos de diferentes categorías.(AU)

Neste artigo, reconstruímos a maneira como a categoria mulher maltratada surgiu na psicologia argentina, numa circulação peculiar entre a sociedade civil e o Estado. A partir da abordagem da história crítica da psicologia com as contribuições da história recente, analisamos a recepção no cenário local, na interligação da agenda de direitos humanos com o ideário feminista. Analisamos como a violência de gênero foi incluída na agenda governamental, no ativismo feminista e na produção teórica da psicologia. Incluímos a solidariedade e as diferenças entre essas áreas, levando em conta as representações e valores envolvidos nos usos das diferentes categorias.(AU)

In this article, we reconstruct the way in which the battered woman category emerged in Argentine psychology, in a peculiar circulation between civil society and the State. From the approach of the critical history of psychology to the contributions of recent history, we analyze the reception in the local scene, in the interconnection of the human rights agenda with the feminist ideology. We analyzed how gender violence was included in the governmental agenda, in feminist activism and in the theoretical production of psychology. We include solidarity and the differences between these areas, taking into account the representations and values involved in the uses of the different categories.(AU)

Factors Related to Rape Reporting Behavior in Brazil: Examining the Role of Spatio-Temporal Factors.

The reporting of rape to police is an important component of this crime to have the criminal justice system involved and, potentially, punish offenders. However, for a number of reasons (fear of retribution, self-blame, etc.), most rapes are not reported to police. Most often, the research investigating this phenomenon considers incident and victim factors with little attention to the spatio-temporal factors of the rape. In this study, we consider incident, victim, and spatio-temporal factors relating to rape reporting in Campinas, Brazil. Our primary research question is whether or not the spatio-temporal factors play a significant role in the reporting of rape, over and above incident and victim factors. The subjects under study are women who were admitted to the Women's Integrated Healthcare Center at the State University of Campinas, Brazil, and surveyed by a psychologist or a social worker. Rape reporting to police was measured using a dichotomous variable. Logistic regression was used to predict the probability of rape reporting based on incident, victim, and spatio-temporal factors. Although we find that incident and victim factors matter for rape reporting, spatio-temporal factors (rape/home location and whether the rape was in a private or public place) play an important role in rape reporting, similar to the literature that considers these factors. This result has significant implications for sexual violence education. Only when we know why women decide not to report a rape may we begin to work on strategies to overcome these hurdles.

Experiences of gender-based violence in women asylum seekers from Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala.

INTRODUCTION: Every year, thousands of women flee gender-based violence in Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala (sometimes collectively referred to as the Northern Triangle) in an attempt to seek asylum in the United States. Once in the United States, their legal teams may refer them for a psychological evaluation as part of their application for asylum. Licensed clinicians conduct in-depth interviews in order to document the psychological impact of the reported human rights violations. METHOD: Using archival de-identified data from a human rights program, this study gathered the experiences of gender-based violence reported by 70 asylum-seeking women from Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala who participated in pro bono psychological evaluation. Descriptive data were analyzed using a modified consensual qualitative research (CQR-M) method. RESULTS: These asylum seekers reported exposure to systemic violence, including severe intimate partner violence, as well as physical and sexual assaults, and threats of death by organized criminal groups in their communities. Additionally, over a third of women reported experiences of violence during their migration. The majority of asylum seekers endorsed symptoms associated with anxiety (80%) and depression (91%), as well as trauma-and stressor-related symptoms (80%). DISCUSSION: The results of this study elucidate the many forms of gender-based violence experienced by women in this region, the physical and psychological sequelae of this persecution, and the systemic forces that prevent them from remaining in their countries of origin. The research results also highlight the potential impact of trauma on the women's ability to testify effectively during asylum legal hearings, elucidate factors that may contribute to their resilience in light of the human rights violations they survived, and suggest implications for clinical practice.

