Clinical, biochemical and molecular findings of 24 Brazilian patients with glutaric acidemia type 1: 4 novel mutations in the GCDH gene.

Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA-1) is a rare but treatable inherited disease caused by deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity due to GCDH gene mutations. In this study, we report 24 symptomatic GA-1 Brazilian patients, and present their clinical, biochemical, and molecular findings. Patients were diagnosed by high levels of glutaric and/or 3-hydroxyglutaric and glutarylcarnitine. Diagnosis was confirmed by genetic analysis. Most patients had the early-onset severe form of the disease and the main features were neurological deterioration, seizures and dystonia, usually following an episode of metabolic decompensation. Despite the early symptomatology, diagnosis took a long time for most patients. We identified 13 variants in the GCDH gene, four of them were novel: c.91 + 5G > A, c.167T > G, c.257C > T, and c.10A > T. The most common mutation was c.1204C > T (p.R402W). Surprisingly, the second most frequent mutation was the new mutation c.91 + 5G > A (IVS1 ds G-A + 5). Our results allowed a complete characterization of the GA-1 Brazilian patients. Besides, they expand the mutational spectrum of GA-1, with the description of four new mutations. This work reinforces the importance of awareness of GA-1 among doctors in order to allow early diagnosis and treatment in countries like Brazil where the disease has not been included in newborn screening programs.

¿Encefalopatía o encefalitis por varicela-zóster? Una paciente con una punción lumbar engañosa / ENCEPHALOPATHY OR VARICELLA-ZOSTER ENCEPHALITIS? A PATIENT WITH A TRICKY LUMBAR PUNCTURE

La encefalopatía es un cuadro clínico característico de múltiples procesos neurológicos y sistémicos que no hay que confundir con la encefalitis, que es una inflamación cerebral, normalmente causadas por infecciones virales. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 58 años con enfermedad renal crónica en diálisis peritoneal, que ingresa por sepsis de origen peritoneal con clínica de encefalopatía y crisis epilépticas parciales. La paciente presenta lesiones de herpes zóster en zona lumbar y se practica punción lumbar, con resultado del líquido cefalorraquídeo positivo para virus varicela-zóster, por lo que completa tratamiento con aciclovir. En la resonancia magnética no presenta ninguna alteración, y una segunda punción lumbar tras mejoría de las lesiones cutáneas es negativa. El curso de la paciente es fluctuante durante el ingreso, con mejoría significativa tras antibióticos, hemodiálisis y tratamiento antiepiléptico, y no respondiendo al aciclovir. La etiología sospechada es la debida al contexto infeccioso y metabólico de la paciente. Probablemente el resultado del líquido fue contaminado por la proximidad de las lesiones herpéticas, ya que además no es frecuente encontrar encefalitis infecciosas agudas sin alteraciones en las pruebas de imagen. La mejoría final fue debida tanto a la medicación antiepiléptica como al inicio de hemodiálisis

Encefalopathy is a clinical syndrome ocurring in multiple neurologic and systemic diseases which must not be mistaken with encephalitis, that is a cerebral inflammatory process, often caused by viral infections. We present the case of a 58-year-old woman with chronic renal failure receiving peritoneal dyalisis, who was admitted into hospital for sepsis secondary to infectious peritonitis, with encefalopathy and epileptic partial seizures. The patient presented lumbar herpetic cutaneous lesions and a lumbar punction is practiced, with a positive result in the cerebrospinal fluid for varicella-zoster virus. Treatment with aciclovir was completed. Her cerebral magnetic resonance was absolutely normal, and a second lumbar puncture when herpetic lesions got better was negative. The course is fluctuating during the stay, and a significant clinical improvement occurs after antibiotics, hemodyalisis and antiepileptic treatment. The patient did not respond to aciclovir. The suspected ethiology is the infectious and metabolic context. Positivity for the virus is thought to be a contamination from the nearby herpetic lesions. Also, it is rare for an infectious acute encephalitis to present with normal radiologic imaging. The final clinical improvement was probably due to hemodyalisis initiation and the antiepileptic treatment.

Medical complications of anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa is a mental illness characterized by self-starvation, marked weight loss, and malnutrition. As the illness worsens, numerous medical complications develop throughout the body. Some of these resolve with effective nutritional rehabilitation and weight gain, whereas others can lead to permanent damage.

Selective Screening of Fatty Acids Oxidation Defects and Organic Acidemias by Liquid Chromatography/tandem Mass Spectrometry Acylcarnitine Analysis in Brazilian Patients.

