The short-term impacts of coronavirus quarantine in São Paulo: The health-economy trade-offs.

We analyze the trade-offs between health and the economy during the period of social distancing in São Paulo, the state hardest hit by the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. We use longitudinal data with municipal-level information and check the robustness of our estimates to several sources of bias, including spatial dependence, reverse causality, and time-variant omitted variables. We use exogenous climate shocks as instruments for social distancing since people are more likely to stay home in wetter and colder periods. Our findings suggest that the health benefits of social distancing differ by levels of municipal development and may have vanished if the COVID-19 spread was not controlled in neighboring municipalities. In turn, we did not find evidence that municipalities with tougher social distancing performed worse economically. Our results also highlight that estimates that do not account for endogeneity may largely underestimate the benefits of social distancing on reducing the spread of COVID-19.

Association between population distribution and urban GDP scaling.

Urban scaling and Zipf's law are two fundamental paradigms for the science of cities. These laws have mostly been investigated independently and are often perceived as disassociated matters. Here we present a large scale investigation about the connection between these two laws using population and GDP data from almost five thousand consistently-defined cities in 96 countries. We empirically demonstrate that both laws are tied to each other and derive an expression relating the urban scaling and Zipf exponents. This expression captures the average tendency of the empirical relation between both exponents, and simulations yield very similar results to the real data after accounting for random variations. We find that while the vast majority of countries exhibit increasing returns to scale of urban GDP, this effect is less pronounced in countries with fewer small cities and more metropolises (small Zipf exponent) than in countries with a more uneven number of small and large cities (large Zipf exponent). Our research puts forward the idea that urban scaling does not solely emerge from intra-city processes, as population distribution and scaling of urban GDP are correlated to each other.

Spatial interactions in urban scaling laws.

Analyses of urban scaling laws assume that observations in different cities are independent of the existence of nearby cities. Here we introduce generative models and data-analysis methods that overcome this limitation by modelling explicitly the effect of interactions between individuals at different locations. Parameters that describe the scaling law and the spatial interactions are inferred from data simultaneously, allowing for rigorous (Bayesian) model comparison and overcoming the problem of defining the boundaries of urban regions. Results in five different datasets show that including spatial interactions typically leads to better models and a change in the exponent of the scaling law.

On the relation between transversal and longitudinal scaling in cities.

Does the scaling relationship between population sizes of cities with urban metrics like economic output and infrastructure (transversal scaling) mirror the evolution of individual cities in time (longitudinal scaling)? The answer to this question has important policy implications, but the lack of suitable data has so far hindered rigorous empirical tests. In this paper, we advance the debate by looking at the evolution of two urban variables, GDP and water network length, for over 5500 cities in Brazil. We find that longitudinal scaling exponents are city-specific. However, they are distributed around an average value that approaches the transversal scaling exponent provided that the data is decomposed to eliminate external factors, and only for cities with a sufficiently high growth rate. We also introduce a mathematical framework that connects the microscopic level to global behaviour, finding good agreement between theoretical predictions and empirical evidence in all analyzed cases. Our results add complexity to the idea that the longitudinal dynamics is a micro-scaling version of the transversal dynamics of the entire urban system. The longitudinal analysis can reveal differences in scaling behavior related to population size and nature of urban variables. Our approach also makes room for the role of external factors such as public policies and development, and opens up new possibilities in the research of the effects of scaling and contextual factors.

Corruption in public health and its effects on the economic growth of Brazilian municipalities.