Disrespect and abuse during childbirth in fourteen hospitals in nine cities of Peru.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of disrespect and abuse during childbirth and its associated factors in Peru. METHODS: In an observational cross-sectional study, women were surveyed within 48 hours of live delivery at 14 hospitals located in nine Peruvian cities between April and July 2016. The survey was based on seven categories of disrespect and abuse proposed by Bowser and Hill. To evaluate factors associated with each category, prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using adjusted Poisson models with robust variances. RESULTS: Among 1528 participants, 1488 (97.4%) had experienced at least one category of disrespect and abuse. Frequency of abandonment of care was increased with cesarean delivery (PR 1.27, 95% CI 1.03-1.57) but decreased in the jungle region (PR 0.27, 0.14-0.53). Discrimination was associated with the jungle region (PR 5.67, 2.32-13.88). Physical abuse was less frequent with cesarean than vaginal delivery (PR 0.23, 0.11-0.49). The prevalences of abandonment of care (PR 0.42, 0.29-0.60), non-consented care (PR 0.70, 0.57-0.85), discrimination (PR 0.40, 0.19-0.85), and non-confidential care (PR 0.71, 0.55-0.93) were decreased among women who had been referred. CONCLUSION: Nearly all participants reported having experienced at least one category of disrespect and abuse during childbirth care, which was associated with type of delivery, being referred, and geographic region.

"My Partner Will Change": Cognitive Distortion in Battered Women in Bolivia.

This study examines the role of cognitive distortion in women's decision to stay with or leave their violent partner in a sample of Bolivian women. Our study is based on a consistency model: Cognitive distortion is assumed to play an important role in maintaining cognitive consistency under threatening conditions. Eighty victims of partner violence aged 18 to 62 years who sought help in a legal institution were longitudinally assessed three times over a time period of 6 months. Measures were taken from previous studies and culturally adapted through qualitative interviews. Nearly half of the participants decreased their intention to leave the violent partner in the time span of 1 month between the first and second interview. Women who had decreased their leaving intention had concurrently increased their cognitive distortion: They blamed their partner less, were more convinced that they could stop the violence themselves, and were more likely to believe that their partner would change. Cognitive distortion was not observed among women who remained stable in their intention to leave. Women whose intention of leaving decreased and who displayed more cognitive distortion after 1 month were more likely to live with the violent partner 6 months later than women whose leaving intention remained stable or increased. Socio-demographic variables were not related to cognitive distortion or stay-leave decisions in this study. We conclude that cognitive distortion plays a role for women's decision to stay, enhancing their risk of re-victimization.

Escutando os subterrâneos da cultura: racismo e suspeição em uma comunidade escolar / Escuchar lo subterráneo de la cultura: racismo y sospechaen una comunidad escolar / Listening to hidden cultural aspects: racism and suspicions within a school community

RESUMO. Este artigo pretende abordar alguns desdobramentos de um dispositivo de intervenção clínico-político em uma escola municipal de São Paulo. Utilizando um Grupo de Conversas com adolescentes foi possível observar e escutar uma cena que se repetia à exaustão e a partir dela supor um não dito social sobre os estudantes, suas mães e suas configurações familiares. Seguindo as indicações de Freud, Lacan, Benjamin e Gagnebin, consideramos o não dito que paira sobre elas como um modo de o passado perdurar de maneira não reconciliada no presente, acarretando uma contiguidade social e simbólica da mucama até as mulheres negras de hoje. O imaginário social sobre estas mulheres aponta para uma concepção de servidão e de corpo à disposição que, apesar de tantas mudanças históricas e conquistas femininas, ainda permanece e se transmite nos subterrâneos da nossa cultura. Recolocar tanto as falas e os atos dos estudantes, como os de suas mães, como prenhez de sentido e inscritos numa rede discursiva política e libidinal, nos permite reencontrar a potência e a capacidade de resistir desses sujeitos. Torna-se fundamental discernir o que é o sujeito colocado no lugar de resto no discurso social e o que é uma subjetivação da falta, pois enquanto esta última é o que promove o desejo, a primeira, é o que violenta e silencia o sujeito.

RESUMEN. Este artículo se propone abordar algunos desdoblamientos de un dispositivo de intervención psicoanalítica clínica-política en una escuela municipal de São Paulo. En un Grupo de Conversaciones con adolescentes, pudimos escuchar una escena que se repetía y, a partir de la misma, suponer un "no dicho" social sobre los estudiantes, sus madresy sus configuraciones familiares. Siguiendo la huella de Freud, Lacan, Benjamin y Gagnebin con- sideramos lo que no se dijo como un modo en que el pasado perdura de manera no recon- ciliada en el presente, acarreando una contigüidad social y simbólica de la mucama hasta las mujeres negras de hoy. El imaginario social sobre esas mujeres revela una concepción de servidumbre y de cuerpo a disposición que, a pesar de tantos cambios históricos, aún permanece y se transmite en los subterráneos de nuestra cultura.Volver a poner el discurso y las acciones de los estudiantes y de sus madres como llenos de sentido y matriculados en una red política y discursiva de la libido, nos permite redescubrir el poder y la capacidad de soportar de estos sujetos. Es esencial discernir lo que es el objeto colocado en la posición de resto en el discurso social y lo que es una subjetivación de la falta, pues una vez que esta última es lo que promueve el deseo, el primero es lo que violenta y silencia el tema.

