DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND BINGE EATING BEFORE AND AFTER BARIATRIC SURGERY: PROBLEMS THAT REMAIN.

BACKGROUND: As the number of surgeries increases and the elapsed time of the realization increases as well, the postoperative evaluations would become increasingly necessary. AIM: To assess the psychological profile before and after surgery. METHODS: Were evaluated 281 patients from the public service of bariatric surgery. In this study, 109 patients completed the evaluations before surgery (T0) and up to 23 months after surgery (T1); 128 completed the evaluations in T0 and between 24 months and 59 months after surgery (T2); and 44 completed the evaluations in T0 and 60 months after surgery (T3). A semi-structured interview, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety (BAI), and the Binge Eating Scale (BES) were used. RESULTS: There was a higher prevalence of female (83%), patients with less than 12 years of education (83%), and patients who have a partner (64%). Analyzing all times of evaluation, regarding anxiety, depression, and binge eating, there was a reduction in all symptoms in T1, pointing to significant improvements in the first 23 months after surgery. Already, in T2 and T3, there was an increase in all indicators of anxiety, depression, and binge eating pointing to the transient impact of weight loss or bariatric surgery on these symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the importance of the continuous psychological evaluation and needs for the appropriate interventions for these patients who have undergone bariatric surgery, even after weight loss.

Depression, anxiety, and binge eating before and after bariatric surgery: problems that remain / Depressão, ansiedade e compulsão alimentar antes e após cirurgia bariátrica: problemas que persistem

ABSTRACT Background: As the number of surgeries increases and the elapsed time of the realization increases as well, the postoperative evaluations would become increasingly necessary. Aim: To assess the psychological profile before and after surgery. Methods: Were evaluated 281 patients from the public service of bariatric surgery. In this study, 109 patients completed the evaluations before surgery (T0) and up to 23 months after surgery (T1); 128 completed the evaluations in T0 and between 24 months and 59 months after surgery (T2); and 44 completed the evaluations in T0 and 60 months after surgery (T3). A semi-structured interview, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety (BAI), and the Binge Eating Scale (BES) were used. Results: There was a higher prevalence of female (83%), patients with less than 12 years of education (83%), and patients who have a partner (64%). Analyzing all times of evaluation, regarding anxiety, depression, and binge eating, there was a reduction in all symptoms in T1, pointing to significant improvements in the first 23 months after surgery. Already, in T2 and T3, there was an increase in all indicators of anxiety, depression, and binge eating pointing to the transient impact of weight loss or bariatric surgery on these symptoms. Conclusions: This study shows the importance of the continuous psychological evaluation and needs for the appropriate interventions for these patients who have undergone bariatric surgery, even after weight loss.

RESUMO Racional: Avaliações pós-operatórias têm se tornado necessárias em ciruriga bariátrica considerando o grande número de operações e o tempo decorrido de sua realização. Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil psicológico de pacientes de um serviço público de cirurgia bariátrica antes e após o procedimento. Métodos: Foram avaliados no total 281 pacientes. Destes, 109 completaram as avaliações antes (T0) e até 23 meses após a operação (T1); 128 completaram as avaliações em T0 e entre 24 meses e 59 meses após a operação (T2); e 44 completaram as avaliações em T0 e 60 meses após a operação (T3). Foram utilizados entrevista semi-estruturada, Inventário Beck de Depressão (BDI), Inventário Beck de Ansiedade (BAI) e Escala de Compulsção Alimentar Periódica (ECAP). Resultados: Observou-se maior prevalência de mulheres (83%), pacientes com menos de 12 anos de escolaridade (83%) e pacientes que tinham um companheiro(a) (64%). Ao analisar todos os tempos de avaliação, observou-se que, com relação à ansiedade, depressão e compulsão alimentar, houve redução de todos os sintomas em T1, apontando para melhorias significativas nos primeiros 23 meses após a operação. Já em T2 e T3 observou-se aumento de todos os indicadores de ansiedade, depressão e compulsão alimentar, apontando para o impacto transitório da perda de peso alcançada pela cirurgia bariátrica nesses sintomas. Conclusões: Este estudo mostra a importância de avaliações psicológicas contínuas e a necessidade de intervenções multiprofissionais apropriadas para pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica, mesmo após a perda de peso.

