Tratamiento hormonal de la pedofilia: ¿puede curar la pedofilia con la castración química? / Pedophilia hormonal therapy: can pedophilia be cured with chemical castration

Históricamente la sociedad ha rechazado el abuso sexual de menores de 13 años, dictándose leyes al respecto. La justicia luego de un debido proceso condenaba al victimario con reclusión incluso hasta la década del 70-80, con orquiectomía. Los adelantos en neurobiología, endocrinología, sicofarmacología y sicología se consideraron las bases para tratar al pedófilo y someterlo a libertad condicional, ahorrándose el costo financiero de la reclusión de por vida. Diversos países dictaron leyes contra la conducta pedófila. En dicha legislación ejerció gran influencia la promulgación en EE.UU. (estado de Washington "sobre el ofensor sexual" y el dictamen de la Corte Suprema en 1997 en el juicio de Kansas vs Hendricks). En Chile en los 90 el caso del pedófilo apodado "Zacarach" sacó a la luz pública el tema que no se quería ver. En esa fecha se presentó al parlamento un proyecto de Ley para "curar" la pedofilia con acetato de Medroxiprogesterona imitando legislación de EE.UU. Causó sorpresa en el medio endocrinológico que se usara terapia hormonal como "cura" de la pedofilia. Se ha utilizado en varios países la castración química producida por gestágenos o agonístas del GnRH más antiandrógenos (acetato de Ciproterona), para inhibir la secreción y acción de la testosterona disminuyendo líbido y erección. No se ha demostrado que exista curación de la orientación pedófila y existen dudas de la prevención primaria y secundaria de la pedofilia. Pese al adelanto tecnológico en neurociencias para estudio de las zonas vinculadas a la sexualidad, aún no existen marcadores que permitan diagnosticar o pronosticar futuros resultados de la terapia. El tratamiento médico de la pedofilia no garantiza curación ni prevención del delito pedofílico.

Historically, society has rejected sexual abuse of children under 13, with there having been laws enacted in this regard. The judicial system, after a due process, condemned the perpetrator with reclusion and even up until the decades of the 70s and 80s with orchiectomy. Advances in neurobiology, endocrinology, psychopharmacology and psychology were considered the basis for treating the pedophile and putting them on probation, saving the financial cost of imprisonment for life. Multiple countries have enacted laws against pedophilic behaviour. Such legislation was greatly influenced by the enactment in the USA (state of Washington "on the sex offender" and the ruling of the Supreme Court in 1997 in the trial of Kansas against Hendricks). In Chile in the 90s, the case of a pedophile nicknamed "Zacarach" brought to light an issue that nobody wanted to see. Around that time, a bill was presented to Parliament to try and "cure" pedophilia with Medroxyprogesterone acetate, imitating US legislation. It was a surprise in the endocrinological world that hormonal therapy would be used as a "cure" for pedophilia. Chemical castration produced by gestagens or GnRH agonists plus antiandrogens (Cyproterone acetate) has been used in several countries to inhibit the secretion and action of testosterone, reducing libido and erection. It has not been proven that there is a cure for pedophile orientation and there are doubts about the primary and secondary prevention of pedophilia. Despite technological advances in neurosciences for the study of the zones pertaining to sexuality, there are still no indicators that allow for diagnosis or prediction of future results of therapy. The medical treatment of pedophilia does not guarantee cure or prevention of pedophilic crime.

Immunocastration on performance and meat quality of Bos indicus (Nellore) cattle under different nutritional systems

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of immunocastration on the animal growth, carcass traits, and meat quality of Nellore cattle receiving or not Ionophore supplementation at pasture or pasture with concentrate (semi-feedlot). The first experiment (Pasture) was carried out during the rainy season, while the second (supplemented = Semi-feedlot) was conducted during the dry season. In each assessment, 60 males were allocated into three treatments, in a completely randomized design: non-castrated, immunocastrated (anti-gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine), and immunocastrated animals receiving ionophore. The highly energetic supplemented diet was prepared using 85 % corn and 10 % soybean meal at 1 % body weight, while the ionophore was provided with salt containing 1,650 mg kg−1 of lasalocid. After slaughter, the carcasses were graded, and Longissimus thoracis et lumborum samples were collected for meat quality analysis. The non-castrated animals exhibited a more significant final body weight and hot carcass weight than those immunocastrated regardless of ionophore supplementation (p < 0.05). The carcasses of non-castrated animals had less fat cover and marbling than castrated animals. A high incidence of dark cutting beef was verified in non-castrated animals. The immunocastrated cattle produced tenderer beef, mainly at pasture rearing. In conclusion, regardless of production system or ionophore supplementation, immunocastration was an adequate choice to generate high-quality meat, since it increased marbling and improved beef tenderness. However, limitations regarding animal growth should be estimated.