ABSTRACT. This article addresses some effects of a political-clinical psychoanalytic inter- vention implemented at a public school in Sao Paulo. The focusconversations group held with adolescents enabled us to watch and to listen to a repeatedly returned scene, which al- lowed us to assume a social "unsaid" about students, their mothersand their family settings. Embracing the indications of Freud, Lacan, Benjamin and Gagnebin, we considered that the unsaidthat accompanies these mothers as an enduring pastunreconciled with the present, thereby causing a social and symbolic contiguity of the master's slave girl to today's black women. The social imaginary of these women points to a conception of servitude and sex- ually available body, which, despite the many historical changes and female achievements, still remains and istransmitted in the underground of our culture. Replacing both speeches and acts of the students and of their mothers, as laden with meaning and enrolled in a po- litical and libidinal discursive network, allows us to rediscover the power and resilience of these subjects. It is fundamental to discern between a subject placed in the place of rest in the social discourse, and a subjectivation of the lack, since while the latter is what promotes the desire, the former is what violates and silences the subject.

Tipos de transtornos mentais não psicóticos em mulheres adultas violentadas por parceiro íntimo: uma revisão integrativa / Tipos de trastornos mentales no psicóticos en mujeres adultas violadas por pareja íntima: una revisión integrativa / Types of non-psychotic mental disorders in adult women who suffered intimate partner violence: an integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar na literatura os tipos de transtornos mentais não psicóticos em mulheres adultas vítimas de violência por parceiro íntimo. Método: Revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, Web of Science e SCOPUS. Resultados: Foram selecionados 19 artigos, publicados em revistas internacionais, na língua inglesa, com predomínio de estudos transversais (78,9%). Os tipos de transtornos mentais não psicóticos mais encontrados foram: depressão (73,7%) e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (52,6%). Observou-se que 78,9% dos artigos apresentaram nível de evidência 2C. Conclusão: Os estudos evidenciaram que mulheres adultas vítimas de violência por parceiro íntimo sofrem, em sua maioria, de depressão e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático, além de outras morbidades, fato que mostra quão devastadora pode se tornar a violência por parceiro íntimo na saúde mental de quem a vivencia.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar en la literatura las clases de trastornos mentales no psicóticos en mujeres adultas violadas por pareja íntima. Método: Revisión integrativa llevada a cabo en las bases de datos MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, Web of Science y SCOPUS. Resultados: Fueron seleccionados 19 artículos, publicados en revistas internacionales, en lengua inglesa, con predominio de estudios transversales (78,9%). Las clases de trastornos mentales no psicóticos más encontradas fueron: depresión (73,7%) y trastorno de estrés postraumático (52,6%). Se observó que el 78,9% de los artículos presentaron nivel de evidencia 2C. Conclusión: Los estudios evidenciaron que mujeres adultas víctimas de violencia por pareja íntima sufren, en su mayoría, de depresión y trastorno de estrés postraumático, además de otras morbilidades, hecho que muestra cuán devastadora puede hacerse la violencia por pareja íntima en la salud mental de quien la vive.

ABSTRACT Objective: Identifying the types of non-psychotic mental disorders in adult women who suffered intimate partner violence in the literature. Method: An integrative review carried out in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases. Results: We selected 19 articles published in international journals in English, with a predominance of cross-sectional study studies (78.9%). The most common types of non-psychotic mental disorders were: depression (73.7%) and post-traumatic stress disorder (52.6%). It was observed that 78.9% of the articles presented a 2C level of evidence. Conclusion: Studies have shown that adult women who are victims of intimate partner violence mostly suffer from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as other morbidities; a fact that highlights how devastating violence by an intimate partner can impact on the mental health of those who experience it.