Disordered eating behaviors in adolescents and adults living in the same household in metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors among adolescents and adults living in the same household. METHODS: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study developed with a probabilistic sample of 511 adolescents and 1254 adults living in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The frequency of binge eating, purging, and strict dieting or fasting over the previous 6 months was ascertained using a self-report questionnaire. RESULTS: Binge eating (20.0% vs. 8.4%), strict dieting or fasting (18.9% vs. 2.4%), and purging (3.3% vs. 2.2%) were more frequent among adolescents than adults. There was a significant association between frequency of binge eating and strict dieting or fasting in adults and in adolescents living in the same household. CONCLUSION: The presence of disordered eating behaviors in adults may be a risk factor for the development of eating disorders in adolescents living in the same household. Thus, the development and implementation of eating disorder interventions should consider incorporating a family component.

Eating disorder risk behavior in Brazilian adolescents from low socio-economic level.

We investigated the prevalence, by gender, age and nutritional status, of eating disorder (ED) risk behavior, using a simplified self-report questionnaire in a probabilistic sample of 561, 12-19-year-old students from public schools in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sex- and age-specific body mass index cut-offs were used to assess nutritional status. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 16.2% and of being underweight was 2.5%; 37.3% of the adolescents studied presented symptoms of binge eating (BE) and 24.7% would go on a strict diet at least once a week, both cases more frequent in females (40.8% vs. 25.3%; 31.2% vs. 10.5%, respectively). Older students were shown to be more susceptible to binge eating and younger students more susceptible to strict dieting. Overweight adolescents were shown to be more susceptible to strict dieting than normal-weight adolescents, regardless of sex and age. The prevalence of binge eating and strict dieting was high in low-income Brazilian adolescents and females are at greater risk of developing eating disorders than males. The greater prevalence of strict dieting in younger students shows they are at nutritional risk.

[Physical activity, eating behavior, and pathology]. / Ejercicio físico, conducta alimentaria y patología.

Intense physical activity has been reported in patients with eating disorders, and hyperactivity can be found in more than 80% in severe stages. The beginning of food restriction occurs at earlier ages if there is an intense physical activity; body dissatisfaction is more intense among patients who practice exercise; and the presence of intense activity in anorexia nervosa usually precedes to the restrictive diet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of exercise at the beginning of the eating disorder, and to analyze possible differences in the kind of exercise, according to age, sex and diagnostic subgroups. In order to evaluate the exercise 745 patients were assessed by the Eating Disorders Examination (EDE). The presence of physical activity (driving to caloric consumption, weight loss or modification of body shape), kind of activity, and its intensity were considered. Only the presence of moderate or high intensity clearly related with the mentioned objectives was considered. 407 patients (54.63%) engaged in exercise: 68.96% with anorexia, 68.96% with bulimia, and 34.73% with other non-specified eating disorders. There were not significant differences between men and women. Hyperactivity was the most frequent (47.42%), followed by gym activity (25.79%). Taking into account the different clinic subgroups, we could observe significant differences. To assess eating disorders, a correct evaluation of the physical activity should be necessary in order to include this aspect in treatment programs.

Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) / Eating disorders

Los trastornos de la conducta alimetaria (TCA) son conocidos desde el siglo XVII (1989), y tienen una prevalencia de un 10 por ciento para la bulimia y de un 0.5 por ciento a 1 por ciento para anorexia. En este artículo se analizan factores como la morbilidad, los factores predisponentes, la caracterización clínica y las teorías sicológicas que subyacen a la enfermedad. Entre estos destacan la baja autoestima, el perfeccionismo y los problemas parentales. Se enfatizan los problemas del vínculo con los padres en donde la imagen corporal se transforma en el problema central. Se analizan los diagnósticos diferenciales tanto en la anorexia como en la bulimia y se describen los aspectos médicos y psiquiátricos a considerar en el tratamiento. Es importante resaltar la asociación de co-morbilidad depresiva, ansiosa, de personalidad y adicción tanto a drogas como alcohol. Finalmente se analiza la importancia del trabajo multiprofesional, integral y se enfatiza en que las estrategias farmacológicas y psicoterapéuticas cognitivas, conductuales que son el tratamiento de elección.

Bulimia nerviosa (Parte 2). Desde la etiología hasta la prevención / Bulimia nervosa (Part 2): From ethiology to prevention

Se provee al pediatra una revisión de la bulimia nerviosa (Parte 2), enfocada en la medicina basada en la evidencia, alertando acerca de los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de esta condición y con énfasis en la existencia de un grupo de alto riesgo. También se comparten los pensamientos actuales con respecto a etiología, así como las distintas manifestaciones de la bulimia nerviosa en ambos géneros. Concluimos con una revisión de la literatura reciente acerca de la prevención, el tratamiento y la evolución.