BACKGROUND: Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are diseases which can lead to accumulation of toxic metabolites in the organism. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate, by selective screening, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation defects (FAOD) and organic acidemias in Brazilian individuals with clinical suspicion of IEM. METHODS: A total of 7,268 individuals, from different regions of Brazil, had whole blood samples impregnated on filter paper which were submitted to the acylcarnitines analysis by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) at the Medical Genetics Service of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil, during July 2008-July 2016. RESULTS: Our results showed that 68 patients (0.93%) were diagnosed with FAOD (19 cases) and organic acidemias (49 cases). The most prevalent FAOD was multiple acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), whereas glutaric type I and 3-OH-3-methylglutaric acidemias were the most frequent disorders of organic acid metabolism. Neurologic symptoms and metabolic acidosis were the most common clinical and laboratory features, whereas the average age of the patients at diagnosis was 2.3 years. CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrated a high incidence of glutaric acidemia type I and 3-OH-3- methylglutaric acidemia in Brazil and an unexpectedly low incidence of FAOD, particularly medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD).

Astrocyte Dysfunction in Developmental Neurometabolic Diseases.

Astrocytes play crucial roles in maintaining brain homeostasis and in orchestrating neural development, all through tightly coordinated steps that cooperate to maintain the balance needed for normal development. Here, we review the alterations in astrocyte functions that contribute to a variety of developmental neurometabolic disorders and provide additional data on the predominant role of astrocyte dysfunction in the neurometabolic neurodegenerative disease glutaric acidemia type I. Finally, we describe some of the therapeutical approaches directed to neurometabolic diseases and discuss if astrocytes can be possible therapeutic targets for treating these disorders.

Encefalopatias: etiologia, fisiopatologia e manuseio clínico de algumas das principais formas de apresentação da doença / Encephalopathies: etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management of some major forms of disease presentation

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As encefalopatias compõem um grupo heterogêneo de etiologias, onde a pronta e correta atuação médica direcionada à causa da doença, pode modificar o prognóstico do paciente. O objetivo deste estudo foi rever os aspectos fisiopatológicos das diferentes encefalopatias bem como seus principais fatores desencadeantes e manuseio clínico.CONTEÚDO: Foram selecionadas as mais frequentes encefalopatias observadas na prática clínica e discutir sua fisiopatologia, bem como sua abordagem terapêutica, destacando: encefalopatia hipertensiva, hipóxico-isquêmica, metabólica, Wernicke-Korsakoff, traumática e tóxica.CONCLUSÃO: Trata-se de uma complexa condição clínica que exige rápida identificação e preciso manuseio clínico com o intuito de reduzir sua elevada taxa de morbimortalidade. O atraso no reconhecimento dessa condição clínica poderá ser extremamente prejudicial ao paciente que estará sofrendo lesão cerebral muitas vezes irreversível.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Encephalopathies comprise a heterogeneous group of clinical conditions, in which the prompt and adequate medical intervention can modify patient prognosis. This paper aims to discuss the pathophysiological aspects of different encephalopathies, their etiology, and clinical management.CONTENTS: We selected the main encephalopathies observed in clinical practice, such as hypertensive, hypoxic-ischemic, metabolic, Wernicke-Korsakoff, traumatic, and toxic encephalopathies, and to discuss their therapeutic approaches.CONCLUSION: This is a complex clinical condition that requires rapid identification and accurate clinical management with the aim of reducing its high morbidity and mortality rates. Delay in recognizing this condition can be extremely harmful to the patient who is suffering from often irreversible brain injury.

Hyponatremia and brain injury: absence of alterations of serum brain natriuretic peptide and vasopressin / Hiponatremia e traumatismo cranioencefálico: ausência de alteração sanguínea do peptídeo natriurético cerebral e hormônio antidiurético

OBJECTIVE: To study any possible relation between hyponatremia following brain injury and the presence of cerebral salt-wasting syndrome (CSWS) or the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), and if vasopressin, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and aldosterone have a role in its mechanism. METHOD: Patients with brain injury admitted to the intensive care unit were included and had their BNP, aldosterone and vasopressin levels dosed on day 7. RESULTS: Twenty six adult patients were included in the study. Nine (34.6 percent) had hyponatremia and presented with a negative water balance and higher values of urinary sodium, serum potassium and diuresis than patients with normonatremia. The serum levels of BNP, aldosterone, and vasopressin were normal and no relation was observed between plasma sodium and BNP, aldosterone or vasopressin. CONCLUSION: The most likely cause of hyponatremia was CSWS and there was no correlation between BNP, aldosterone and vasopressin with serum sodium level.