Abuse and disrespect in childbirth process and abortion situation in Latin America and the Caribbean-systematic review protocol.

BACKGROUND: Studies show that a large number of women around the world have experienced situations of abuse, disrespect, abuse, and neglect during childbirth and/or abortion. This violence is a serious violation of the rights of women, especially because it is a period in which the woman is more physiologically, socially, and psychologically vulnerable. Although this type of violence is known, there is still no international consensus on the definition of such violence and its prevalence is not known. In this sense, this systematic review aims (1) to find quantitative data about abuse and disrespect in obstetric care (delivery and/or abortion) in Latin America and the Caribbean to estimate the average prevalence of this type of abuse and (2) to identify interventions-including programs, laws, and regulations-which have been implemented to prevent or respond to abuse and disrespect in childbirth process and abortion situation, evaluating its effectiveness on a global scale. METHODS: For this, we will use a refined and pre-established strategy to search databases such as PubMed, Embase, LILACS, and Scielo, and the studies found will pass through a selection process to complete the screening stage. DISCUSSION: Data will be extracted using standardized forms with the following information: scope of study, sample characteristics, objectives, design, data collection, methods of analysis, data source, and results. Considering the heterogeneity of the definitions of abuse, disrespect, and mistreatment of women in labor or abortion, it may not be possible to carry out the meta-analysis of the frequency of events reported in the included articles. Events reported by the original articles will be classified according to a typology of abuse, disrespect, and maltreatment in the labor or abortion process described by Bohren et al. (PLoS Med, 2015). SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42016038651.

Rural women and violence situation: access and accessibility limits to the healthcare network. / Mulheres rurais e situações de violência: fatores que limitam o acesso e a acessibilidade à rede de atenção à saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the access and accessibility to the healthcare network of women dwelling in rural contexts undergoing violence situation, as seen from the professionals' speeches. METHOD: A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive study with professionals from the healthcare network services about coping with violence in four municipalities in the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul. The information derived from interviews, which have been analyzed by thematic modality. RESULTS: (Lack of) information of women, distance, restricted access to transportation, dependence on the partner and (lack of) attention by professionals to welcome women undergoing violence situation and (non)-articulation of the network are factors that limit the access and, as a consequence, they result in the lack of confrontation of this problem. CONCLUSION: To bring closer the services which integrate the confrontation network of violence against women and to qualify professionals to welcome these situations are factors that can facilitate the access and adhesion of rural women to the services.

Acoso sexual a vendedoras del tortillas en mercados de comayaguela, honduras, 2012 / Sexual harassment to tortillas sellers in Comayagüela markets, Honduras 2012

La violencia contra la mujer, sea violencia de pareja o sexual, constituye un problema de salud pública y una violación de los derechos humanos. Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia de acoso sexual y algunas características de las mujeres vendedoras de tortillas en mercados de Comayagüela, Francisco Morazán. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal. La población de estudio, vendedoras que tenían su puesto de trabajo-venta de tortillas en mercados de Comayagüela, octubre de 2012; no se conocía el total de vendedoras de tortillas por no existir datos; la muestra intencionada de 150 mujeres; el muestreo fue al azar simple, se entrevistó toda mujer vendedora que se encontraba en la zona de venta al momento del levantamiento de datos. Área de trabajo: la población estudiada se tomó en cinco mercados. Resultados: La frecuencia de acoso sexual fue 114(76%); la distribución por rangos de edad 15-29 años 52(87%), 30-44 años, 31(78%); el estado civil de las vendedoras fue, casada 10(83%), divorciada 4(100%), soltera 67(79%); la escolaridad fue, el nivel secundario 19(83%), educación primaria 76(76%), ninguna 19(73%); el ingreso económico percibido por la venta de tortillas fue mayor de 300 lempiras diarios, 68(79%), entre 100-300 lempiras, 35(71%); tenían otra actividad simultanea el 25(78%) era afirmativo y fue negativo 89(75%); los hábitos tóxicos encontrados, consumo de alcohol 21(100%), fumaban 13(100%) y consumo de otras drogas 3(75%); con vida sexual activa 51(85%) y un grupo con antecedentes de abuso sexual 49(100%). Conclusión: El acoso sexual contra la mujer se presenta en la calle como en los sitios de trabajo, en el grupo de mujeres estudiado se encontró que 114(76%) sufría este problema, predominaba en mujeres entre 15-29 años, con educación primaria y un grupo que consumía alcohol...(AU)