This study's objective is to estimate the effects of corruption in the public health sector on the economic growth of Brazilian municipalities. To build three corruption measures, data from audits conducted by the office of the comptroller general (Controladoria Geral da Uniao, CGU henceforth) in 2009 and 2010 in the health and sanitation sectors were used. Two analysis steps were performed. The first verified the relationship between the performance of the audit and the economic growth rate of the municipalities, using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS); the second analyses the effects of corruption on public health on the economic growth of the audited municipalities, using OLS and Quantile Regressions. First, in a sample of 5547 municipalities, the evidence indicates that being audited is related to slower economic growth. From this, when the sample is restricted to the 180 municipalities audited in 2009 and the corruption variables constructed from the audit reports conducted in the year, the results indicate negative effects of corruption on economic growth. The results show that in the larger quantiles of economic growth, the adverse effects of corruption are felt more significantly. Both methods tested with the three corruption variables created provide similar evidence, showing robustness of results. Therefore, the study allowed us to conclude that corruption in the public health sector hampered the economic growth of Brazilian municipalities, which is a delayed effect: Corruption in 2009 had negative effects on growth in 2011.

Effect of the Melhor em Casa program on hospital costs.

OBJECTIVE: To verify if the Melhor em Casa program can actually reduce hospitalization costs. METHODS: We use as an empirical strategy a Regression Discontinuity Design, which reduces endogeneity problems of our model. We also performed tests of heterogeneous responses and robustness. Data on the dependent variable, namely hospitalization costs, were collected in the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS), using the microdata set from the Hospital Admissions System of the Unified Health System (SUS) from 2010 to 2013, totaling 3,609,384 observations. The covariates or control variables used were age and costs with patients in the intensive care unit, also from DATASUS. RESULTS: The results point out that the Melhor em Casa program effectively reduced hospitalization costs by approximately 4.7% in 2011, 5.8% in 2012 and 10.2% in 2013. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the analyses, we observed that maintaining the program can effectively improve the management of public resources, since it reduced the hospitalization costs in the three years studied. The program reduced hospitalization costs of risk groups and also in situations that usually increase hospital costs such as lack of equipment and elective hospitalizations. Thus, it can be affirmed that the program can reduce hospitalization costs, especially in risk and more vulnerable groups, showing efficiency as a public policy.

Municípios e Saúde / Municipalities and Health

O terceiro volume da série LEIASS ­ Linha Editorial Internacional de Apoio aos Sistemas de Saúde, produzido pelos esforços conjuntos do CONASS e do Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical da Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT NOVA), aborda um tema de grande relevância para a análise do papel exercido pelos municípios, em diferentes países, no tocante à descentralização dos sistemas de saúde. Um desafio comum a muitos países é o de encontrar o nível adequado para a realização e implementação de políticas e administração da saúde. Muitos deles têm descentralizado as competências em matéria de saúde, procurando o equilíbrio de ganhos em saúde, equidade no acesso aos cuidados e eficiência no sistema de saúde. Analisando os argumentos a favor e contra, em muitos casos, os mesmos motivos são utilizados para justificar o movimento em direções opostas, mas dada a natureza multidimensional complexa de descentralização, há dificuldades em atribuir os resultados unicamente à descentralização, ao contrário de outras características do sistema de saúde. A presente publicação decorre das discussões havidas num seminário internacional promovido pelo IHMT NOVA em Lisboa, em outubro de 2018, e que reuniu especialistas de diferentes países. Foram quatro os objetivos que ali se pretendeu atingir: (1) aprofundar aspectos doutrinais e modelos teóricos associados ao tema dos municípios e a saúde; (2) conhecer e analisar realizações concretas nesta área; (3) avaliar o impacto de um processo de intervenção dos municípios na saúde; e (4) discutir desenvolvimentos futuros desse processo. Como poderão constatar, há diferentes maneiras de atribuir papeis e responsabilidades ao nível municipal no tocante à organização e à oferta de serviços de saúde, que variam de um país a outro, em decorrência de múltiplos fatores e diferentes contextos. Entretanto, é cada vez maior a importância de conhecer e de comparar esses modelos, de modo a defender as conquistas dos sistemas públicos de saúde e, mais ainda, aperfeiçoar seu funcionamento em benefício dos cidadãos.

Influence of municipal socioeconomic indices on mortality rates for oral and oropharyngeal cancer in older adults in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. / Influência dos índices socioeconômicos municipais nas taxas de mortalidade por câncer de boca e orofaringe em idosos no estado de São Paulo.

