Scuticociliatosis caused by Uronema sp. in ten different ornamental aquarium reef fish in Brazil.

Scuticociliatosis, caused by an opportunistic ciliate protozoan, is responsible for significant economic losses in marine ornamental fish. This study reports the occurrence of Uronema spp., parasitizing ten species of marine reef fish at an ornamental fish wholesaler: Blue green damselfish (Chromis viridis), Vanderbilt's Chromis (Chromis vanderbilti), Pennant coralfish (Heniochus acuminatus), Threespot angelfish (Apolemichthys trimaculatus), Goldspotted angelfish (Apolemichthys xanthopunctatus), Sea goldie (Pseudanthias squamipinnis), Orchid dottyback (Pseudochromis fridmani), Threadfin butterflyfish (Chaetodon auriga), Vagabond butterflyfish (Chaetodon vagabundus), and Bluecheek butterflyfish (Chaetodon semilarvatus). Diseased fish showed disorders such as hemorrhages and ulcerative lesions on the body surface. Histopathological analysis of the muscle, liver, gut, kidney, spleen, gills, and stomach revealed hemorrhages and degeneration of muscle fiber, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocyte, inflammatory process and granuloma in the liver, atrophy of intestinal villi, inflammatory process and granuloma in the kidney, melanomacrophage centers, as well as inflammatory process in the spleen, epithelial cells hyperplasia and granuloma formation in the gills, and vacuolar degeneration and eosinophils in the stomach. Due to the severity of the disease, it is necessary to implement biosecurity measures with rapid and accurate diagnosis to minimize the risk of economic losses caused by Uronema spp.

Scuticociliatosis caused by Uronema sp. in ten different ornamental aquarium reef fish in Brazil / Scuticociliatose causado por Uronema sp. em dez diferentes peixes ornamentais de recife no Brasil

Abstract Scuticociliatosis, caused by an opportunistic ciliate protozoan, is responsible for significant economic losses in marine ornamental fish. This study reports the occurrence of Uronema spp., parasitizing ten species of marine reef fish at an ornamental fish wholesaler: Blue green damselfish (Chromis viridis), Vanderbilt's Chromis (Chromis vanderbilti), Pennant coralfish (Heniochus acuminatus), Threespot angelfish (Apolemichthys trimaculatus), Goldspotted angelfish (Apolemichthys xanthopunctatus), Sea goldie (Pseudanthias squamipinnis), Orchid dottyback (Pseudochromis fridmani), Threadfin butterflyfish (Chaetodon auriga), Vagabond butterflyfish (Chaetodon vagabundus), and Bluecheek butterflyfish (Chaetodon semilarvatus). Diseased fish showed disorders such as hemorrhages and ulcerative lesions on the body surface. Histopathological analysis of the muscle, liver, gut, kidney, spleen, gills, and stomach revealed hemorrhages and degeneration of muscle fiber, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocyte, inflammatory process and granuloma in the liver, atrophy of intestinal villi, inflammatory process and granuloma in the kidney, melanomacrophage centers, as well as inflammatory process in the spleen, epithelial cells hyperplasia and granuloma formation in the gills, and vacuolar degeneration and eosinophils in the stomach. Due to the severity of the disease, it is necessary to implement biosecurity measures with rapid and accurate diagnosis to minimize the risk of economic losses caused by Uronema spp.

Resumo Scuticociliatose, causada pelo protozoário ciliado oportunista, é responsável por significativas perdas econômicas em peixes marinhos ornamentais. O estudo relata a ocorrência de Uronema spp., parasitando dez espécies de peixes de recife em um distribuidor de peixes ornamentais: "Blue green damselfish" (Chromis viridis), "Vanderbilt's Chromis" (Chromis vanderbilti), "Pennant coralfish" (Heniochus acuminatus), "Threespot angelfish" (Apolemichthys trimaculatus), "Goldspotted angelfish" (Apolemichthys xanthopunctatus), "Sea goldie" (Pseudanthias squamipinnis), "Orchid dottyback" (Pseudochromis fridmani), "Threadfin butterflyfish" (Chaetodon auriga), "Vagabond butterflyfish" (Chaetodon vagabundus), e "Bluecheek butterflyfish" (Chaetodon semilarvatus). Peixes doentes apresentaram distúrbios como hemorragias e lesões ulcerativas na superfície do corpo. A análise histopatológica do músculo, fígado, intestino, rim, baço, brânquias e estômago revelou hemorragias e degeneração das fibras musculares, degeneração vacuolar de hepatócitos, processo inflamatório e granuloma no fígado, atrofia das vilosidades intestinais, processo inflamatório e granuloma no rim, centros de melanomacrófagos e processo inflamatório no baço, hiperplasia das células epiteliais, bem como formação de granuloma nas brânquias e degeneração vacuolar e eosinófilos no estômago. Devido à gravidade da doença, é necessário implementar medidas de biossegurança com diagnóstico rápido e preciso para minimizar o risco de perdas econômicas causadas por Uronema spp.

Trichodina heterodentata (Ciliophora) infestation on Prochilodus lineatus larvae: a host-parasite relationship study.

Prochilodus lineatus is a freshwater fish species found in South America. It is common in aquaculture, but few studies regarding diseases of this fish have been performed. This study presents data of the occurrence of Trichodina heterodentata Duncan, 1977, as well as the pathological alterations detected by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Twenty 20-day-old larvae were harvested from an earth pond and examined. Larvae showed erratic swimming on the pond edges and some had a whitish tegument. Larval smears were either impregnated with silver nitrate or stained with Giemsa stain to observe the taxonomic features of the ciliates. Five larvae were fixed in formalin solution for histopathological analysis, and another five specimens were fixed in glutaraldehyde for SEM. All larvae were diagnosed with a severe infestation by trichodinid T. heterodentata. Histological sections showed discrete hyperplasia of the gill filaments with subepithelial oedema of the secondary lamellae. In the SEM, suction areas were observed on the skin, gill and eye; corrosion and ulceration of the fins were associated with the bacterial presence of cocci on the lesions. This is the first report of T. heterodentata in P. lineatus that is responsible for an acute disease that culminates in larval mortality.

First record of Chilodonella hexasticha (Ciliophora: Chilodonellidae) in Brazilian cultured fish: a morphological and pathological assessment.

Chilodonelids are small ciliated protozoans found worldwide and can be dangerous in culture conditions. This study presents morphometric data on the ciliate Chilodonella that is found in cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), native bait fish tuvira (Gymnotus aff. inaequilabiatus) and native pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) and includes a histopathological assessment of the changes that occur in the pacu. For parasitic diagnosis, skin and gill samples were scraped onto slides, dried at room temperature, stained with Giemsa or impregnated with silver nitrate, and the measurements were obtained from photomicrographs. In the diseased pacu, the first gill arch was collected and fixed in a 10% buffered formalin solution for histopathological analysis. Parasite specimens from the different collection sites were identified morphologically as C. hexasticha Kiernik (1909). Diseased fish exhibited depigmentation, skin ulceration, scale loss, excessive mucus production and gill lesions. Histopathological analysis of pacu gills displayed epithelial proliferation with mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate, hemorrhages, and scattering necrosis. In Brazilian-farmed fish this is the first record of C. hexasticha, which has great pathogenic potential in cultured freshwater species. In addition, two new hosts are presented.