Comparative proteomic and metabolomic analyses reveal stress responses of hemp to salinity.

KEY MESSAGE: Integrated omics analyses outline the cellular and metabolic events of hemp plants in response to salt stress and highlight several photosynthesis and energy metabolism related pathways as key regulatory points. Soil salinity affects many physiological processes of plants and leads to crop yield losses worldwide. For hemp, a crop that is valued for multiple aspects, such as its medical compounds, fibre, and seed, a comprehensive understanding of its salt stress responses is a prerequisite for resistance breeding and tailoring its agronomic performance to suit certain industrial applications. Here, we first observed the phenotype of salt-stressed hemp plants and found that under NaCl treatment, hemp plants displayed pronounced growth defects, as indicated by the significantly reduced average height, number of leaves, and chlorophyll content. Next, we conducted comparative proteomics and metabolomics to dissect the complex salt-stress response mechanisms. A total of 314 proteins and 649 metabolites were identified to be differentially behaving upon NaCl treatment. Functional classification and enrichment analysis unravelled that many differential proteins were proteases associated with photosynthesis. Through metabolic pathway enrichment, several energy-related pathways were found to be altered, such as the biosynthesis and degradation of branched-chain amino acids, and our network analysis showed that many ribosomal proteins were involved in these metabolic adaptations. Taken together, for hemp plants, influences on chloroplast function probably represent a major toxic effect of salinity, and modulating several energy-producing pathways possibly through translational regulation is presumably a key protective mechanism against the negative impacts. Our data and analyses provide insights into our understanding of hemp's stress biology and may lay a foundation for future functional genomics studies.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis response to GA3 stresses of WRKY gene family in seed hemp (Cannabis sativa L).

WRKY transcription factor is one of the largest transcription factor families in higher plants. However, the investigations of the WRKY gene family have not yet been reported in seed hemp. In the present study, we identified 39 CasWRKYs at the genome-wide level and analyzed phylogenetic relationship, chromosome location, cis-acting elements, gene structure, conserved motif, and expression pattern. Based on the gene structure and phylogenetic analyses, CasWRKY proteins were divided into 3 groups and 7 subgroups. The gene duplication investigation revealed that 6 and 5 pairs of CasWRKY genes underwent tandem and segmental duplication events, respectively. These events may contribute to the diversity and expansion of the CasWRKY gene family. The regulatory elements in the promoter regions of CasWRKYs contained diverse cis-regulatory elements, among which P-box cis-regulatory elements showed high frequency, indicating that CasWRKYs can respond to the regulation of gibberellin. The expression profiles derived from RNA-seq and qRT-PCR showed that 13 CasWRKY genes could respond to GA3 stress and affect fiber development, as well as play significant roles in stem growth and development. This study will serve as molecular basis and practical reference for further exploring the genetic evolution and biological function of CasWRKY genes in seed hemp.

Uso terapêutico da cannabis medicinal em pessoas com doença neurológica degenerativa / Therapeutic use of medicinal cannabis in people with degenerative neurological disease / Uso terapéutico de cannabis medicinal en personas con enfermedad neurológica degenerativa

Objetivo: apresentar o estado da arte das publicações expressas na literatura cientifica mundial sobre a temática, bem como identificar os benefícios terapêuticos da Cannabis medicinal no tratamento dos sintomas das doenças neurodegenerativas especificamente doenças de Parkinson, esclerose múltipla e Alzheimer. Método: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, cuja busca de dados foi realizada nas bibliotecas virtuais. Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, Lilacs, Cochrane Library e Scielo no período de agosto a outubro de 2021. Resultados: foram encontrados 158 artigos. Vinte e tres artigos foram selecionados para serem lidos na íntegra e 8 atenderam aos critérios desta revisão. Conclusão: as evidências mostram que embora cada vez mais prescritos ou autorizados, a cannabis medicinal ou os Canabinóides para a doenças neurodegenerativas continuam a ser controversos para muitos médicos.