Violence against women and cervical cancer screening: a systematic review.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To present a systematic review of papers published on the relationship between violence against women and cervical cancer screening. BACKGROUND: Violence against women is a serious public health problem. This phenomenon can have negative effects on victims' health and affect the frequency at which they receive cervical cancer screening. DESIGN: A systematic literature review. METHODS: This study was carried out in October 2015 with searches of the Lilacs, PubMed and Web of Science databases using the following keywords: violence, domestic violence, battered women, spouse abuse, Papanicolaou test, vaginal smears, early detection of cancer and cervix uteri. RESULTS: Eight papers published between 2002-2013 were included in this review, most of which were cross-sectional studies. Three studies found no association between victimisation and receiving Pap testing, and five studies reported an association. These contradictory results were due to higher or lower examination frequencies among the women who had experienced violence. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the association between violence against women and cervical cancer screening remains inconclusive, and they demonstrate the need for more detailed studies to help clarify this relationship. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Professionals who aid women should be knowledgeable regarding the perception and detection of violence so that they can interrupt the cycle of aggression, which has harmful impacts on victims' health.

Intervenção psicológica em vítimas de estupro na cidade de São Paulo / Psychological intervention in rape victim in the city of São Paulo / Intervención psicológica con mujeres que sufrieron estupro en la ciudad de São Paulo

A intervenção psicológica com vítimas de estupro é essencial para a reorganização psíquica da mulher. Este estudo objetivou analisar, por meio da experiência profissional de psicólogas, as especificidades do processo de intervenção terapêutica em mulheres vítimas de estupro. Foram realizadas entrevistas semidirigidas com cinco psicólogas que atuam em serviços públicos de saúde - hospitais e em Centros de Referência a vítimas de violência sexual - na cidade de São Paulo. Os resultados foram analisados por meio de análise de conteúdo. As vítimas ingressam no atendimento com vivências intensas de angústia, sentimentos de tristeza, vergonha, medo e culpa. Algumas profissionais fazem uso de procedimentos específicos como hipnose, inventários e técnicas projetivas. De modo geral, o trabalho psicoterápico, focal ou não, visa criar condições para que as vítimas superem o evento traumático e retomem sua rotina

Psychological intervention in rape victim is essential to woman's health and reorganization. This study aimed to analyze the specificity of the therapeutic intervention process in female rape victims through psychologists' professional experience. Semi-structured interviews have been carried out by five psychologists who work in the health service - hospitals and centers for attention to women victims of sexual violence - in the city of São Paulo. Results were analyzed through content analysis. Victims come to the health service with anguish, sadness, shame, fear, and guilt. Some professionals use specific procedures as hypnosis, inventories, and projective techniques. Altogether, the therapeutic work, being focal or not, aims to create conditions so that the victims can overcome the traumatic event and resume their lives routine

La intervención psicológica con víctimas de estupro es fundamental para la reorganización psíquica de la mujer. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar, por medio de la experiencia profesional de psicólogas, las especificidades del proceso de intervención terapéutica en mujeres víctimas de estupro. Se realizaron entrevistas semi-dirigidas con cinco psicólogas que actúan en servicios públicos de salud - hospitales y en Centros Especializados para víctimas de violencia sexual - de la ciudad de São Paulo. Los resultados se analizaron mediante el análisis de contenido. Las víctimas empiezan el atendimiento con vivencias fuertes de angustia, sentimientos de tristeza, vergüenza, miedo y culpa. Algunas profesionales hacen uso de procedimientos específicos como hipnosis, inventarios y técnicas proyectivas. De manera general, el trabajo psicoterápico, focal o no, visa crear condiciones para que las víctimas superen el evento traumático y retomen sus rutinas de vida

Mulheres rurais e situações de violência: fatores que limitam o acesso e a acessibilidade à rede de atenção à saúde / Mujeres rurales y situaciones de violencia: límites de acceso y accesibilidad a la red de atención de salud / Rural women and violence situation: access and accessibility limits to the healthcare network