INTRODUCTION: Oral and oropharyngeal cancer are diseases strongly influenced by socioeconomic factors. The risk of developing these diseases increases with age and most cases occur in the elderly, with higher mortality rates. This study aimed to analyze the influence of municipal socioeconomic indices on mortality rates for oral (OC) and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) in elderly residents from 645 cities in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, from 2013 to 2015. METHOD: Secondary data on deaths were obtained in the Mortality Information System from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The number of elderly, as well as per capita median income values and Human Development Index by municipality (HDI-M) values were obtained from data by the SEADE Foundation. Descriptiveand exploratory analysis of data was performed, followed by negative binomial models described by the Proc Genmod procedure and evaluated by the corrected AIC (Akaike Information Criterion), the likelihood level, and the Wald test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Around 30% of the cities notified deaths in 2013, 16.74% in 2014, and 18.61% in 2015. Founded mortality mean rates from OC and OPC were, respectively, 20.0 (± 430.9) and 10.7 (± 17.5) deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. Meanincome ranged, in local currency, from 434.2 to 2,009.00. HDI-M ranged from 0.65 to 0.89. There was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in mortality rates for OC and OPC in elderly with the increase in the cities' mean income and HDI-M values. CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic inequalities in the cities the on mortality rates for OC and OPC in elderly residents.

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de boca e o câncer de orofaringe são doenças influenciadas por fatores socioeconômicos. O risco de desenvolver essas doenças aumenta com a idade, e a maioria dos casos ocorre em idosos, com elevadas taxas de mortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência dos índices socioeconômicos municipais nas taxas de mortalidade por câncer de boca (CB) e de orofaringe (CO) em idosos nas 645 cidades do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, nos anos de 2013 a 2015. MÉTODO: Dados secundários de óbitos foram obtidos pelo Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) do Ministério da Saúde. O número de idosos e os valores da renda média per capita e do índice de desenvolvimento humano por município (IDH-M) foram obtidos a partir dos dados da Fundação SEADE. Realizou-se a análise descritiva e exploratória dos dados, seguida de modelos binomiais negativos descritos pelo procedimento PROC GENMOD e avaliados pelo critério de informação de Akaike corrigido (AICc), pelo grau de liberdade e pelo teste de Wald (α=0,05). RESULTADOS: Cerca de 30% das cidades notificaram óbitos em 2013, 16,74% em 2014 e 18,61% em 2015. Astaxas médias de mortalidade por CB e CO foram, respectivamente, de 20,0 (± 30,9) e 10,7 (± 17,5) por 100milhabitantes. A renda média variou de R$ 434,20 a R$ 2.009,00 e o IDH-M, de 0,65 a 0,89. Houve decréscimo significativo (p < 0,05) nas taxas de mortalidade por CB e CO em idosos com o aumento dos valores das rendas médias e do IDH-M. CONCLUSÃO: As desigualdades socioeconômicas das cidades influenciam nas taxas de mortalidade por CB e CO em idosos.

Quantifying health impacts and economic costs of PM2.5 exposure in Mexican cities of the National Urban System.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate avoidable mortality, potential years of life lost and economic costs associated with particulate matter PM2.5 exposure for 2 years (2013 and 2015) in Mexico using two scenarios of reduced concentrations (i.e., mean annual PM2.5 concentration < 12 µg/m3 and mean annual PM2.5 concentration < 10 µg/m3). METHODS: The health impact assessment method was followed. This method consists of: identification of health effects, selection of concentration-response functions, estimation of exposure, quantification of impacts quantification and economic assessment using the willingness to pay and human capital approaches. RESULTS: For 2013, we included data from 62 monitoring sites in ten cities, (113 municipalities) where 36,486,201 live. In 2015, we included 71 monitoring sites from fifteen cities (121 municipalities) and 40,479,629 inhabitants. It was observed that reduction in the annual PM2.5 average to 10 µg/would have prevented 14,666 deaths and 150,771 potential years of life lost in 2015, with estimated costs of 64,164 and 5434 million dollars, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing PM2.5 concentration in the Mexican cities studied would reduce mortality by all causes by 8.1%, representing important public health benefits.