Castração pré-púbere e suas consequências: revisão de literatura / Early neutering and its consequences: literature review

A cirurgia de castração é uma das técnicas cirúrgicas mais realizadas na rotina veterinária e a idade ideal para a sua execução ainda é contraditória entre os médicos-veterinários, uma vez que são escassos os estudos sobre este tema relacionados a alguns fatores, como raça e espécie. A castração é tida como método de contracepção, controle de zoonoses e método preventivo e terapêutico de algumas enfermidades como as afecções do sistema reprodutor. A castração pré-púbere é amplamente aplicada em diversos países, porém certas consequências desta prática, como o aumento do risco de aparecimento de algumas enfermidades como afecções urogenitais, obesidade, diabetes mellitus, afecções musculoesqueléticas e neoplasmas têm sido levantadas. Assim sendo, esta revisão de literatura pretende abordar a castração pré-púbere e suas consequências com o objetivo de contribuir para a tomada de decisão dos profissionais veterinários e de contribuir para a realização de estudos futuros.

Castration surgery is one of the most commonly performed surgical techniques in the veterinary routine, and the optimal age for its execution is still contradictory among veterinarians. Castration is considered a method of contraception, control of zoonoses and a preventive and therapeutic method for some diseases such as diseases of the reproductive tract. Early neutering is widely applied in several countries, but certain consequences of this practice, such as the increased risk of some diseases such as urogenital disorders, obesity, diabetes mellitus, musculoskeletal disorders and neoplasms must be considered. Therefore, this paper is a review of early neutering of dogs and cats and its consequences, in order to contribute to the decision-making of veterinary professionals, and collaborating with future studies.

Castração pré-púbere e suas consequências: revisão de literatura / Early neutering and its consequences: literature review

A cirurgia de castração é uma das técnicas cirúrgicas mais realizadas na rotina veterinária e a idade ideal para a sua execução ainda é contraditória entre os médicos-veterinários, uma vez que são escassos os estudos sobre este tema relacionados a alguns fatores, como raça e espécie. A castração é tida como método de contracepção, controle de zoonoses e método preventivo e terapêutico de algumas enfermidades como as afecções do sistema reprodutor. A castração pré-púbere é amplamente aplicada em diversos países, porém certas consequências desta prática, como o aumento do risco de aparecimento de algumas enfermidades como afecções urogenitais, obesidade, diabetes mellitus, afecções musculoesqueléticas e neoplasmas têm sido levantadas. Assim sendo, esta revisão de literatura pretende abordar a castração pré-púbere e suas consequências com o objetivo de contribuir para a tomada de decisão dos profissionais veterinários e de contribuir para a realização de estudos futuros.(AU)

Castration surgery is one of the most commonly performed surgical techniques in the veterinary routine, and the optimal age for its execution is still contradictory among veterinarians. Castration is considered a method of contraception, control of zoonoses and a preventive and therapeutic method for some diseases such as diseases of the reproductive tract. Early neutering is widely applied in several countries, but certain consequences of this practice, such as the increased risk of some diseases such as urogenital disorders, obesity, diabetes mellitus, musculoskeletal disorders and neoplasms must be considered. Therefore, this paper is a review of early neutering of dogs and cats and its consequences, in order to contribute to the decision-making of veterinary professionals, and collaborating with future studies.(AU)

Immunocastration on performance and meat quality of Bos indicus (Nellore) cattle under different nutritional systems

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of immunocastration on the animal growth, carcass traits, and meat quality of Nellore cattle receiving or not Ionophore supplementation at pasture or pasture with concentrate (semi-feedlot). The first experiment (Pasture) was carried out during the rainy season, while the second (supplemented = Semi-feedlot) was conducted during the dry season. In each assessment, 60 males were allocated into three treatments, in a completely randomized design: non-castrated, immunocastrated (anti-gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine), and immunocastrated animals receiving ionophore. The highly energetic supplemented diet was prepared using 85 % corn and 10 % soybean meal at 1 % body weight, while the ionophore was provided with salt containing 1,650 mg kg−1 of lasalocid. After slaughter, the carcasses were graded, and Longissimus thoracis et lumborum samples were collected for meat quality analysis. The non-castrated animals exhibited a more significant final body weight and hot carcass weight than those immunocastrated regardless of ionophore supplementation (p < 0.05). The carcasses of non-castrated animals had less fat cover and marbling than castrated animals. A high incidence of dark cutting beef was verified in non-castrated animals. The immunocastrated cattle produced tenderer beef, mainly at pasture rearing. In conclusion, regardless of production system or ionophore supplementation, immunocastration was an adequate choice to generate high-quality meat, since it increased marbling and improved beef tenderness. However, limitations regarding animal growth should be estimated.(AU)