Bulimia nerviosa (Parte 2). Desde la etiología hasta la prevención / Bulimia nervosa (Part 2): From ethiology to prevention

Se provee al pediatra una revisión de la bulimia nerviosa (Parte 2), enfocada en la medicina basada en la evidencia, alertando acerca de los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de esta condición y con énfasis en la existencia de un grupo de alto riesgo. También se comparten los pensamientos actuales con respecto a etiología, así como las distintas manifestaciones de la bulimia nerviosa en ambos géneros. Concluimos con una revisión de la literatura reciente acerca de la prevención, el tratamiento y la evolución.(AU)

Bulimia nerviosa (Parte 1). Historia. Definición, epidemiología, cuadro clínico y complicaciones / Bulimia nervosa (Part 1): History, definition,epidemiology, clinical picture and complications

Se provee al pediatra una revisión de bulimia nerviosa (Parte 1), enfocada en medicina basada en la evidencia, alertando con respecto a la alarmante epidemiología y a las proteiformes manifestaciones clínicas de este desorden cíclico y secreto. Además se comparte información que facilita la detección de este trastorno por medio de una historia clínica dirigida, el reconocimiento de los signos típicos en el examen físico y el análisis cuidadoso de los datos de laboratorio. Finalmente, se describe la variedad de complicaciones, así como la frecuente comorbilidad asociada.

Bulimia nerviosa (Parte 1). Historia. Definición, epidemiología, cuadro clínico y complicaciones / Bulimia nervosa (Part 1): History, definition,epidemiology, clinical picture and complications

Se provee al pediatra una revisión de bulimia nerviosa (Parte 1), enfocada en medicina basada en la evidencia, alertando con respecto a la alarmante epidemiología y a las proteiformes manifestaciones clínicas de este desorden cíclico y secreto. Además se comparte información que facilita la detección de este trastorno por medio de una historia clínica dirigida, el reconocimiento de los signos típicos en el examen físico y el análisis cuidadoso de los datos de laboratorio. Finalmente, se describe la variedad de complicaciones, así como la frecuente comorbilidad asociada.(AU)

Topiramate after adjustable gastric banding in patients with binge eating and difficulty losing weight.

BACKGROUND: About 15% of patients who undergo adjustable gastric banding (AGB) have difficulty losing weight due to, among other factors, the development or maintenance of binge eating disorder. Topiramate is an anticonvulsive drug with proven good results in controlling binge eating episodes. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of topiramate in patients with AGB. METHODS: 16 patients with binge eating and inadequate weight loss after AGB were analyzed prospectively for 3 months while receiving topiramate in doses varying from 12.5 to 50 mg per day. RESULTS: There was a mean increase in excess weight loss from 20.4% to 34.1% without the need for band readjustment. 2 patients had intolerance to topiramate and were changed to fluoxetine 40 mg per day. CONCLUSION: Topiramate may be a useful adjuvant for patients with AGB and binge eating disorder.

O transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica / Periodical compulsive eating disorder

O transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica (TCAP) caracteriza-se pela ingestão descontrolada de grande quantidade de alimentos, sem apetite e quase sem mastigar, até que seja alcançada a plenitude. O ato compulsivo é realizado inconscientemente e independe das qualificações intelectuais ou morais do paciente que, após praticá-lo, na tentativa de libertar-se de um estado insuportável de ansiedade, sente-se esgotado, constrangido e com intenso sentimento de culpa sem, no entanto, recorrer a atos compensatórios, como nos casos de bulimia nervosa. Esses fatores denunciam a natureza neurótica-obsessiva do TCAP. Em vista da variedade de riscos a que estão expostos, os pacientes devem ser analisados por equipe médica multidisciplinar, com a colaboração de psiquiatras e nutricionistas.

Eating disturbances in women of color: an exploratory study of contextual factors in the development of disordered eating in Mexican American women.

The relationship between ethnocultural identity, eating practices, and cultural expectations is complex. When there are conflicting cultural demands, eating disturbances can occur. These disturbances affect many aspects of a woman's life, including her quality of life, health, relationships, and academic/career success. Contextual variables that may influence eating disorders in women of color include (a) level of acculturation, (b) socioeconomic status (SES), (c) peer socialization, (d) family structure, and (e) immigration status. This study examined these variables in a college sample of 115 Mexican American women. Each completed a demographic questionnaire and standardized instruments to measure acculturation, eating disorder symptoms, and family issues. Multiple regression analysis indicated that family rigidity contributes to an increased susceptibility for bulimic symptoms (p < .0001). Poor peer socialization and family rigidity were related to the preoccupation with body size and slimness, thus placing young Mexican American women at greater risk for developing self-destructive eating patterns such as severe weight control and dieting behaviors (p < .0001). Implications for health, quality of life, and appropriate therapeutic care are discussed.