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar o acesso e a acessibilidade à rede de atenção às mulheres em situação de violência, residentes em contextos rurais, a partir dos discursos de profissionais. Métodos Estudo qualitativo, exploratório descritivo, com profissionais dos serviços da rede de atenção à violência de quatro municípios da região norte do Rio Grande do Sul. As informações foram geradas por meio de entrevistas realizadas entre agosto e dezembro de 2014 e analisadas pela modalidade temática. Resultados (Des)informação das mulheres, distância, acesso restrito ao transporte, dependência do companheiro, (des)atenção dos profissionais para acolher as mulheres em situação de violência e (des)articulação da rede são fatores limitantes do acesso e têm como consequência o não enfrentamento dessa problemática. Conclusão Aproximar os serviços que integram a rede de atenção à violência contra a mulher e qualificar os profissionais para acolher essas situações pode facilitar o acesso e a adesão das mulheres rurais a esses serviços.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar el acceso y la accesibilidad a la red de atención de las mujeres en situación de violencia, residentes en contextos rurales, desde los discursos de los profesionales. Método Estudio cualitativo, exploratorio descriptivo, con profesionales de los servicios de la red de atención en el enfrentamiento a la violencia en cuatro municipalidades de la región norte de Rio Grande do Sul. Se generaron las informaciones por medio de entrevista que fueron analizadas según la modalidad temática. Resultados (Des)información de las mujeres, distancia, acceso restricto a transporte, dependencia del compañero, (des)atención de los profesionales para acoger a las mujeres en situación de violencia así como (des)articulación de la red son factores que limitan el acceso y, a consecuencia, resultan en la falta de enfrentamiento de esa problemática. Conclusión Aproximar los servicios que integran la red de enfrentamiento de la violencia contra la mujer y calificar a los profesionales para acoger desde la perspectiva de género pueden facilitar el acceso y la adhesión de las mujeres rurales a los servicios.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the access and accessibility to the healthcare network of women dwelling in rural contexts undergoing violence situation, as seen from the professionals' speeches. Method A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive study with professionals from the healthcare network services about coping with violence in four municipalities in the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul. The information derived from interviews, which have been analyzed by thematic modality. Results (Lack of) information of women, distance, restricted access to transportation, dependence on the partner and (lack of) attention by professionals to welcome women undergoing violence situation and (non)-articulation of the network are factors that limit the access and, as a consequence, they result in the lack of confrontation of this problem. Conclusion To bring closer the services which integrate the confrontation network of violence against women and to qualify professionals to welcome these situations are factors that can facilitate the access and adhesion of rural women to the services.

Violence narratives of Mexican women treated in mutual-aid residential centers for addiction treatment.

BACKGROUND: Violence against women is a social and public health issue in Mexico. The aim of this article is to explore violence among an understudied group of women, who attended Mutual-Aid Residential Centers for Addiction Treatment and experienced stigma both as women and addicts. These centers are particular kind of addiction treatment services that stem from 12-step philosophy, but that have been found to manipulate said philosophy and exercise extreme forms of psychological and physical violence. METHODS: Thirteen semi-structured interviews were carried in 2014 and 2015 out with women who resided in at least one of these centers to understand their experiences of violence prior and during their rehabilitation process. The interview guide covered questions regarding substance use initiations, family violence and dynamics, and rehabilitation experiences. Qualitative data was analyzed using interpretative-phenomenological analysis. RESULTS: Two categories emerged: violence and substance use and abuse, and violence against women in recovery. Results show that all participants experienced violence in their family since childhood, particularly sexual and physical violence. As a result, participants experienced guilt, sadness and shame, which led them to contexts of consumption. Violence continued as they explored alcohol and drug use, even though women felt empowered. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment reproduced masculine violence constantly, but women felt that they were in a context that helped them understand their addiction. Even though women felt these centers played a crucial role in their recovery, women's particular needs and experiences are not considered in the treatment program.