Objective: to present the state of the art of publications expressed in the world Scientific literature on the subject, as well as to identify the therapeutic benefits of medicinal cannabis in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, specifically, Parkinson's diseases, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's. Method: this is an integrative literature review, whose data search was performed in virtual librares. Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, Lilacs, Cochrane Library and Scielo from August to October 2021. Results:158 articles were found. Twenty-three articles were selected to be read in full and 8 met the criteria of this review. Conclusion: evidence shows that although increasingly prescribed or authorized, medical cannabis or Cannabinoids for chronic pain remain controversial for many physicians.

Objetivo: presentar el estado del arte de las publicaciones expresadas en la literatura científica mundial sobre el tema, así como identificar los beneficios terapéuticos del cannabis medicinal en el tratamiento de enfermedades neurodegenerativas, en concreto, las enfermedades de Parkinson, la esclerosis múltiple y el Alzheimer. Método: se trata de una revisión integradora de la literatura, cuya búsqueda de datos se realizó en bibliotecas virtuales. Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, Lilacs, Cochrane Library y Scielo de agosto a octubre de 2021. Resultados: se encontraron 158 artículos. Se seleccionaron veintitrés artículos para ser leídos en su totalidad y ocho cumplieron los criterios de esta revisión. Conclusión: la evidencia muestra que, aunque cada vez más se prescribe o autoriza, el cannabis medicinal o los cannabinoides para el dolor crónico siguen siendo controvertidos para muchos médicos.

Benefícios terapêuticos dos canabinoides no tratamento da dor crônica em pacientes com câncer / Therapeutic benefits of cannabinoids in the treatment of chronic pain in cancer patients / Beneficios terapéuticos del cannabinoides en el tratamiento del dolor crónico en pacientes con cáncer

Objetivo: apresentar o estado da arte das publicações expressas na literatura cientifica mundial sobre a temática, bem como identificar os benefícios terapêuticos da Cannabis medicinal no tratamento da dor. Método: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, cuja busca de dados foi realizada nas bibliotecas virtuais. Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, IBECS, Lilacs, Cochrane Library, Emerald Insight e Scielo no período de agosto a outubro de 2021. Resultados: foram encontrados 367 artigos. Quarenta e três artigos foram selecionados para serem lidos na íntegra e 15 atenderam aos critérios desta revisão. Conclusão: as evidências mostram que embora cada vez mais prescritos ou autorizados, a cannabis medicinal ou os Canabinóides para a dor crónica continuam a ser controversos para muitos médicos.

Objective: to present the state of the art of publications expressed in the world scientific literature on the subject, as well as to identify the therapeutic benefits of medicinal cannabis in the treatment of pain. Method: this is an integrative literature review, whose data search was performed in virtual libraries. Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, IBECS, Lilacs, Cochrane Library, Emerald Insight and Scielo from August to October 2021. Results: 367 articles were found. Forty-three articles were selected to be read in full and 15 met the criteria of this review. Conclusion: evidence shows that although increasingly prescribed or authorized, medical cannabis or Cannabinoids for chronic pain remain controversial for many physicians.

Objetivo: presentar el estado del arte de las publicaciones expresadas en la literatura científica mundial sobre el tema, así como identificar los beneficios terapéuticos del cannabis medicinal en el tratamiento del dolor. Método: se trata de una revisión integradora de la literatura, cuya búsqueda de datos se realizó en bibliotecas virtuales. Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, IBECS, Lilacs, Cochrane Library, Emerald Insight y Scielo de agosto a octubre de 2021. Resultados: se encontraron 367 artículos. Se seleccionaron 43 artículos para ser leídos en su totalidad y 15 cumplieron con los criterios de esta revisión. Conclusión: la evidencia muestra que, aunque cada vez más se prescribe o autoriza, el cannabis medicinal o los cannabinoides para el dolor crónico siguen siendo controvertidos para muchos médicos.

Physiological and transcriptome analyses for assessing the effects of exogenous uniconazole on drought tolerance in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.).