OBJETIVO: Estudar a possível relação entre a hiponatremia seguindo traumatismo cranioencefálico e a presença da síndrome cerebral perdedora de sal (SCPS) ou a síndrome da secreção inapropriada do hormônio antidiurético (SSIHAD), e se a vasopressina, peptídeo natriurético cerebral (BNP) e aldosterona têm um papel nesse mecanismo. MÉTODO: Foram incluídos pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva e foram dosados no sétimo dia seguindo o trauma, BNP, aldosterona e vasopressina. RESULTADOS: Vinte e seis pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. Nove (34,6 por cento) tiveram hiponatremia e apresentaram um balanço hídrico mais negativo e altos valores de sódio urinário, potássio sérico e diurese quando comparados com o grupo que apresentou normonatremia. Os níveis séricos de BNP, aldosterona e vasopressina foram normais e não foi observada relação entre o sódio sérico e BNP, aldosterona e vasopressina. CONCLUSÃO: A causa mais provável da hiponatremia foi a SCPS e não houve correlação entre BNP, aldosterona e vasopressina com o nível sérico de sódio.

Hyponatremia and brain injury: absence of alterations of serum brain natriuretic peptide and vasopressin.

OBJECTIVE: To study any possible relation between hyponatremia following brain injury and the presence of cerebral salt-wasting syndrome (CSWS) or the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), and if vasopressin, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and aldosterone have a role in its mechanism. METHOD: Patients with brain injury admitted to the intensive care unit were included and had their BNP, aldosterone and vasopressin levels dosed on day 7. RESULTS: Twenty six adult patients were included in the study. Nine (34.6%) had hyponatremia and presented with a negative water balance and higher values of urinary sodium, serum potassium and diuresis than patients with normonatremia. The serum levels of BNP, aldosterone, and vasopressin were normal and no relation was observed between plasma sodium and BNP, aldosterone or vasopressin. CONCLUSION: The most likely cause of hyponatremia was CSWS and there was no correlation between BNP, aldosterone and vasopressin with serum sodium level.

Renal failure is a risk factor for cefepime-induced encephalopathy.

BACKGROUND: Cefepime is a widely used antibiotic. However, it can cause encephalopathy, which has been increasingly described in the literature, occurring mainly in patients with impaired renal function. The primary objective in this study was to measure the incidence of cefepime-induced encephalopathy and determine potential risk factors for its occurrence. METHODS: In the period from February 2005 to February 2006, a prospective cohort study was conducted, which followed 498 patients using cefepime. Other metabolic problems were ruled out for all patients with clinical suspicion of encephalopathy and, when cefepime was the probable cause, electroencephalographic (EEG) tests were performed to assist in the diagnosis, with the first performed during cefepime use and another performed at least 48 hours following drug discontinuation and/or clinical improvement. RESULTS: Among patients selected for this study (n=498), 5 were diagnosed with cefepime-induced encephalopathy, thus indicating a cumulative incidence of approximately 1% (0.01), 387 had glomerular filtration rate (GFR) >or=60 ml/min and 111 had GFR <60 ml/min. Among the latter, 5 patients developed cefepime-induced encephalopathy. Mean GFR value in patients with encephalopathy (n=5) was 17.20 ml/min (SD +/-10.75 ml/min) and, in patients without encephalopathy (n=106) it was 32.59 ml/min (SD +/-14.89 ml/min) (p=0.025). CONCLUSION: The development of cefepime-induced encephalopathy seems to be related to the severity of impairment in glomerular filtration.

Encefalopatía inducida por ácido valproico / Encephalopathy induced by valproico acid

El ácido valproico es una droga de creciente uso para el tratamiento de las convulsiones, desórdenes conductales, enfermedades psiquiátricas y migrañas. Como efecto adverso poco frecuente puede desarrollar encefalopatía debido a hiperamoniemia.Esta reacción es frecuentemente observada en niños y en pacientes con factores de riesgo. Casos de encefalopatía hiperamoniémica sin disfunción hepática debido a ácido valproico se han descripto en adultos luego de tomas adecuadas o excesicas de la droga. Este trastorno es más común cuando se asocia a fenobarbital, fenitoína o carbamecepina, siendo infrecuente cuando el valproato es usado como monoterapia. Las complicaciones a nivel del SNC tiene la desventaja de no estar relacionads con la dosis, lo que hace dificil su predicción. La naturaleza y severidad de dicha disfunción depende de la causa, el grado de hiperamoniemia, su forma de inicio y la edad del paciente. Los signos típicos son el comienzo agudo del deterioro de la conciencia con confusión y letargia. Este es un trastorno reversible pero sin tratamiento puede ocasionar daño cerebral permanente y deterioro congnitivo severo. Por ello es necesario monitorear cercanamente el tratamiento con el anticonvulsivante y detectar individuos con alto riesgo de desarrollar como por valproato. Hay medidas preventivas y en pacientes gravemente enfermos la terapéutica incluye depuración dialítica.

