ABSTRACT
In many amphibians, the granular glands can be grouped in special regions forming macroglands. This is the case of toads, characterized by the presence of a pair of parotoid macroglands, strategically located to give protection by poison release in case of attacks. The product secreted consists of a wide variety of chemical compounds including proteins, peptides, biogenic amines, toxic steroidal bufadienolides, and various alkaloids, depending on the species. In this work, using Rhinella arenarum, we have performed, for the first time, the matrix assisted-ultraviolet laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry characterization of the components of the secretion used as crude material, just suspended in MeOH (or MeCN). The crude sample as a whole (whole suspension) was spotted on the matrix assisted-ultraviolet laser desorption plate for analysis. Electrospray ionization-Orbitrap was used for cross-checking experiments. The pattern of signals obtained at m/z ranges 600 to 800 and 1200 to 1600 could be assigned as the argininyl bufadienolide esters fingerprint characteristic of female and male. Variation patterns for gender (female, male), age (non-reproductive, reproductive), and season (non-reproductive, reproductive) are described.
Subject(s)
Arginine/analogs & derivatives , Arginine/analysis , Bufanolides/analysis , Chordata/physiology , Parotid Gland/metabolism , Animals , Arginine/metabolism , Bufanolides/metabolism , Chordata/growth & development , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Esters/analysis , Esters/metabolism , Female , Male , Principal Component Analysis/methods , Seasons , Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methodsABSTRACT
Resumen:A pesar de la gran importancia ecológica, evolutiva y económica de los condrictios, su diversidad ha sido escasamente estudiada en México. En este estudio se describe la diversidad de especies de condrictios que se han registrado hasta el momento para México, la cual se compone de 214 especies (111 tiburones, 95 rayas y 8 quimeras) y representa el 17.3 % de las registradas a nivel mundial. Las familias con mayor diversidad de especies son Rajidae (14.5 %), Carcharhinidae (12.1 %), Pentanchidae, Triakidae y Urotrygonidae (5.1 %). En términos de su distribución geográfica, la diversidad del litoral del Pacífico mexicano contiene el 56.1 % del total de aquellas que habitan en las aguas marinas y salobres de México (120 spp., 62 géneros, 37 familias y 14 órdenes); porcentaje muy similar a las que habitan en el litoral del Atlántico con el 55.1 % de las especies (118 especies, 59 géneros, 35 familias y 13 órdenes). Las afinidades biogeográficas de la fauna de condrictios mexicanos son complejas, pues 19.7 % de las especies son circunglobales, 9.9 % trasatlánticas, 1.9 % transpacíficas y 9.4 % son endémicas de la zona económica exclusiva. Además, el 36.6 % de las especies son endémicas del Pacífico oriental, presentan mayor afinidad a la provincia de Cortés (27.7 %), seguida de la de California (20.7 %), Panamá (19.3 %), Galápagos (5.6 %) y Peruano-Chilena (8.9 %). Así mismo, el 33.3 % de las especies son endémicas del Atlántico occidental donde tienen mayor afinidad con la provincia Caribeña (31.9 %), seguido por la Caroliniana (24.4 %) y Brasileña (6.6 %).
Abstract:The diversity of chondrychthyans in Mexico is described. The fauna is composed by 214 species (111 sharks, 95 rays and 8 chimaeras) and represents 17.3 % of the total number of species recorded worldwide. The families with the highest diversity comprise: Rajidae (14.5 %), Carcharhinidae (12.1 %), Pentanchidae, Triakidae, and Urotrygonidae (5.1 %). In terms of geographical distribution, the diversity on the Mexican Pacific slope reaches up to 56.1 % of those species inhabiting Mexican marine and brackish waters (120 species, 62 genera, 37 families and 14 orders); the diversity in the Atlantic slope resulted similar to that on the Mexican Pacific with 55.1 % of the species (118 species, 59 genera, 35 families and 13 orders). The biogeographical affinities of the Mexican chondrychthyan fauna are complex with 19.7 % of the species being circumglobal, 9.9 % transatlantic, 1.9 % transpacific, and 9.4 % endemic to the exclusive economic zone. Additionally, 36.6 % of the species recorded so far are endemic to the Eastern Pacific coast where the species are similar to those found in the Cortez biogeographic province (27.7 %), followed by the Californian (20.7 %), Panamanian (19.3 %), Galapagos (5.6 %) and Peruvian-Chilean (8.9 %). Likewise, 33.3 % are endemic of the Atlantic coast, where species are similar to those found in the Caribbean province (31.9 %), followed by the Carolinean (24.4 %) and the Brazilian (6.6 %). Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1469-1486. Epub 2016 December 01.