Evaluation of piglet birth weight on growth performance and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of carcasses of immunocastrated pigs

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of birth weight on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of immunocastrated male pigs. Seventy-two boars were assigned to three birth weight categories (BiW): light BiW pigs (LP: 0.98±0.083 kg BW; n = 24), normal BiW pigs (NP: 1.42±0.067 kg BW; n = 24), and heavy BiW pigs (HP: 1.85±0.096 kg BW; n = 24). For treatment design, we considered a weight range of two standard deviations (SD) in relation to the average population body weight (from 0.785 to 2.155 kg BW−1 ). The animals were housed in six pens with 12 animals per pen, with ad libitum access to water and feed throughout the study. In the growing and finishing phases, pigs were immunocastrated with two doses of vaccine at 112 and 161 days of age. The three BiW categories were different up to departure from the nursery (70 days). After this period, there was no difference between NP and HP in terms of BiW. Measurements showed that a low BiW reduced the loin eye area (9.4%), longissimus thoracis muscle depth (7.6%), and meat:fat ratio (21.6%). Backfat thickness (21.5%) and fat area (11.8%) were higher in LP as compared with the NP and HP categories. Light BiW pigs presented a lower weight steak (7.0%) and belly + rib (8.6%) compared with NP and HP, but did not differ within the LP group. Light BiW pigs required a greater lodging time (14 days), generating higher accumulated feed intake to reach the same slaughter BiW as the other categories. Growth performance and carcass characteristics are influenced by the birth weight (BiW) category. Light BiW pigs require more time and feed intake to reach the same slaughter weight. Birth weight has positive effects on meat quality and weight of commercial cuts.

Imunocastração e cruzamentos de bovinos melhorando a qualidade de carne / Immunocastration and crossing of cattle favoring meat quality / Inmunocastración y cruce de ganado que favorece la calidad dela carne

A qualidade da carne está diretamente ligada às exigências do consumidor, que considera alguns aspectos fundamentais para escolha do produto como a maciez, o sabor, a suculência e a coloração. Desta forma, o presente estudo de revisão abordou aspectos como os efeitos da imunocastração em bovinos confinados, a qual se mostra forte aliada para um crescente aumento de qualidade de carne, bem-estar animal e aspectos relacionados à segurança alimentar. Tendo em vista o custo ocasionado por problemas de manejo e complicações no período pós-cirúrgico relacionados à prática de castração convencional, foi desenvolvida uma vacina denominada fator anti-GnRF (GnRF-fator liberador das gonadotrofinas) que estimula a produção de anticorpos que tem como função neutralizar o GnRF levando a inibição temporária da liberação dos hormônios sexuais masculinos e femininos, com a correspondente redução no comportamento sexual. Essa vacina representa uma alternativa para a castração cirúrgica, e vem se mostrando eficaz no manejo e qualidade de carne. Ganhos produtivos em qualidade e quantidade são atingidos com maior precisão e velocidade com a combinação de cruzamentos entre taurinos e zebuínos aliados a imunocastração.

The quality of the meat is directly linked to consumer requirements, which considers some key aspects for product choice such as, tenderness, flavor, juiciness and color. Thus, the present review study addressed aspects such as the effect of castration on confined cattle, which is a strong ally in an increasing increase in meat quality, animal welfare and aspects related to food safety. Given the cost, management problems and postoperative complications related to castration, a vaccine called anti-GnRF factor (GnRF-gonadotropin releasing factor) was developed that stimulates the production of antibodies that neutralize GnRF and temporarily inhibits the release of male and female sex hormones, with a corresponding reduction in sexual behavior. This vaccine represents an alternative to surgical castration, and has been shown to be effective in meat management and quality. Productive gains in quality and quantity are achieved with greater accuracy and speed by combining crossings between taurine and zebu coupled with immunocastration.

