Role of boost radiotherapy for local control of pure ductal carcinoma in situ after breast-conserving surgery: a multicenter, retrospective study of 622 patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of boost radiotherapy on ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) after breast-conserving surgery and whole breast radiotherapy (WBRT) with or without boost. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Retrospective, multicentre study of 622 patients (624 tumors) diagnosed with pure DCIS from 1993-2011. RESULTS: Most tumors (377/624; 60.4%) received a boost. At a median follow-up of 8.8 years, IBTR occurred in 64 cases (10.3%). A higher percentage of patients with risk factors for IBTR received a boost (p < 0.05). Boost was not associated with lower rates of IBTR than WBRT alone (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.42-1.35). On the univariate analyses, IBTR was significantly associated with tumor size (11-20 mm, HR 2.32, 95% CI 1.27-4.24; and > 20 mm, HR 2.10, 95% CI 1.14-3.88), re-excision (HR 1.76, 95% CI 1.04-2.96), and tamoxifen (HR 2.03, 95% CI 1.12-3.70). Boost dose > 16 Gy had a protective effect (HR 0.39, 95% CI 0.187-0.824). Multivariate analyses confirmed the independent associations between IBTR and 11-20 mm (p = 0.02) and > 20 mm (p = 0.009) tumours, and re-excision (p = 0.006). On the margin-stratified multivariate analysis, tamoxifen was a poor prognostic factor in the close/positive margin subgroup (HR 4.28 95% CI 1.23-14.88), while the highest boost dose ( > 16 Gy) had a significant positive effect (HR 0.34, 95% CI 0.13-0.86) in the negative margin subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: Radiotherapy boost did not improve the risk of IBTR. Boost radiotherapy was more common in patients with high-risk disease. Tumor size and re-excision were significant independent prognostic factors.

[Adherence to adjuvant hormonal therapy in patients with breast cancer]. / Adhesión a la hormonoterapia adyuvante en pacientes con cáncer de mama.

BACKGROUND: Adherence to hormonal therapy (HT) treatment is a complex and multifaceted issue that can determine variations in response to treatment. However, it is little known about it in routine clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: To assess adherence to HT from 1 to 5 years of 190 patients treated at the Hospital de Clínicas (in Montevideo, Uruguay), and to identify factors for the interruption of therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 190 patients treated with HT due to S I-III breast cancer were included from 2002 to 2012. The Kaplan Meier method was used to assess the proportion of patients who discontinued HT, and the univariate analysis with log-rank test was used to identify factors leading to its interruption. RESULTS: Out of 190 patients enrolled in the study, 95.3, 87.9, 80.6, 76.4, and 69.5% were still complying with their HT by the first, second, third, fourth and fifth year, respectively. Therapy continuity was greater in patients who received HT combined with tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors vs. those who received a single drug (p = 0.017). CONCLUSION: This real-life evaluation showed that HT adherence was reduced by 30.5% at 5 years, despite that there is a well-known benefit of this treatment on overall survival (OS), that it is well-tolerated, and provided for free. In view of the significant impact that HT interruption may have on OS, further investigation is required to determine what cause patients to discontinue their HT, in order to guide our efforts and enable us to increase and optimize adherence.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la adhesión al tratamiento con hormonoterapia (HT) es un tema complejo y polifacético que puede determinar variantes en la respuesta al tratamiento. Sin embargo, se sabe poco acerca de la misma en la práctica clínica habitual. OBJETIVO: evaluar la adherencia a HT de uno a cinco años de 190 pacientes tratadas en el Hospital de Clínicas (de Montevideo, Uruguay) e identificar factores de interrupción de la terapia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se incluyeron, de 2002 a 2012, 190 pacientes tratadas con HT por cáncer de mama E I-III. Se utilizó el método de Kaplan Meier para valorar la proporción de pacientes que abandonó la HT y el análisis univariado con prueba de log-rank para identificar los factores que podrían influir en su interrupción. RESULTADOS: de las 190 pacientes incluidas, las proporciones de quienes mantuvieron adhesión a la HT, desde el primero hasta el quinto año, fueron sucesivamente de 95.3, 87.9, 80.6, 76.4 y 69.5%. Las pacientes que recibieron HT combinada con tamoxifeno e inhibidores de la aromatasa tuvieron mayor continuidad en el tratamiento respecto de aquellas que recibieron una única droga (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIÓN: evaluamos la adhesión a la HT en la vida real y se redujo un 30.5% en cinco años, a pesar de su conocido beneficio en sobrevida global (SVG), de ser un tratamiento bien tolerado y brindado en forma gratuita. Se deben investigar los motivos de su interrupción, a fin de optimizar su adhesión y ahondar en los esfuerzos para aumentar su cumplimiento, dado el impacto que puede tener en la SVG.

