Subject(s)
Black or African American/history , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency/history , Hyperbilirubinemia/history , Infant, Premature, Diseases/history , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency/complications , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency/ethnology , History, 20th Century , Humans , Hyperbilirubinemia/ethnology , Hyperbilirubinemia/etiology , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature , Infant, Premature, Diseases/ethnology , Infant, Premature, Diseases/etiology , Male , Risk Factors , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
AIMS: The purpose of this article is to correct inaccurate information about both Mary Seacole and Florence Nightingale, material that promotes Seacole as a pioneer nurse and heroine, while either ignoring Nightingale or trivializing her contribution. BACKGROUND: Nursing journals have been prominent in promoting inaccurate accounts of the contribution of Seacole to nursing. Some have intermittently published positive material about Nightingale, but none has published redress. DESIGN: Discussion paper. DATA: Primary sources from 1855-2012 were found, which contradict some key claims made about Seacole. Further sources - not included here - are identified, with a website reference. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: It is argued that Nightingale remains relevant as a model for nurses, with the many crises in patient care and continuing challenges of hospital safety. CONCLUSION: Greater accuracy and honesty are required in reporting about nursing heroes. Without these, great ideas and examples can be lost to nursing and health care.
Subject(s)
Black or African American/history , Delivery of Health Care/history , Military Nursing/history , Awards and Prizes , Crimean War , History, 19th Century , Humans , Jamaica , United KingdomABSTRACT
Apresentam-se agregações seriais sobre a demografia atlântica africana no Rio de Janeiro nos séculos XVII, XVIII e nas primeiras décadas do XIX, destacando os registros eclesiásticos de óbitos, casamentos e batizados. Representam resultados parciais (e locais) de um estudo demográfico mais amplo em andamento sobre diversas regiões urbanas e rurais do Brasil escravista a partir de variados registros históricos nos quais são analisados os padrões sociodemográficos (idade, ocupação, parentesco, doença, sexo, preço) e as variações dos etnônimos africanos entre 1650-1870.
The article presents serial data on African Atlantic demographics in Rio de Janeiro in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and early decades of the nineteenth century, highlighting parish death, marriage, and baptismal registers. These represent partial, local findings from a broader demographic study underway on various urban and rural regions of slaveholding Brazil, based on a variety of historical registers, which are used in an analysis of sociodemographic patterns (age, occupation, kinship, disease, gender, price) and variations in African ethnonyms from 1650 through 1870.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Demography , Enslavement , Brazil , Rural Areas , Vital Statistics , Urban Area , Black or African American/history , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Gender IdentityABSTRACT
This article explores the racial/ethnic identities of multiracial Black-Mexicans or "Blaxicans." In-depth interviews with 12 Blaxican individuals in California reveal how they negotiate distinct cultural systems to accomplish multiracial identities. I argue that choosing, accomplishing, and asserting a Blaxican identity challenges the dominant monoracial discourse in the United States, in particular among African American and Chicana/o communities. That is, Blaxican respondents are held accountable by African Americans and Chicanas/os/Mexicans to monoracial notions of "authenticity." The process whereby Blaxicans move between these monoracial spaces to create multiracial identities illustrates crucial aspects of the social construction of race/ethnicity in the United States and the influence of social interactions in shaping how Blaxicans develop their multiracial identities.