La calidad de la carne está directamente relacionada con los requisitos del consumidor, que considera algunos aspectos clave para la elección del producto, como: ternura, sabor, jugosidad y color. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio de revisión abordó aspectos como el efecto de la castración en el ganado confinado, que es un fuerte aliado en un aumento creciente de la calidad de la carne, el bienestar animal y aspectos relacionados con la seguridad alimentaria. Dado el costo, los problemas de manejo y las complicaciones postoperatorias relacionadas con la castración, se desarrolló una vacuna llamada factor anti-GnRF (factor liberador de gonadotropina GnRF) que estimula la producción de anticuerpos que neutralizan el GnRF y inhibe temporalmente la liberación de hormonas sexuales masculinas y femeninas, con una reducción correspondiente en el comportamiento sexual. Esta vacuna representa una alternativa a la castración quirúrgica y se ha demostrado que es efectiva en el manejo y la calidad de la carne. Se logran ganancias productivas en calidad y cantidad con mayor precisión y velocidad combinando cruces entre taurina y cebú junto con inmunocastración.

Imunocastração e cruzamentos de bovinos melhorando a qualidade de carne / Immunocastration and crossing of cattle favoring meat quality / Inmunocastración y cruce de ganado que favorece la calidad dela carne

A qualidade da carne está diretamente ligada às exigências do consumidor, que considera alguns aspectos fundamentais para escolha do produto como a maciez, o sabor, a suculência e a coloração. Desta forma, o presente estudo de revisão abordou aspectos como os efeitos da imunocastração em bovinos confinados, a qual se mostra forte aliada para um crescente aumento de qualidade de carne, bem-estar animal e aspectos relacionados à segurança alimentar. Tendo em vista o custo ocasionado por problemas de manejo e complicações no período pós-cirúrgico relacionados à prática de castração convencional, foi desenvolvida uma vacina denominada fator anti-GnRF (GnRF-fator liberador das gonadotrofinas) que estimula a produção de anticorpos que tem como função neutralizar o GnRF levando a inibição temporária da liberação dos hormônios sexuais masculinos e femininos, com a correspondente redução no comportamento sexual. Essa vacina representa uma alternativa para a castração cirúrgica, e vem se mostrando eficaz no manejo e qualidade de carne. Ganhos produtivos em qualidade e quantidade são atingidos com maior precisão e velocidade com a combinação de cruzamentos entre taurinos e zebuínos aliados a imunocastração.(AU)

The quality of the meat is directly linked to consumer requirements, which considers some key aspects for product choice such as, tenderness, flavor, juiciness and color. Thus, the present review study addressed aspects such as the effect of castration on confined cattle, which is a strong ally in an increasing increase in meat quality, animal welfare and aspects related to food safety. Given the cost, management problems and postoperative complications related to castration, a vaccine called anti-GnRF factor (GnRF-gonadotropin releasing factor) was developed that stimulates the production of antibodies that neutralize GnRF and temporarily inhibits the release of male and female sex hormones, with a corresponding reduction in sexual behavior. This vaccine represents an alternative to surgical castration, and has been shown to be effective in meat management and quality. Productive gains in quality and quantity are achieved with greater accuracy and speed by combining crossings between taurine and zebu coupled with immunocastration.(AU)

La calidad de la carne está directamente relacionada con los requisitos del consumidor, que considera algunos aspectos clave para la elección del producto, como: ternura, sabor, jugosidad y color. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio de revisión abordó aspectos como el efecto de la castración en el ganado confinado, que es un fuerte aliado en un aumento creciente de la calidad de la carne, el bienestar animal y aspectos relacionados con la seguridad alimentaria. Dado el costo, los problemas de manejo y las complicaciones postoperatorias relacionadas con la castración, se desarrolló una vacuna llamada factor anti-GnRF (factor liberador de gonadotropina GnRF) que estimula la producción de anticuerpos que neutralizan el GnRF y inhibe temporalmente la liberación de hormonas sexuales masculinas y femeninas, con una reducción correspondiente en el comportamiento sexual. Esta vacuna representa una alternativa a la castración quirúrgica y se ha demostrado que es efectiva en el manejo y la calidad de la carne. Se logran ganancias productivas en calidad y cantidad con mayor precisión y velocidad combinando cruces entre taurina y cebú junto con inmunocastración.(AU)

Gender status effect on carcass and meat quality traits of feedlot Angus × Nellore cattle.