Effect of the Brazilian cash transfer programme on suicide rates: a longitudinal analysis of the Brazilian municipalities.

PURPOSE: There is a growing awareness of the economic and contextual factors that may play a role in the aetiology of suicide. The Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) the Brazilian conditional cash transfer programme, established in 2004, aims to attenuate the effects of poverty of Brazilians. Our study aims to evaluate the effect of Bolsa Família Programme (BFP) coverage on suicide rates in Brazilian municipalities. METHODS: We conducted an ecological study using 2004-2012 panel data for 5507 Brazilian municipalities. We calculated age-standardized suicide rates for each municipality and year. BFP coverage was categorized according to three levels (< 30%, ≥ 30% and < 70% and ≥ 70%) and duration (coverage ≤ 70% for all years, ≥ 70% for 1 year, ≥ 70% for 2 years, ≥ 70% for 3 or more years). We used negative binomial regression models with fixed effects, adjusting for socio-economic, demographic and social welfare co-variables. RESULTS: An increase in BFP coverage was associated with a reduction in suicide rates. The strongest effect was observed when in addition to greater municipal coverage (RR 0.942, 95% CI 0.936-0.947), the duration of the high coverage was maintained for 3 years or more (RR 0.952 95% CI 0.950-0.954). CONCLUSIONS: The results provide evidence that the conditional cash transfer programme may reduce suicide in Brazilian municipalities, mitigating the effect of poverty on suicide incidence.

Influência dos índices socioeconômicos municipais nas taxas de mortalidade por câncer de boca e orofaringe em idosos no estado de São Paulo / Influence of municipal socioeconomic indices on mortality rates for oral and oropharyngeal cancer in older adults in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

RESUMO: Introdução: O câncer de boca e o câncer de orofaringe são doenças influenciadas por fatores socioeconômicos. O risco de desenvolver essas doenças aumenta com a idade, e a maioria dos casos ocorre em idosos, com elevadas taxas de mortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência dos índices socioeconômicos municipais nas taxas de mortalidade por câncer de boca (CB) e de orofaringe (CO) em idosos nas 645 cidades do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, nos anos de 2013 a 2015. Método: Dados secundários de óbitos foram obtidos pelo Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) do Ministério da Saúde. O número de idosos e os valores da renda média per capita e do índice de desenvolvimento humano por município (IDH-M) foram obtidos a partir dos dados da Fundação SEADE. Realizou-se a análise descritiva e exploratória dos dados, seguida de modelos binomiais negativos descritos pelo procedimento PROC GENMOD e avaliados pelo critério de informação de Akaike corrigido (AICc), pelo grau de liberdade e pelo teste de Wald (α=0,05). Resultados: Cerca de 30% das cidades notificaram óbitos em 2013, 16,74% em 2014 e 18,61% em 2015. Astaxas médias de mortalidade por CB e CO foram, respectivamente, de 20,0 (± 30,9) e 10,7 (± 17,5) por 100milhabitantes. A renda média variou de R$ 434,20 a R$ 2.009,00 e o IDH-M, de 0,65 a 0,89. Houve decréscimo significativo (p < 0,05) nas taxas de mortalidade por CB e CO em idosos com o aumento dos valores das rendas médias e do IDH-M. Conclusão: As desigualdades socioeconômicas das cidades influenciam nas taxas de mortalidade por CB e CO em idosos.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Oral and oropharyngeal cancer are diseases strongly influenced by socioeconomic factors. The risk of developing these diseases increases with age and most cases occur in the elderly, with higher mortality rates. This study aimed to analyze the influence of municipal socioeconomic indices on mortality rates for oral (OC) and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) in elderly residents from 645 cities in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, from 2013 to 2015. Method: Secondary data on deaths were obtained in the Mortality Information System from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The number of elderly, as well as per capita median income values and Human Development Index by municipality (HDI-M) values were obtained from data by the SEADE Foundation. Descriptiveand exploratory analysis of data was performed, followed by negative binomial models described by the Proc Genmod procedure and evaluated by the corrected AIC (Akaike Information Criterion), the likelihood level, and the Wald test (α = 0.05). Results: Around 30% of the cities notified deaths in 2013, 16.74% in 2014, and 18.61% in 2015. Founded mortality mean rates from OC and OPC were, respectively, 20.0 (± 430.9) and 10.7 (± 17.5) deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. Meanincome ranged, in local currency, from 434.2 to 2,009.00. HDI-M ranged from 0.65 to 0.89. There was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in mortality rates for OC and OPC in elderly with the increase in the cities' mean income and HDI-M values. Conclusion: Socioeconomic inequalities in the cities the on mortality rates for OC and OPC in elderly residents.