Uniconazole (S-(+)-uniconazole), a plant growth retardant, exerts key roles in modulating growth and development and increasing abiotic stress tolerance in plants. However, the underlying mechanisms by which uniconazole regulates drought response remain largely unknown. Here, the effects of exogenous uniconazole on drought tolerance in hemp were studied via physiological and transcriptome analyses of the drought-sensitive industrial hemp cultivar Hanma No. 2 grown under drought stress. Exogenous uniconazole treatment increased hemp tolerance to drought-induced damage by enhancing chlorophyll content and photosynthesis capacity, regulating activities of enzymes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and altering endogenous hormone levels. Expression of genes associated with porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna proteins, photosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction were significantly regulated by uniconazole compared with that by control (distilled water) under drought stress. Numerous genes were differentially expressed to increase chlorophyll content, enhance photosynthesis, regulate carbon-nitrogen metabolism-related enzyme activities, and alter endogenous hormone levels. Thus, uniconazole regulated physiological and molecular characteristics of photosynthesis, carbon-nitrogen metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction to enhance drought resistance in industrial hemp.

Evaluation of substrate composition and exogenous hormone application on vegetative propagule rooting success of essential oil hemp (Cannabis sativa L.).

To support the rapidly expanding industrial hemp industry, a commercial supply of high-quality starter plants with low genetic variability from nurseries will be key to consistent and efficient cultivation efforts. Rooting success was evaluated across four propagation medias, five rooting hormones, and eight commercially available high-cannabidiol (CBD) essential oil hemp cultivars. Cuttings were placed in a climate-controlled room and assessed for rooting success 12 days after cloning. Rooting success was determined by quantifying total root number, cumulative total root length, and total root mass. Propagation media had the greatest effect on rooting success (13-80%). Rockwool had the highest rooting success resulting in 10-fold increases in rooting traits over the next highest scoring medium (Berger BM6). Hormone applications significantly improved (15- to 18-fold) rooting success compared to no hormone application, while non-statistical differences were observed across auxin hormone concentrations and application methods. Genetic variation in rooting response was observed between cultivars with 'Cherry Wine' outperforming all other cultivars with an approximate 20% increase in rooting success over the next highest rooting cultivar, 'Wife'. Although the ideal combination was not specifically identified in this study, findings provide insight into how rooting hormone application and medium selection impact vegetative propagule rooting success of essential oil hemp.

Cannabis: An Emerging Treatment for Common Symptoms in Older Adults.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Use of cannabis is increasing in a variety of populations in the United States; however, few investigations about how and for what reasons cannabis is used in older populations exist. DESIGN: Anonymous survey. SETTING: Geriatrics clinic. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 568 adults 65 years and older. INTERVENTION: Not applicable. MEASUREMENTS: Survey assessing characteristics of cannabis use. RESULTS: Approximately 15% (N = 83) of survey responders reported using cannabis within the past 3 years. Half (53%) reported using cannabis regularly on a daily or weekly basis, and reported using cannabidiol-only products (46%). The majority (78%) used cannabis for medical purposes only, with the most common targeted conditions/symptoms being pain/arthritis (73%), sleep disturbance (29%), anxiety (24%), and depression (17%). Just over three-quarters reported cannabis "somewhat" or "extremely" helpful in managing one of these conditions, with few adverse effects. Just over half obtained cannabis via a dispensary, and lotions (35%), tinctures (35%), and smoking (30%) were the most common administration forms. Most indicated family members (94%) knew about their cannabis use, about half reported their friends knew, and 41% reported their healthcare provider knowing. Sixty-one percent used cannabis for the first time as older adults (aged ≥61 years), and these users overall engaged in less risky use patterns (e.g., more likely to use for medical purposes, less likely to consume via smoking). CONCLUSION: Most older adults in the sample initiated cannabis use after the age of 60 years and used it primarily for medical purposes to treat pain, sleep disturbance, anxiety, and/or depression. Cannabis use by older adults is likely to increase due to medical need, favorable legalization, and attitudes.

Behavioural and molecular effects of cannabidiolic acid in mice.