Subject(s)
Animals , Sharks/classification , Skates, Fish/classification , Chordata/classification , Biodiversity , Animal Distribution , Sharks/physiology , Species Specificity , Atlantic Ocean , Pacific Ocean , Skates, Fish/physiology , Chordata/physiology , MexicoABSTRACT
Registrou-se o comportamento reprodutivo e se comparou a fertilidade e fecundidade de 16 casais demelanotênia boesemani (Melanotaenia boesemani Allen e Cross, 1980), com tamanhos entre 1,437 g e 4,484 g, afim de elucidar características reprodutivas dessa espécie que é valorizada no comércio de peixes ornamentais.Observou-se que o comportamento de corte e acasalamento é idêntico para todos os tamanhos e similar ao deoutras espécies do grupo das melanotênias. Através de análise multivariada percebeu-se distribuição de trêsfaixas de tamanho 48,7 mm (1,579 g; n = 6), 57,2 mm (2,619 g; n=8) e 65,8 (4,484 g; n=1) com resultadosdistintos para características reprodutivas. Sendo as fêmeas de tamanho mediano (57,2 mm) as que apresentarammelhor rendimento reprodutivo com média total de 1.046 ovos, em 32 dias, sendo 691 a média de ovosfecundados e viáveis (66,1%).(AU)
It was registered the reproductive behavior of Boeseman's rainbowfish (Melanotaenia boesemani Allenand Cross, 1980), comparing fecundity and fertility of individuals weghing between 1.437 g and 4.484 g, aimingat understand the reproductive characteristics of this high-value species among the ornamental fish commerce.It was observed that courtship and breeding behavior are identical for all the evaluated sizes and similar forthose from the rainbowfish group. Through the multivariated analysis, it was noted the distribution of three sizeranges 48.7 mm (1.579 g; n = 6), 57.2 mm (2.619 g; n=8) and 65.8 (4.484 g; n=1) with different results forreproductive characteristics. Females with medium size (57.2 mm) presented the best reproductive yield, withtotal average of 1,046 eggs within 32 days, being 691 the average of fecundated and viable eggs (66.1%).(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Chordata/anatomy & histology , Chordata/physiology , Reproductive Behavior/physiologyABSTRACT
Registrou-se o comportamento reprodutivo e se comparou a fertilidade e fecundidade de 16 casais demelanotênia boesemani (Melanotaenia boesemani Allen e Cross, 1980), com tamanhos entre 1,437 g e 4,484 g, afim de elucidar características reprodutivas dessa espécie que é valorizada no comércio de peixes ornamentais.Observou-se que o comportamento de corte e acasalamento é idêntico para todos os tamanhos e similar ao deoutras espécies do grupo das melanotênias. Através de análise multivariada percebeu-se distribuição de trêsfaixas de tamanho 48,7 mm (1,579 g; n = 6), 57,2 mm (2,619 g; n=8) e 65,8 (4,484 g; n=1) com resultadosdistintos para características reprodutivas. Sendo as fêmeas de tamanho mediano (57,2 mm) as que apresentarammelhor rendimento reprodutivo com média total de 1.046 ovos, em 32 dias, sendo 691 a média de ovosfecundados e viáveis (66,1%).
It was registered the reproductive behavior of Boeseman's rainbowfish (Melanotaenia boesemani Allenand Cross, 1980), comparing fecundity and fertility of individuals weghing between 1.437 g and 4.484 g, aimingat understand the reproductive characteristics of this high-value species among the ornamental fish commerce.It was observed that courtship and breeding behavior are identical for all the evaluated sizes and similar forthose from the rainbowfish group. Through the multivariated analysis, it was noted the distribution of three sizeranges 48.7 mm (1.579 g; n = 6), 57.2 mm (2.619 g; n=8) and 65.8 (4.484 g; n=1) with different results forreproductive characteristics. Females with medium size (57.2 mm) presented the best reproductive yield, withtotal average of 1,046 eggs within 32 days, being 691 the average of fecundated and viable eggs (66.1%).
Subject(s)
Animals , Reproductive Behavior/physiology , Chordata/anatomy & histology , Chordata/physiologyABSTRACT
The diversity of chondrychthyans in Mexico is described. The fauna is composed by 214 species (111 sharks, 95 rays and 8 chimaeras) and represents 17.3 % of the total number of species recorded worldwide. The families with the highest diversity comprise: Rajidae (14.5 %), Carcharhinidae (12.1 %), Pentanchidae, Triakidae, and Urotrygonidae (5.1 %). In terms of geographical distribution, the diversity on the Mexican Pacific slope reaches up to 56.1 % of those species inhabiting Mexican marine and brackish waters (120 species, 62 genera, 37 families and 14 orders); the diversity in the Atlantic slope resulted similar to that on the Mexican Pacific with 55.1 % of the species (118 species, 59 genera, 35 families and 13 orders). The biogeographical affinities of the Mexican chondrychthyan fauna are complex with 19.7 % of the species being circumglobal, 9.9 % transatlantic, 1.9 % transpacific, and 9.4 % endemic to the exclusive economic zone. Additionally, 36.6 % of the species recorded so far are endemic to the Eastern Pacific coast where the species are similar to those found in the Cortez biogeographic province (27.7 %), followed by the Californian (20.7 %), Panamanian (19.3 %), Galapagos (5.6 %) and Peruvian-Chilean (8.9 %). Likewise, 33.3 % are endemic of the Atlantic coast, where species are similar to those found in the Caribbean province (31.9 %), followed by the Carolinean (24.4 %) and the Brazilian (6.6 %).
Subject(s)
Animal Distribution , Biodiversity , Chordata/classification , Sharks/classification , Skates, Fish/classification , Animals , Atlantic Ocean , Chordata/physiology , Mexico , Pacific Ocean , Sharks/physiology , Skates, Fish/physiology , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the formed elements in the periferical blood of two amostral groups of Phrynops geoffroanus: one from an urban environment under domestic sewage dumping, and another from a non-contaminated environment. Blood samples of 36 animals (females and males) were collected through cardiocentesis. Sixteen specimens were from the urban environment, and 20 were from a control environment. Samples of blood tissue were used for light microscopy analysis, and also for morphometric analysis of red blood cells. For the ultrastructural analysis, blood samples of 2 animals were used. The formed elements found, using morphological and ultrastructural analysis were: nucleated red blood cells; thrombocytes; neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils; eosinophils; heterophils, and azurophils. The morphometric analysis of all red blood cells parameters examinated in females showed a statistically significant difference, but in males just the nuclear area showed difference between the specimens of the two environments. The elements identified by light microscopy were elucidated by electron transmission microscopy. This P. geoffroanus study is the first one that makes a correlation between these environments and the description of turtle's blood cells, thus contributing to the identification of the hematological characteristics of this group.