Alteraciones neuroendocrinológicas en bulimia nerviosa / Neuroendocrin alterations in bulimia nervosa

La bulimia nerviosa es un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria que se caracteriza por tener una etiología multidimensional que incluye factores genéticos, biológicos, psicológicos, familiares y socioculturales, cuyas características más importantes son, básicamente, conductas de descontrol alimentario y de purga, alteración del estado de ánimo y anomalías neuroendócrinas. Estas pacientes presentan disfunciones en diferentes sistemas de neurotransmisores, relacionados de forma directa con la modulación del apetito, del humor y de la funciones neuroendócrinas. Dichos trastornos biológicos desempeñan, con toda probabilidad, un importante papel, y, junto con otros factores de tipo psicosocial y de personalidad que contribuyen al desarrollo y mantenimiento del "complejo sintomático" bulimia nerviosa. La bulimia nerviosa se caracteriza, pues, esencialmente por: a) pérdida de control sobre la conducta alimentaria de la que derivan. a.1) los episodios de ingesta voraz y consumo de una gran cantidad de comida en corto espacio de tiempo, seguida de a.2) conductas compensatorias para evitar el aumento de peso: el ayuno, vómitos autoinducidos, abuso de laxantes y diuréticos, ejercicio físico exagerado. b) alteraciones de humor y c) alteraciones neuroendócrinas (a las cuales haremos referencia más adelante) (AU)

Bulimia nervosa e suas alterações odontológicas / Nervous bulimia and its buccal alterations

Este trabalho tem por objetivo a revisäo da literatura sobre o tema bulimia nervosa, correlacionando-a com as possíveis alteraçöes bucais advindas da prática de regurgitaçäo, através de relatos de casos clínicos obtidos junto ao Instituto de Psiquiatria do HC-FMUSP

Prevalencia de trastornos del comportamiento alimentario en estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia entre Julio de 1994 y diciembre de 1995

Objetivos: validación de un instrumento de autorreporte para detectar trastornos del comportamiento alimentario (TCA), determinar su frecuencia en estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional y su relación con ansiedad y depresión

Depresión y trastorno de la alimentación / Depression and eating disorders

Los trastornos de la alimentación coexisten frecuentemente con los trastornos depresivos aún cuando la naturaleza de la asociación es todavía controvertida. Las 3 hipótesis fundamentales plantean que los trastornos de la alimentación son pirmarios y la sintomatología depresiva es una consecuencia de ellos, que a la inversa son fenómenos secundarios a un trastorno primario del humor, o bien que ambos tipos de trastornos comparten una multiplicidad de factores que los determinan a ambos. La alta prevalencia de depresión y suicidio en los pacientes con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, sumando a la alta frecuencia de depresión en las familias de estos pacientes, son una fuerte evidencia de que ambos podrían ser trastornos relacionados. El estudio de los marcadores biológicos ha demostrado una sorprendente similitud entre depresión y trastornos de alimentación. En ambos se ha encontrado evidencia consistente de hipofunción serotoninérgica central, similar respuesta en el test de supresión de dexametasona y efectividad de la luminoterapia tanto para los síntomas depresivos como para los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Otro elemento que sugiere una íntima relación entre ambos trastornos es la efectiva respuesta a antidepresivos tricíclicos, inhibidores de la MAO y serotoninérgicos selectivos en el control de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria que ha sido ampliamente reportada en la literatura. La idea de que la AN y la BN forman parte de un conjunto de trastornos relacionados con hipofunción serotoninérgica parece ser la mejor explicación de los aspectos biológicos involucrados en la génesis de estos trastornos, aspectos que sin embargo deben ser evaluados en el conjunto de factores psicológicos, biográficos y socioculturales que determinan los problemas de salud mental

Bulimia nervosa I: aspectos clínicos / Bulimia nervosa I: clinical aspects

Os autores fazem uma revisäo bibliográfica a respeito do conceito, quadro clínico, diagnóstico, aspectos etiopatogênicos e do curso da Bulimia Nervosa, associada à experiência clínica adquirida ao longo dos quatro anos de funcionamento do AMBULIM.