[Cognitive and psychomotor slowing in chronic hemodialysis patients]. / Lentidão cognitiva e psicomotora em hemodialisados crônicos.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of "subclinical uremic encephalopathy" may need the administration of sensitive tests. PURPOSE: To test the hypotheses that (1) patients on chronic hemodialysis (CHD) fare worse than normal controls on a brief performance battery, (2) one extra-day of uremia further jeopardizes the neuropsychological performance of CHD patients, and (3) uremia impairs improvement on a second testing session. METHOD: The cognitive and motor agility of 28 patients on CHD were assessed with the Trails A and B, Digit Symbol, and Stroop tests. RESULTS: (1a) cognitive and psychomotor performance were slowed in patients, (2a) one extra-day of uremia impaired performance further on Trail Making B, and (3a) CHD patients had a decreased ability to learn novel procedures even in the short-term. CONCLUSION: CHD patients may present with a "subclinical encephalopathy" whose detection may require the administration of sensible tests. Mental and motor agility, and the ability to learn new routines are impaired in at least some CHD patients with a normal global cognitive state.

Lentidão cognitiva e psicomotora em hemodialisados crônicos / Cognitive and psychomotor slowing in chronic hemodialysis patients

FUNDAMENTOS: A encefalopatia urêmica subclínica pode levar a comprometimento ocupacional de difícil diagnóstico por requerer o emprego de medidas sensíveis. PROPOSITO: Testar as hipóteses de que (1) pacientes em hemodiálise crônica (HDC) se saem pior do que controles normais em uma bateria de desempenho, (2) um dia extra de uremia comprometeria ainda mais o comprometimento neuropsicológico desses pacientes, e (3) a uremia dificultaria a melhora do desempenho em uma segunda sessão de testes. MÉTODO: A agilidade cognitiva e motora de 28 pacientes em HDC foi avaliada com os testes de Trilhas (A e B), Algarismos e Símbolos, e Stroop. RESULTADOS: (1a) o desempenho cognitivo e motor se encontravam mais lento nos pacientes, (2a) um dia a mais de uremia comprometeu o desempenho na Parte B do Teste de Trilhas, e (3a) pacientes em HDC apresentaram redução da capacidade de aprender novos procedimentos. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes em HDC podem apresentar uma "encefalopatia subclínica" cuja detecção pode requerer a aplicação de testes sensíveis. A agilidade mental e motora, e a capacidade de aprender novas rotinas estão comprometidas em, pelo menos, alguns pacientes em HDC com cognição global normal.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of "subclinical uremic encephalopathy" may need the administration of sensitive tests. PURPOSE: To test the hypotheses that (1) patients on chronic hemodialysis (CHD) fare worse than normal controls on a brief performance battery, (2) one extra-day of uremia further jeopardizes the neuropsychological performance of CHD patients, and (3) uremia impairs improvement on a second testing session. METHOD: The cognitive and motor agility of 28 patients on CHD were assessed with the Trails A and B, Digit Symbol, and Stroop tests. RESULTS: (1a) cognitive and psychomotor performance were slowed in patients, (2a) one extra-day of uremia impaired performance further on Trail Making B, and (3a) CHD patients had a decreased ability to learn novel procedures even in the short-term. CONCLUSION: CHD patients may present with a "subclinical encephalopathy" whose detection may require the administration of sensible tests. Mental and motor agility, and the ability to learn new routines are impaired in at least some CHD patients with a normal global cognitive state.

[Cerebral salt wasting. Half a century of a largely undefined syndrome]. / Pérdida cerebral de sal. Medio siglo de un síndrome no bien definido.

Peters made the original description of the cerebral salt wasting syndrome (CSWS) in 1950 in three patients with hyponatremia that he assumed to be secondary to natriuresis of cerebral mechanism. Few years later, Schwartz describe the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) in two patients with bronchial carcinoma, with characteristics similar to CSWS. Wijdicks gave clinical entity to CSWS when referring that it is the prevalent cause of hyponatremia in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, and stressed the risk of secondary cerebral infarction if restrictive plans of water and salt were used as a consequence of a miss diagnosis. However, CSWS has been recently questioned because of its atypical characteristics, not shared by other saline wasting syndromes. The volume status of patients with hyponatremia and natriuresis determines whether the cause of this disorder is SIADH or CSWS. Nevertheless the evidence are contradictory, the vasopressin level can be recognized only in relation to the tonicity of body fluids, and the natriuresis is a common final pathway for both syndromes. In this literature review, some issues of CSWS that are associated or opposed with SIADH and other saline wasting syndrome are discussed. We conclude that the reports that sustain CSWS are insufficient in their methodology and interpretation of the results. The absence of strict metabolic studies has been negatively replaced by the original information casually quoted, and the strength of tradition. Thereafter, the paradigm generates unfounded ethical dilemmas which render difficult any further investigations with appropriate controls.