The study evaluated the effect of gender status on carcass and meat quality of feedlot Angus × Nellore cattle. A total of 176 cattle, 20 months old, were confined for 190-days and assigned to four treatments: bulls, immunocastrated, steers, and heifers. Bulls had greater rib eye area and HCW (p = 0.0001). Heifers had increased fat thickness (p = 0.0001). Steers and heifers had higher marbling scores (p = 0.0001). There was interaction between gender and aging time for Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (p = 0.0002), L* (p = 0.0118), and b* (p = 0.0113) values of beef. The sensory panel results showed that beef from bulls had the lowest consumer overall acceptance (p = 0.0278). Especially, regardless tenderness, steers and immunocastrated beef were considered tender, independent of aging time. Beef produced by heifers, steers, and immunocastrated is considered to be of higher quality than bulls. Thus, it is may be an interesting alternative to produce high-quality beef than bulls, to attend the consumer demand for high-quality products. Additionally, the low fatty acids n6 levels and low n6:n3 ratio, high levels of CLA, MUFAs, and oleic acid suggests that the heifer meat is favorable for human health.

Use of infrared thermography to evaluate the inflammatory reaction in cat testis after intratesticular injection of 0. 9% NaCl or 20% CaCl2 with 1% lidocaine / O uso da termografia infravermelha para avaliar a reação inflamatória após a injeção intratesticular de NaCL 0, 9 % e cloreto de cálcio 20% com lidocaína 1%

Due to the doubts and questions about the inflammatory reaction caused by chemical castration, this study aimed to use infrared thermography to detect, evaluate and monitor the inflammatory reaction caused by the intratesticular injection of calcium chloride (CaCl2) 20% with lidocaine 1%. For this, thermographic measurements were taken before (M0), 10 minutes (M1), 1 and 6 hours (M2 and M3), for 7 consecutive days (M4 to M10), at 15 (M11), 30 (M12) and 60 (M13) days after intratesticular injection. Additionally, changes to testicular tissue and effects over spermatogenesis were evaluated by andrological exam before (M0) and 60 days (M13) after intratesticular injection. All cats were orchiectomized at M13, and testicles were submitted to histological analysis. CaCl2 (20%) with lidocaine (1%) administration produced testicular tissue damage and interfered with the spermatogenesis in 70% of treated cats without exacerbating the inflammatory reaction or impairing the cat's welfare. It was concluded that thermographic evaluation is a useful, efficient, easy and quick method to diagnose and monitor cat testicular inflammatory reactions.(AU)

Devido a constantes dúvidas e questionamentos sobre a reação inflamatória ocasionada pela castração química, este estudo objetivou o uso da termografia infravermelha para detectar, avaliar e monitorar a reação inflamatória causada pela injeção intratesticular de cloreto de cálcio (CaCl 2 ) 20% associada à lidocaína 1%. Para isso, medidas termográficas foram aferidas antes (M0), 10 minutos (M1), uma e seis horas (M2 e M3), por sete dias consecutivos (M4 a M10), aos 15 (M11), 30 (M12), e 60 (M13) dias após injeção intratesticular, nos grupos tratado e controle. Todos os gatos foram orquiectomizados no M13, e os testículos submetidos à análise histológica. A injeção CaCl 2 a 20% associada com lidocaína a 1% produziu lesão testicular e interferiu na espermatogênese de 70% dos gatos tratados, sem exacerbar a reação inflamatória ou prejudicar o bem-estar do animal. Foi concluído que a avaliação termográfica é uma ferramenta útil, eficiente, rápida e fácil para o diagnóstico e o monitoramento da reação inflamatória em gatos.(AU)

Use of infrared thermography to evaluate the inflammatory reaction in cat testis after intratesticular injection of 0. 9% NaCl or 20% CaCl2 with 1% lidocaine / O uso da termografia infravermelha para avaliar a reação inflamatória após a injeção intratesticular de NaCL 0, 9 % e cloreto de cálcio 20% com lidocaína 1%

Due to the doubts and questions about the inflammatory reaction caused by chemical castration, this study aimed to use infrared thermography to detect, evaluate and monitor the inflammatory reaction caused by the intratesticular injection of calcium chloride (CaCl2) 20% with lidocaine 1%. For this, thermographic measurements were taken before (M0), 10 minutes (M1), 1 and 6 hours (M2 and M3), for 7 consecutive days (M4 to M10), at 15 (M11), 30 (M12) and 60 (M13) days after intratesticular injection. Additionally, changes to testicular tissue and effects over spermatogenesis were evaluated by andrological exam before (M0) and 60 days (M13) after intratesticular injection. All cats were orchiectomized at M13, and testicles were submitted to histological analysis. CaCl2 (20%) with lidocaine (1%) administration produced testicular tissue damage and interfered with the spermatogenesis in 70% of treated cats without exacerbating the inflammatory reaction or impairing the cat's welfare. It was concluded that thermographic evaluation is a useful, efficient, easy and quick method to diagnose and monitor cat testicular inflammatory reactions.(AU)