Eficacia de un programa de intervención para mujeres maltratadas por su pareja / Efficacy of an intervention program for battered women

Estudio en el que se analiza la eficacia de un tratamiento psicológico para mujeres maltratadas por su pareja. La muestra está formada por 107 mujeres maltratadas por su pareja con edades comprendidas entre 23 y 64 años (media = 39.64, DT = 9.87) y características sociodemográficas diversas. Se utilizó un diseño cuasi-experimental con dos grupos independientes (intervención y control) y medidas repetidas (pretratamiento, posttratamiento y seguimientos a los 3 y 6 meses de finalizada la intervención). Las mujeres del grupo con intervención mostraron disminuciones significativas, tanto desde el punto de vista estadístico como clínico, en la sintomatología de estrés postraumático de reexperimentación, evitación y aumento de la activación. También disminuyó su sintomatología depresiva y de ansiedad y aumentó su autoestima y apoyo social. Y dicha mejora se mantuvo en los seguimientos realizados a los 3 y 6 meses de finalizado el programa de intervención.

This study analyzed the efficacy of a psychological treatment program for battered women. The sample consisted of 107 battered women aged between 23 and 64 years-old (mean age = 39.64, SD = 9.87) and with diverse sociodemographic characteristics. A quasi-experimental design of two independent groups (intervention and control) and with repeated measures (pre-treatment, post-treatment and three and six month follow-up) has been used. Women in the intervention group experienced statistically and clinical significant decreases in posttraumatic stress symptoms of reexperienced the traumatic event, avoidance and symptoms of increased arousal. Also experienced significant and clinical decreases in depressive and anxiety symptoms and significant increases in self-esteem and social support. Gains were maintained at 3- and 6-months follow-ups.

Violence and abuse of internally displaced women survivors of the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

OBJECTIVES: Limited research following disasters suggests that internally displaced women are disproportionately vulnerable to violence and abuse. An interdisciplinary collaborative of researchers and practitioners in Haiti, the US Virgin Islands, and the US Mainland investigated gender-based violence (GBV) pre- and post-earthquake and health outcomes among Haitian women living in tent cities/camps following the 2010 earthquake. METHODS: A comparative descriptive correlational design using culturally sensitive and language appropriate computer-assisted interviews of 208 internally displaced women 2011-2013. RESULTS: Found high rates of violence and abuse both before (71.2 %) and after (75 %) p = 0.266, the earthquake primarily perpetrated by boy friends or husbands. Significantly more mental and physical health problems were reported by abused than non-abused women. The majority (60-78 %) of abused women did not report personal or community tolerance for violence and abuse, but acknowledged a community context of limited involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Coordinated planning and implementation of needed interventions are essential to provide a balanced approach to the care of displaced women after natural disasters with sensitivity to the abusive experiences of many women both before and after the disasters.

The way to a man's heart is through his stomach?: a mixed methods study on causal mechanisms through which cash and in-kind food transfers decreased intimate partner violence.

BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is highly prevalent and has detrimental effects on the physical and mental health of women across the world. Despite emerging evidence on the impacts of cash transfers on intimate partner violence, the pathways through which reductions in violence occur remain under-explored. A randomised controlled trial of a cash and in-kind food transfer programme on the northern border of Ecuador showed that transfers reduced physical or sexual violence by 30 %. This mixed methods study aimed to understand the pathways that led to this reduction. METHODS: We conducted a mixed methods study that combined secondary analysis from a randomised controlled trial relating to the impact of a transfer programme on IPV with in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with male and female beneficiaries. A sequential analysis strategy was followed, whereby qualitative results guided the choice of variables for the quantitative analysis and qualitative insights were used to help interpret the quantitative findings. RESULTS: We found qualitative and quantitative evidence that the intervention led to reductions in IPV through three pathways operating at the couple, household and individual level: i) reduced day-to-day conflict and stress in the couple; ii) improved household well-being and happiness; and iii) increased women's decision making, self-confidence and freedom of movement. We found little evidence that any type of IPV increased as a result of the transfers. DISCUSSION: While cash and in-kind transfers can be important programmatic tools for decreasing IPV, the positive effects observed in this study seem to depend on circumstances that may not exist in all settings or programmes, such as the inclusion of a training component. Moreover, the programme built upon rather than challenged traditional gender roles by targeting women as transfer beneficiaries and framing the intervention under the umbrella of food security and nutrition - domains traditionally ascribed to women. CONCLUSIONS: Transfers destined for food consumption combined with nutrition training reduced IPV among marginalised households in northern Ecuador. Evidence suggests that these reductions were realised by decreasing stress and conflict, improving household well-being, and enhancing women's decision making, self-confidence and freedom of movement. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02526147 . Registered 24 August 2015.