Subject(s)
Black or African American , Cultural Diversity , Hispanic or Latino , Self Concept , Social Identification , Black or African American/education , Black or African American/ethnology , Black or African American/history , Black or African American/legislation & jurisprudence , Black or African American/psychology , California/ethnology , Ethnicity/education , Ethnicity/ethnology , Ethnicity/history , Ethnicity/legislation & jurisprudence , Ethnicity/psychology , Hispanic or Latino/education , Hispanic or Latino/ethnology , Hispanic or Latino/history , Hispanic or Latino/legislation & jurisprudence , Hispanic or Latino/psychology , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Interpersonal Relations/history , Race Relations/history , Race Relations/psychology , Social Behavior/historySubject(s)
Black or African American/history , Physicians/history , History, 19th Century , Humans , NicaraguaSubject(s)
Human Experimentation/history , Syphilis/etiology , Syphilis/history , Black or African American/history , Antibiotic Prophylaxis , Guatemala , History, 20th Century , Human Experimentation/ethics , Humans , Informed Consent , Male , Penicillins/pharmacology , Penicillins/therapeutic use , Prisoners/history , Syphilis/prevention & control , Syphilis/therapy , United States , United States Public Health Service/historyABSTRACT
Presenta nuevos abordajes sobre la historia de la salud de los esclavos en la América Ibérica, en especial en Brasil y en Cuba. Realiza una síntesis histeriográfica de la produción académica sobre la salud de los esclavos en Brasil y tabién indica las principales fuentes disponibles sobre el tema, que están sendo reunidas en un banco de datos informatizado con sede en la Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Busca verificar, también, a través del análisis de textos producidos por médicos, la existencia de asociaciones entre ciertas enfermedades y el tráfico, comprendiéndolas como expresiones de una sociedad marcada por la esclavitud. Presenta, también, el análisis de la documentación conservada en los Archivos de las Santas Casas de Misericodia de Río de Janeiro y de Bahía, de donde se pueden obtener informaciones sobre tratamientos aplicados a los esclavos enfermos en Brasil, en dos capitales brasileñas (Río de Janeiro y Salvador), durante el siglo XIX [AU]
Subject(s)
Public Health/history , Black or African American/history , Black People/history , Brazil , Cuba , Latin America , DocumentationABSTRACT
The skeletal remains of 17 people buried in the Eaton Ferry Cemetery in northern North Carolina provide a means of examining health and infectious disease experience in the XIX century South. The cemetery appears to contain the remains of African Americans enslaved on the Eaton family estate from approximately 1830-1850, and thus offers a window into the biological impacts of North American slavery in the years preceding the Civil War. The sample includes the remains of six infants, one child, and one young and nine mature adults (five men, four women, and one unknown). Skeletal indices used to characterize health and disease in the Eaton Ferry sample include dental caries, antemortem tooth loss, enamel hypoplasia, porotic hyperostosis, periosteal lesions, lytic lesions, and stature. These indicators reveal a cumulative picture of compromised health, including high rates of dental disease, childhood growth disruption, and infectious disease. Specific diseases identified in the sample include tuberculosis and congenital syphilis. Findings support previous research on the health impacts of slavery, which has shown that infants and children were the most negatively impacted segment of the enslaved African American population.
Subject(s)
Female , History, 19th Century , Humans , Male , Black or African American/history , Communicable Diseases/history , Burial , Mortuary Practice , North CarolinaABSTRACT
The skeletal remains of 17 people buried in the Eaton Ferry Cemetery in northern North Carolina provide a means of examining health and infectious disease experience in the XIX century South. The cemetery appears to contain the remains of African Americans enslaved on the Eaton family estate from approximately 1830-1850, and thus offers a window into the biological impacts of North American slavery in the years preceding the Civil War. The sample includes the remains of six infants, one child, and one young and nine mature adults (five men, four women, and one unknown). Skeletal indices used to characterize health and disease in the Eaton Ferry sample include dental caries, antemortem tooth loss, enamel hypoplasia, porotic hyperostosis, periosteal lesions, lytic lesions, and stature. These indicators reveal a cumulative picture of compromised health, including high rates of dental disease, childhood growth disruption, and infectious disease. Specific diseases identified in the sample include tuberculosis and congenital syphilis. Findings support previous research on the health impacts of slavery, which has shown that infants and children were the most negatively impacted segment of the enslaved African American population.