Devido a constantes dúvidas e questionamentos sobre a reação inflamatória ocasionada pela castração química, este estudo objetivou o uso da termografia infravermelha para detectar, avaliar e monitorar a reação inflamatória causada pela injeção intratesticular de cloreto de cálcio (CaCl 2 ) 20% associada à lidocaína 1%. Para isso, medidas termográficas foram aferidas antes (M0), 10 minutos (M1), uma e seis horas (M2 e M3), por sete dias consecutivos (M4 a M10), aos 15 (M11), 30 (M12), e 60 (M13) dias após injeção intratesticular, nos grupos tratado e controle. Todos os gatos foram orquiectomizados no M13, e os testículos submetidos à análise histológica. A injeção CaCl 2 a 20% associada com lidocaína a 1% produziu lesão testicular e interferiu na espermatogênese de 70% dos gatos tratados, sem exacerbar a reação inflamatória ou prejudicar o bem-estar do animal. Foi concluído que a avaliação termográfica é uma ferramenta útil, eficiente, rápida e fácil para o diagnóstico e o monitoramento da reação inflamatória em gatos.(AU)

Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Evaluation of a Zinc Gluconate-Based Chemical Sterilant Using In Vitro and In Silico Approaches.

Sclerosing agents as zinc gluconate-based chemical sterilants (Infertile®) are used for chemical castration. This solution is injected into the animal testis, but there are not enough evidences of its safety profiles for the receivers. The present work aimed to establish the pharmacokinetics and toxicological activity of Infertile, using in vitro and in silico approaches. The evaluation at the endpoint showed effects in a dose-dependent manner. Since necrosis is potentially carcinogenic, the possible cell death mechanism could be apoptosis. Our data suggested that Infertile at 60 mM presented risk for animal health. Even though Infertile is a licensed product by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, it presented a high mutagenic potential. We suggest that the optimal dose must be less than 6 mM, once, at this concentration, no mutagenicity or genotoxicity was observed.

Effect of immunocastration with Bopriva on carcass characteristics and meat quality of feedlot Holstein bulls.

To evaluate the effect of immunocastration on carcass and meat characteristics, Holstein bulls aged between 7 and 8months with a live weight of 232±1.19kg were given two separate treatments, placebo (intact bulls) versus Bopriva, and then slaughtered after approximately 239days of fattening. While the testosterone levels in intact bulls remained at 0.42ng/ml throughout the study, by day 181, differences (P<0.05) were observed in immunized bulls, with values of 0.21ng/ml. The carcasses of animals treated with Bopriva recorded both a higher hot carcass weight (HCW) and a cold carcass weight (CCW), as well as higher dorsal fat density, marbling and KPH (P<0.05); however, no differences (P>0.05) were observed in the Longissimus lumborum area. No significant differences (P>0.05) were recorded between the treatments for pH, L*, a*, b* C* and H*. The carcasses of the animals treated with Bopriva were heavier, with higher dorsal fat density and marbling score.

Effect of piglet castration with nonsurgical sterilant on the zootechnical performance and pork carcass quality / Efeito da castração de leitões com esterilizante não cirúrgico no desempenho zootécnico e na qualidade da carcaça suína

A non-surgical sterilant (NSS) was used with the objective of assessing the zootechnical performance, carcass and meat quality, and hormone levels. 90 male piglets were selected with birthweights varying between 1.5kg to 2.0kg. The control group was constituted of 45 males castrated by the conventional surgical method, at the seventh day of age, and the treated group was constituted of 45 males castrated with NSS (active principle of zinc gluconate in the concentration of 26.2mg/mL associated to the dimethyl sulfoxide at 0.5%), with the application of the first dose on the seventh day of age and the second dose on the fourteenth day of age. The zootechnical assessments were carried out on the farm and consisted: weight gain in the periods per animal and feed conversion. The slaughter of the animals and the assessment of the carcass and meat quality and hormone levels were carried out in a slaughterhouse and the municipality of Campinas (SP). The study demonstrated that the use of NSS was a viable alternative in relation to the zootechnical performance and the carcass quality. In relation to the meat quality there was no significant difference in the majority of the assessed parameters.(AU)