AIMS: Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) is one of the most abundant phytocannabinoid acids in the Cannabis sativa plant. It has been shown that it is able to exert some therapeutic effects such as antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic or antidepressant, although some of them remain under debate. In the present study we aim to assess the potential behavioural effects of CBDA as well as its modulation of neuroinflammatory markers in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). MAIN METHODS: The effects of acute and repeated CBDA (0.001-1 mg/kg i.p.) treatments were evaluated on cognitive, emotional, motivational and nociceptive behaviours in male CD1 mice. For this, Y-maze and elevated plus maze paradigms, spontaneous locomotor activity, social interaction, hot-plate, formalin and tail suspension tests were used. We also studied the effects of CBDA on the rewarding responses of cocaine in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Finally, PFC was dissected after acute and repeated CBDA treatments to evaluate inflammatory markers. KEY FINDINGS: Acute CBDA treatment induced antinociceptive responses in the hot-plate test. A 10-day CBDA treatment reduced despair-like behaviour in the tail suspension test. CBDA did not alter the results of the remaining behavioural tests assayed, including cocaine-induced reward in the CPP. Regarding the biochemical analysis, repeated CBDA treatment diminished the level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and increased that of interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein in PFC. SIGNIFICANCE: These results show that CBDA has limited in vivo effects on the modulation of mice behaviour, supporting the current skepticism regarding its therapeutic potential.

Demystifying Cannabis: A Review of Its Pharmacology, Use in Pain, and Safety Concerns.

The uses for cannabis and its synthetic derivatives continue to grow, as the regulatory status surrounding the drug becomes more legalized. Cannabis is composed of many chemical compounds, called cannabinoids, of which cannabidiol and 9-tetrahydrocannabinol have been studied for medicinal uses. As a modality for treatment of pain, cannabis may have benefit for use in treatment of neuropathic pain, with limited data for use in rheumatic pain. However, there are both short-term and long-term adverse effects with cannabis use that should be monitored in those who use cannabis for medicinal purposes, which include worsened anxiety and potential development of cannabis use disorder.

Cannabidiol or CBD Oil: Help, Hope, and Hype for Psychiatric and Neurologic Conditions.

OBJECTIVE: This article presents proven, promising, and potential therapeutic uses for cannabidiol (CBD) in the treatment of psychiatric and neurologic conditions and diseases. It presents popular, but scientifically unproven health and therapeutic claims of CBD supporting the beneficial homeostatic effects of the intrinsic or endogenous cannabinoid system. It includes a review of cannabinoid pharmacology; it compares properties and the legal status of CBD and THC (delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol) as well as the hemp and marijuana varieties of Cannabis, and it reviews the historic 2018 U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of Epidiolex, an oral solution of cannabidiol for two rare treatment-resistant childhood epilepsies, as the first Cannabis-derived drug. METHOD: We reviewed literature on cannabidiol, CBD, the endocannabinoid neuropharmacology system, and hemp and marijuana varieties of Cannabis sativa. RESULTS: The proven and promising medical uses and deficiencies of unproven health claims for CBD, legal implications for Cannabis-derived drugs, and comparisons of CBD and THC and hemp and marijuana are summarized objectively with pertinent references. CONCLUSION: CBD and CBD and THC combinations have potential to provide safe, effective therapy for several psychiatric and neurologic conditions and diseases. However, such achievement will require a uniform standard of CBD purity and strength, and corroboration from adequately large and rigorously controlled clinical research studies.

Valorization of Hemp Core Residues: Impact of NaOH Treatment on the Flexural Strength of PP Composites and Intrinsic Flexural Strength of Hemp Core Fibers.

Hemp core is a lignocellulosic residue in the production chain of hemp strands. Huge amounts of hemp core are gathered annually in Europe (43,000 tons) with no major application end. Such lignocellulosic wastes have potential as filling or reinforcing material to replace synthetic fibers and wood fibers in polymer composites. In this study, hemp core biomass was treated under different NaOH concentrations and then defibrated by means of Sprout Waldron equipment to obtain single fibers. Polypropylene matrix was reinforced up to 50 wt.% and the resulting hemp core fibers and the flexural properties were investigated. The results show that the flexural strength of composites increased with the intensity of NaOH treatment. The effect of NaOH was attributed to the removal of extractives and lignin in the fiber cell wall leading to improved interfacial adhesion characteristics. Besides, a methodology was established for the estimation of the intrinsic flexural strength of hemp core fibers. The intrinsic flexural strength of hemp core fibers was calculated to be 940 MPa for fibers treated at 10 wt.% of NaOH. In addition, a relationship between the lignin content and the intrinsic strength of the fibers was established.