Manejo diagnóstico-terapéutico de las lesiones mamarias atípicas / Diagnostic-therapeutic Management of Atypical Breast Lesions

Las lesiones mamarias se dividen histológicamente en dos grandes grupos, malignas y benignas. Las lesiones malignas pueden ser de origen ductal o lobulillar, siendo el carcinoma ductal infiltrante la neoplasia invasiva más frecuente. Las lesiones benignas se clasifican en no proliferativas, proliferativas sin atipias y proliferativas con atipias. Dentro de los dos últimos grupos se encuentran entidades que conllevan un alto riesgo de desarrollar carcinoma de mama, como pueden ser la hiperplasia ductal atípica, la cicatriz radial o la neoplasia lobular. Revisamos en qué consisten dichas entidades y cuáles son sus características principales en imagen, fundamentalmente en mamografía y ecografía. Si tras realizar una biopsia se obtiene uno de esos diagnósticos histológicos, es importante analizar las características imagenológicas y el tipo de procedimiento realizado (número de cilindros obtenidos, calibre de aguja...), para realizar un adecuado manejo posterior. En algunos casos la actitud a seguir será la extirpación quirúrgica completa de la lesión, mientras que en otros se podrá realizar una extirpación percutánea (mediante biopsia con aguja de vacio), o incluso seguimiento estricto por imagen. Mediante diferentes casos mostraremos nuestra experiencia y analizaremos la literatura vigente para recordar esas entidades y llegar a un consenso adecuado sobre el manejo de las mismas.

Breast lesions are divided histologically into two large groups, malignant and benign. Malignant lesions may be of ductal or lobular origin, with infiltrating ductal carcinoma being the most frequent invasive neoplasm. Benign breast lesions are classified as proliferative, proliferative without atypia and proliferative with atypia. Within the last two classifications are entities that carry a high risk of developing breast carcinoma, such as atypical ductal hyperplasia, radial scar or lobular neoplasia. We review what these entities consist of and what are their fundamental characteristics in image, fundamentally in mammography and ultrasound. When we perform one of these histological diagnoses after a biopsy, it is important to analyze the radiological characteristics and the type of procedure performed (number of cylinders, needle gauge ...) to perform an appropriate posterior management. In some cases the attitude to be followed will be the complete surgical removal of the lesion, while in others a percutaneous excision (through vacuum needle biopsy) or even strict image follow-up may be performed. Through different cases we will show our experience and analyze current literature to remember these entities and reach an adequate management consensus.

Predictive factors for positive surgical margins in the treatment of breast ductal carcinoma in situ.

CONTEXT: Surgery is the main form of treatment for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast. Among other factors, treatment success requires that the surgical margins are free of disease, to reduce the risk of recurrence. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to analyze factors that might be associated with positive margins in patients diagnosed with DCIS. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A retrospective analysis was performed of hospital databases from the year 2006 to 2014, to identify patients with an initial diagnosis of DCIS made by percutaneous biopsy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Age, the presence of disease symptoms, lesion size on mammogram, and the presence of estrogen receptors, and their relationship to the surgical margins were evaluated in 249 patients. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Shapiro and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests were used to verify that the data were normally distributed. Chi-squared test was used to verify the independence of the variables. RESULTS: Lesions measuring 1.55 cm or greater had a relative risk of positive margins after conservative surgery of 1.39 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.02-1.90). The presence of symptoms had a relative risk of positive margins after conservative surgery of 1.54 (95% CI: 1.17-2.02). CONCLUSION: Lesions measuring 1.55 cm or greater and the presence of symptoms are risk factors for positive margins in the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ. Therefore, these patients need a better surgical planning in order to reduce the risk of positive margins. There is a clear need for large prospective studies to validate our findings and define other factors that might contribute to the success of surgical resection for ductal carcinoma in situ.