Foi utilizado esterilizante não cirúrgico (ENC) com o objetivo de se avaliar o desempenho zootécnico e a qualidade de carcaça, de carne e de níveis hormonais. Foram selecionados 90 leitões machos de peso entre 1,5kg e 2,0kg ao nascimento. O grupo controle foi constituído por 45 machos castrados pelo método cirúrgico convencional, ao sétimo dia de idade, e o grupo tratado foi constituído por 45 machos castrados com ENC (princípio ativo de gluconato de zinco na concentração de 26,2mg/mL associado ao dimetil sulfóxido a 0,5%), com primeira dose de aplicação ao sétimo dia de idade e a segunda dose ao 14° dia de idade. As avaliações consistiram de: ganho de peso nos períodos por animal e conversão alimentar. O abate dos animais e a avaliação da carne e de níveis hormonais foram realizados em um frigorífico, na cidade de Campinas (SP). O uso de ENC foi uma alternativa viável em relação ao desempenho zootécnico e à qualidade da carcaça. Em relação à qualidade da carne, não houve diferença significativa na maioria dos parâmetros avaliados.(AU)

Effect of piglet castration with nonsurgical sterilant on the zootechnical performance and pork carcass quality / Efeito da castração de leitões com esterilizante não cirúrgico no desempenho zootécnico e na qualidade da carcaça suína

A non-surgical sterilant (NSS) was used with the objective of assessing the zootechnical performance, carcass and meat quality, and hormone levels. 90 male piglets were selected with birthweights varying between 1.5kg to 2.0kg. The control group was constituted of 45 males castrated by the conventional surgical method, at the seventh day of age, and the treated group was constituted of 45 males castrated with NSS (active principle of zinc gluconate in the concentration of 26.2mg/mL associated to the dimethyl sulfoxide at 0.5%), with the application of the first dose on the seventh day of age and the second dose on the fourteenth day of age. The zootechnical assessments were carried out on the farm and consisted: weight gain in the periods per animal and feed conversion. The slaughter of the animals and the assessment of the carcass and meat quality and hormone levels were carried out in a slaughterhouse and the municipality of Campinas (SP). The study demonstrated that the use of NSS was a viable alternative in relation to the zootechnical performance and the carcass quality. In relation to the meat quality there was no significant difference in the majority of the assessed parameters.(AU)

Foi utilizado esterilizante não cirúrgico (ENC) com o objetivo de se avaliar o desempenho zootécnico e a qualidade de carcaça, de carne e de níveis hormonais. Foram selecionados 90 leitões machos de peso entre 1,5kg e 2,0kg ao nascimento. O grupo controle foi constituído por 45 machos castrados pelo método cirúrgico convencional, ao sétimo dia de idade, e o grupo tratado foi constituído por 45 machos castrados com ENC (princípio ativo de gluconato de zinco na concentração de 26,2mg/mL associado ao dimetil sulfóxido a 0,5%), com primeira dose de aplicação ao sétimo dia de idade e a segunda dose ao 14° dia de idade. As avaliações consistiram de: ganho de peso nos períodos por animal e conversão alimentar. O abate dos animais e a avaliação da carne e de níveis hormonais foram realizados em um frigorífico, na cidade de Campinas (SP). O uso de ENC foi uma alternativa viável em relação ao desempenho zootécnico e à qualidade da carcaça. Em relação à qualidade da carne, não houve diferença significativa na maioria dos parâmetros avaliados.(AU)

Effectiveness of an immunocastration vaccine formulation to reduce the gonadal function in female and male mice by Th1/Th2 immune response.

Immunocastration has emerged as an alternative to surgical castration in different animal species. This study examined the effectiveness of a new vaccine formulation for immunocastration using the biopolymer chitosan as adjuvant. First, female and male mice (n = 4), in three subsequent experiments were vaccinated at Days 1 and 30 of the study, to determine the immune response profile and gonadal alterations due to immunization. The results demonstrated that the vaccine was able to elicit strong antibody responses against native GnRH hormone (P < 0.01), with a T helper (Th) 1/Th2 immune response profile. Along with this, a suppression of gonadal activity with a decrease of luteal bodies (1.08 ± 0.22 and 4.08 ± 0.39) and antral follicles (1.17 ± 0.32 and 4.5 ± 0.38) in the ovaries of immunized females and control, respectively, and a reduction of seminiferous tubules size (142.3 ± 5.58 mm and 198.0 ± 6.11 mm) and germinal cellular layers (3.58 ± 0.26 and 5.08 ± 0.29) of immunized males and control animals, respectively, were observed (P < 0.01). Then, in a study of long-term immune response due to vaccination in female and male mice (n = 4) from two subsequent experiments, a suppression of gonadal function and an induction of a Th1/Th2 immune response was also observed, determined by both, immunoglobulin and cytokine profiles, which lasted until the end of the study (7 months; P < 0.01). The findings of this study have demonstrated that vaccination with a new immunocastration vaccine inducing a Th1/Th2 immune response against GnRH (P < 0.01) elicit a decrease of gonadal function in male and female mice (P < 0.01). Owing to long-term duration of the antibody levels generated, this vaccine formulation appears as a promising alternative for immunocastration of several animal species where long-lasting reproductive block is needed.