Perdida cerebral de sal: medio siglo de un síndrome no bien definido / Cerebral salt wasting: half a century of a largely undefined syndrome

Peters made the original description of the cerebral salt wasting syndrome (CSWS) in 1950 in three patients with hyponatremia that he assumed to be secondary to natriuresis of cerebral mechanism. Few years later, Schwartz describe the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) in two patients with bronchial carcinoma, with characteristics similar to CSWS. Wijdicks gave clinical entity to CSWS when referring that it is the prevalent cause of hyponatremia in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, and stressed the risk of secondary cerebral infarction if restrictive plans of water and salt were used as a consequence of a miss diagnosis. However, CSWS has been recently questioned because of its atypical characteristics, not shared by other saline wasting syndromes. The volume status of patients with hyponatremia and natriuresis determines whether the cause of this disorder is SIADH or CSWS. Nevertheless the evidence are contradictory, the vasopressin level can be recognized only in relation to the tonicity of body fluids, and the natriuresis is a common final pathway for both syndromes. In this literature review, some issues of CSWS that are associated or opposed with SIADH and other saline wasting syndrome are discussed. We conclude that the reports that sustain CSWS are insufficient in their methodology and interpretation of the results. The absence of strict metabolic studies has been negatively replaced by the original information casually quoted, and the strength of tradition. Thereafter, the paradigm generates unfounded ethical dilemmas which render difficult any further investigations with appropriate controls. (Au)

Programa de rehabilitación basada en la comunidad para el diagnostico y tratamiento de las alteraciones motoras cerebrales infantiles / Community-based rehabilitation program for the diagnosis and treatment of the child cerebral motor alterations

El proyecto consiste en una propuesta de intervencion, orientada a dar solución a uno de los principales problemas de salud en nuestro medio que no ha sido encarado aún en forma apropiada: las alteraciones cerebrales infantiles. Se pretende beneficiar a una población seleccionada que pueda acceder a un programa de Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad (RBC). Se busca trabajar con mayor énfasis a nivel comunitario mediante la capacitación de madres lideres, que son para este proyecto el respaldo y nexo entre el personal de salud y la población beneficiaria, a través de la participación comprometida de los Centros de Atención Primaria en Salud...

Hallazgos neurorradiológicos en aminoaciduria glutárica tipo I: informe de dos casos / Neuroradiologic findings in glutaric aminoaciduria type I

Se informan los hallazgos neurradiológicos de dos pacientes pediátricos con aminoaciduria glutárica tipo I (AG-I), a quienes se les realizó tomografía de cabeza y, sólo a uno, estudio de imagen de resonancia magnética. El diagnóstico bioquímico se llevo a cabo mediante la medición de ácido glutártico libre en orina, así como por cromatografía de gas para determinar la actividad enzimática del glutaril Co-A deshidrogenasa en los leucocitos. El retardo en la mielinización, con su consecuente disminución generalizada de la sustancia blanca, es característico de varias enfermedades metabólicas; las evidencias de las alteraciones de disgénesis cerebral se obtienen básicamente mediante estudios de neuroimagen. Se debe sospechar una probable enfermedad hereditaria del metabolismo como AG-I cuando se tenga un paciente pediátrico con retraso psicomotor, alteraciones motoras extrapiramidales o macrocrania, en el cual se obtengan los siguientes hallazgos neurorradiológicos: atrofia bilateral de la fosa temporal asociada con áreas hipodensas difusas en la sustancia blanca, ligera atrofia o pérdida del volumen de los ganglios basales, hipoplasia del vermis del cerebelo y ocasionalmente colección subdural de líquido.

[Leigh disease. Presentation of a clinical case]. / Enfermedad de Leigh. Presentación de un caso clínico.

Leigh's disease is also known as subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy. The outstanding clinical features are alterations of the state consciousness, cranial nerve manifestations and bilateral pyramidal signs. The disease is a result of unexplained biochemical disturbances in the private metabolism. In this article we present the clinical characteristics, its course and the features in the nuclear magnetic resonance in a child with Leigh's disease.