Subject(s)
Black or African American/history , Communicable Diseases/history , Burial , Female , History, 19th Century , Humans , Male , Mortuary Practice , North CarolinaABSTRACT
During the period of the Atlantic slave trade (15th-19th centuries), millions of people were forced to move from Africa to many American destinations, changing dramatically the human landscape of the Americas. Here, we analyze mitochondrial DNA from two different American populations with African ancestry, with hitherto unknown European and Native American components. On the basis of historical records, African-Americans from Chocó (Colombia) and the Garífunas (or "Black Carib") of Honduras are likely to have had very different demographic histories, with a significant founder effect in the formation of the latter. Both the common features and differences are reflected in their mtDNA composition. Both show a minor component (approximately 16%) from Native Central/South Americans and a larger component (approximately 84%) from sub-Saharan Africans. The latter component is very diverse in the African-Americans from Chocó, similar to that of sub-Saharan Africans, but much less so in the Garífunas, with several mtDNA types elevated to high frequency, suggesting the action of genetic drift.
Subject(s)
Black or African American/genetics , Black or African American/history , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Emigration and Immigration/history , Genetic Variation/genetics , Social Problems/history , Africa/ethnology , Black or African American/ethnology , Colombia/epidemiology , Genetics, Population/methods , History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Honduras/epidemiology , Humans , Indians, Central American/genetics , Indians, Central American/history , Indians, South American/genetics , Indians, South American/history , Social Problems/ethnologyABSTRACT
O principal objetivo deste artigo foi discutir sobre alguns aspectos relacionados com as relações sociais entre brasileiros descendentes de africanos numa cultura germânica, como é caso da cidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A metodologia usada foi a observação participante (o autor viveu por oito meses naquela cidade) e entrevistas abertas. Um questionário foi aplicado com estudantes do ensino fundamental (5ª a 8ª séries) para medir estereótipos raciais e nacionais. Aquele questionário foi organizado por antropólogos da Universidade de Columbia (EUA) e usado por Thales de Azevedo em seu estudo sobre afro-descendentes brasileiros na bahia (Brasil). A população estudada foi formada por uma amostra piloto principalmente originária do segundo distrito da cidade de Santa Cruz do Sul...(au)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Race Relations , /history , Black or African American/history , PrejudiceABSTRACT
O principal objetivo deste artigo foi discutir sobre alguns aspectos relacionados com as relações sociais entre brasileiros descendentes de africanos numa cultura germânica, como é caso da cidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A metodologia usada foi a observação participante (o autor viveu por oito meses naquela cidade) e entrevistas abertas. Um questionário foi aplicado com estudantes do ensino fundamental (5a 8a séries) para medir estereótipos raciais e nacionais. Aquele questionário foi organizado por antropólogos da Universidade de Columbia (EUA) e usado por Thales de Azevedo em seu estudo sobre afro-descendentes brasileiros na bahia (Brasil). A população estudada foi formada por uma amostra piloto principalmente originária do segundo distrito da cidade de Santa Cruz do Sul...(au)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Race Relations , /history , Black or African American/history , PrejudiceABSTRACT
Neste artigo são apresentadas algumas notas sobre o approach sociológico do artigo O negro no município de Santa Cruz do Sul (1968), de José F. Fachel, publicado no boletim informativo do Centro de Estudos Sociais da Universidade Federal do Rio grande do Sul. A presente revisão do primeiro estudo sociológico sobre a comunidade de afro-descendentes no município de Santa Cruz do Sul (RS) de formação histórica e social, predominantemente, ligada à imigração alemã tem o fito de propor uma reflexão sobre as minorias étnicas na sociedade contemporânea.(au)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Ethnicity/history , Sociology , /history , Black or African American/history , PrejudiceABSTRACT
The Darwinian theories compound the paradigm adopted by the physicians in Southern United States, when they turned to the subject of the differences in morbidity and mortality among the races after abolition. These physicians engaged in thoughts about the health crisis that assaulted the African-American population on that region. The Brazilian physicians, on the other hand, would not try to understand or explain the health crisis that overtook the population descended from Africans on their country. Actually, not a single Brazilian medical journal, since the end of abolition to the 1930s, published an article where a physician indicated the morbidity and mortality of his negro patients, or of negroes in general, as caused by any source related to the racial paradigm. The psychiatrists and eugenicist doctors were exceptions.