Esterilização em cães e gatos / Sterilization in dogs and cats / Esterilización en perros y gatos

O conhecimento das técnicas e processos que envolvem a esterilização em cães e gatos, assim como as vantagens e desvantagens, assume fundamental importância na conscientização dos proprietários e na escolha do método mais adequado para seus animais. O objeto da presente revisão é descrever as particularidades de cada método de esterilização (cirúrgicos e não cirúrgicos), assim como as principais vantagens e desvantagens, já que o controle populacional depende da conscientização dos proprietários e da sociedade e, neste quesito, o médico veterinário exerce papel fundamental na orientação dos proprietários e propagação da informação.

Knowledge concerning neutering in dogs and cats, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, is essential for the consciousness of the owners and selection of the rnost suitablemethod for their pet. The aim of this review is to describe each method of neutering (surgical and nonsurgical procedures), as well as the main advantages and disadvantages, once population control dependson the awareness of owners and society, and so, veterinarians have a pivotal role on advice of owners and spreading of information.

Conocimiento de las técnicas y procesos que implican la esterilización de perros y gatos, así como las ventajas y desventajas, es de fundamental importancia para la aceptación de lós propietarios y en la elección del método más apropiado para sus animales. El objeto de esta revisión es describir las características de cada método de esterilización (quirúrgicos y no quirúrgicos), así como las principales ventajas y desventajas, una vez que el control de la población depende de la conciencia de los propietariosy la sociedad y, en este sentido, el veterinario juega un papel fundamental en la orientación destes y difusión de información.

Esterilização em cães e gatos / Sterilization in dogs and cats / Esterilización en perros y gatos

O conhecimento das técnicas e processos que envolvem a esterilização em cães e gatos, assim como as vantagens e desvantagens, assume fundamental importância na conscientização dos proprietários e na escolha do método mais adequado para seus animais. O objeto da presente revisão é descrever as particularidades de cada método de esterilização (cirúrgicos e não cirúrgicos), assim como as principais vantagens e desvantagens, já que o controle populacional depende da conscientização dos proprietários e da sociedade e, neste quesito, o médico veterinário exerce papel fundamental na orientação dos proprietários e propagação da informação.(AU)

Knowledge concerning neutering in dogs and cats, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, is essential for the consciousness of the owners and selection of the rnost suitablemethod for their pet. The aim of this review is to describe each method of neutering (surgical and nonsurgical procedures), as well as the main advantages and disadvantages, once population control dependson the awareness of owners and society, and so, veterinarians have a pivotal role on advice of owners and spreading of information.(AU)

Conocimiento de las técnicas y procesos que implican la esterilización de perros y gatos, así como las ventajas y desventajas, es de fundamental importancia para la aceptación de lós propietarios y en la elección del método más apropiado para sus animales. El objeto de esta revisión es describir las características de cada método de esterilización (quirúrgicos y no quirúrgicos), así como las principales ventajas y desventajas, una vez que el control de la población depende de la conciencia de los propietariosy la sociedad y, en este sentido, el veterinario juega un papel fundamental en la orientación destes y difusión de información.(AU)

Optimum conditions for extracting collagen from the tunica albuginea of immunologically castrated pig testes and the functional properties of the isolated collagen.

This study evaluated alternative methods for extracting collagen from the tunica albuginea of pig testes and characterized the functional properties of the isolated collagen. Using the statistical tools of factorial design (24⁻¹) and a central composite rotatable design (2³), it was concluded that the best conditions were 0.83 mol L⁻¹ acetic acid, 0.24% pepsin and 28 h of hydrolysis to isolate 82.54 g of collagen per 100g of sample. This purified collagen had improved functional properties in relation to bovine skin collagen, including water solubility, water-holding capacity, emulsifying capacity and emulsion stability. These results suggest that isolated collagen from the tunica albuginea can be used in pharmaceutical and food products.