Long-term effects of cannabinoids on development/behaviour.

Cannabis-derived products such as cannabidiol are now increasingly prescribed for different refractory childhood epilepsy syndromes. This raises the question about cognitive and behavioural safety of chronic use in young children. As there are no long-term data to answer this question, we can look for indirect evidence. In this short review, we focus on three lines of research: data obtained from the randomised controlled trials with cannabidiol, data on the consequences of prenatal cannabis exposure, and data on the effect of adolescent cannabis use. No hard conclusions can be drawn, mainly because of methodological problems (dosage of THC and other cannabis-derived products, duration of exposure, concordant addiction to other drugs, genetic factors, educational level, etc.), however, long-term data show a possible negative and lasting effect on cognitive and especially behavioural functions. Externalising behavioural problems and a decrease in IQ have been reported as a result of chronic cannabis use. Clearly, long-term studies using large childhood epilepsy cohorts are needed to confirm or refute these findings.

Impact of Nitrogen Nutrition on Cannabis sativa: An Update on the Current Knowledge and Future Prospects.

Nitrogen (N) availability represents one of the most critical factors affecting cultivated crops. N is indeed a crucial macronutrient influencing major aspects, from plant development to productivity and final yield of lignocellulosic biomass, as well as content of bioactive molecules. N metabolism is fundamental as it is at the crossroad between primary and secondary metabolic pathways: Besides affecting the synthesis of fundamental macromolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, N is needed for other types of molecules intervening in the response to exogenous stresses, e.g. alkaloids and glucosinolates. By partaking in the synthesis of phenylalanine, N also directly impacts a central plant metabolic 'hub'-the phenylpropanoid pathway-from which important classes of molecules are formed, notably monolignols, flavonoids and other types of polyphenols. In this review, an updated analysis is provided on the impact that N has on the multipurpose crop hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) due to its renewed interest as a multipurpose crop able to satisfy the needs of a bioeconomy. The hemp stalk provides both woody and cellulosic fibers used in construction and for biocomposites; different organs (leaves/flowers/roots) are sources of added-value secondary metabolites, namely cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and lignanamides. We survey the available literature data on the impact of N in hemp and highlight the importance of studying those genes responding to both N nutrition and abiotic stresses. Available hemp transcriptomic datasets obtained on plants subjected to salt and drought are here analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) categories related to N metabolism. The ultimate goal is to shed light on interesting candidate genes that can be further studied in hemp varieties growing under different N feeding conditions and showing high biomass yield and secondary metabolite production, even under salinity and drought.

Cannabinoids and Mental Health, Part 1: The Endocannabinoid System and Exogenous Cannabinoids.

The increasing public acceptance of cannabis and the proliferation of cannabis products in the marketplace has coincided with more patients using the drug as a substitute for psychiatric medications or as an adjunctive treatment modality for psychiatric conditions, despite limited evidence of efficacy. With a goal of furthering harm-reduction efforts in psychiatric nursing, the current article reviews the fundamentals of the endocannabinoid system in humans and the exogenous phytocannabinoids that act on this regulatory neurotransmitter system. The basics of cannabis botany are also reviewed to help nurse clinicians understand the heterogeneous nature of cannabis products. This foundational knowledge will help improve clinical interactions with patients who use cannabis and provide the necessary understanding of cannabinoids needed to undertake further scientific query into their purported benefits in psychiatric disease states. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 57(9), 7-10.].

Protein Changes in Response to Lead Stress of Lead-Tolerant and Lead-Sensitive Industrial Hemp Using SWATH Technology.

Hemp is a Pb-tolerant and Pb-accumulating plant and the study of its tolerance mechanisms could facilitate the breeding of hemp with enhanced Pb tolerance and accumulation. In the present study, we took advantage of sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH) technology to study the difference in proteomics between the leaves of Pb-tolerant seed-type hemp variety Bamahuoma (BM) and the Pb-sensitive fiber-type hemp variety Yunma 1 (Y1) under Pb stress (3 g/kg soil). A total of 63 and 372 proteins differentially expressed under Pb stress relative to control conditions were identified with liquid chromatography electro spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in BM and Y1, respectively; with each of these proteins being classified into 14 categories. Hemp adapted to Pb stress by: accelerating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism; enhancing respiration, light absorption and light energy transfer; promoting assimilation of intercellular nitrogen (N) and carbon (C); eliminating reactive oxygen species; regulating stomatal development and closure; improving exchange of water and CO2 in leaves; promoting intercellular transport; preventing aggregation of unfolded proteins; degrading misfolded proteins; and increasing the transmembrane transport of ATP in chloroplasts. Our results provide an important reference protein and gene information for future molecular studies into the resistance and accumulation of Pb in hemp.

Impact of jasmonic acid on lignification in the hemp hypocotyl.

Phytohormones are crucial molecules regulating plant development and responses to environmental challenges, including abiotic stresses, microbial and insect attacks. Most notably, phytohormones play important roles in the biosynthesis of lignocellulosics. Jasmonates are involved in secondary growth and secondary metabolism, such as phenylpropanoids and lignin biosyntheses. At the physiological and molecular levels, the actions of phytohormones depend on subtle concentration changes, as well as antagonistic equilibria between two or more of these molecules. In this article, we investigate the consequences of jasmonic acid (JA) spraying on young hemp hypocotyls. First, we show that JA application results in changes in the monomeric composition of lignin. Second, we highlight that, five days after application, JA leads to an increase in salicylic acid (SA) content in hemp hypocotyls. These results are discussed in the light of the known antagonism between JA and SA at both the physiological and molecular levels.

A 21st Century Problem: Cannabis Toxicity in a 13-Month-Old Child.

BACKGROUND: Cannabis is one of the most abused drugs worldwide, with more than 20 million users in the United States (US). As access to cannabis products increases with expanding US legislation and decriminalization of marijuana, emergency physicians must be adept in recognizing unintentional cannabis toxicity in young children, which can range from altered mental status to encephalopathy and coma. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 13-month-old female presenting with self-limiting altered mental status and lethargy, with a subsequent diagnosis of tetrahydrocannabinol exposure on confirmatory urine gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Considering caretakers rarely report possible cannabis exposure, history-taking must review caretakers' medicinal and recreational drug exposures to prevent inadvertently missing the diagnosis. In the young child with altered mental status, prompt urine screening for cannabinoid detection can prevent further invasive and costly diagnostic investigations, such as brain imaging and lumbar puncture.

Hemp (Marijuana) reverted Copper-induced toxic effects on the essential fatty acid profile of Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala.

Heavy metals pollution affects the nutritive value of fish. This study examined if the inclusion of dietary hempseed (HS) and hempseed oil (HO) in the diet of the fish could revert the copper-induced toxic effects on muscle fatty acid profile of rohu (Labeo rohita) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala). Fingerlings of both species were exposed to a sub-lethal concentration of copper i.e., 20% of LC50 (1.34 ppm for rohu and 1.52 ppm for mrigal) for 96 h for 30 days. Following exposure, fish were maintained on graded levels of HO (1, 2 and 3%) or on HS (5, 10 and 15%) for 50 days. Copper exposure showed a significant effect on the fatty acid composition of both species; increased their saturated (SFA) to unsaturated (USFA) and altered their omega-3/omega-6 (ω-3/ω-6) ratios. However, feeding graded levels of hempseed products reverted the toxic effects of copper on the fatty acid profile of both the species, significantly increased muscle total fatty acid contents, improved ω-3/ω-6 ratios, and decreased SFA / USFA ratio in % inclusion dependent manner. Furthermore, hempseed product showed a species-specific effect on USFA. The ω-3/ω-6 ratios decreased in the muscle of C. mrigala whereas an increasing trend with an increase in hempseed product % inclusion was observed in L. rohita. Moreover, HS showed a higher impact on both species as compared to HO. With the findings of this study, hempseed product could be recommended as a feed ingredient for enhancing the essential fatty acid contents of fish which in turn can have a good impact on consumer health.