[Municipal spending on primary health care in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: an ecological study]. / Despesas municipais em atenção primária à saúde no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: um estudo ecológico.

The study's objective was to explore the association between the components of fixed and variable Minimum Basic Care (Portuguese: PAB), sociodemographic factors, epidemiological profile, and municipal spending in primary health care in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. An ecological study in 496 municipalities (counties) in the state was carried out. Mean variable municipal spending from 2011 to 2013 from the financial block of primary health care, representing the actual spending with federal budget transfers, was based on data from the Management Report of the Strategic Management Support Room, and multiple linear regression was used. To adjust the model, variables were grouped in five blocks according to the study's objective. Mean spending on primary health care was BRL 81.20 (SD ± 35.50) per inhabitant-year. The block of variables comprising the fixed PAB component explained 39% (R2 = 0.39) of the variability in spending between municipalities, while for the variable PAB block, R2 was 0.82, in the sociodemographic block, R2 was 0.26, in the structure-performance block R2 was 0.46, and in the epidemiological profile block the R2 was 0.15. In the final model, the variable associated with the highest estimated values for spending on primary health care was the rate of family health teams. Municipalities with 135 to 41 teams per 100,000 inhabitant-years spend BRL 51.00 more per capita than municipalities with zero to 0 to 8 teams. Spending on primary health care appears to be linked more to federal induction than to factors associated with health care demand, such as the demographic and epidemiological profile of the municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

O objetivo do estudo é explorar a associação entre componentes do Piso de Atenção Básica (PAB) fixo e variável, fatores sociodemográficos e perfil epidemiológico com as despesas municipais em atenção primária à saúde no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foi realizado estudo ecológico com 496 municípios do Rio Grande do Sul. A variável despesa média municipal dos anos de 2011 a 2013 do bloco financeiro da atenção primária à saúde que representou as despesas efetivas com o repasse de recursos federais foi extraída do Relatório Gerencial da Sala de Apoio à Gestão Estratégica. Utilizou-se modelo de regressão linear múltipla. Para fins de ajuste do modelo, as variáveis foram agrupadas em cinco blocos de acordo com o objetivo do estudo. A despesa média com atenção primária à saúde foi de R$ 81,20 (DP ± 35,50) por habitante-ano. O bloco de variáveis que compõem o PAB fixo explicou 39% (R2 = 0,39) da variabilidade de despesas entre municípios, enquanto que, no bloco do PAB variável, o R2 foi 0,82, no bloco sociodemográficas, o R2 foi 0,26, no bloco de estrutura-desempenho, o R2 foi 0,46, e, no bloco de perfil epidemiológico, o R2 foi 0,15. No modelo final, a variável que esteve associada a maiores valores estimados de gasto com atenção primária à saúde foi a taxa de equipes de saúde da família. Municípios com o número de equipes entre 135 e 41 por 100 mil habitantes-ano possuem um gasto de R$ 51,00 per capita a mais do que municípios com o número de equipes entre 0 e 8. Despesa em atenção primária à saúde parece estar mais atrelada às políticas federais de indução do que a fatores associados com a demanda em saúde, como o perfil demográfico e epidemiológico dos municípios do Rio Grande do Sul.

Este trabajo examina la asociación entre componentes del Paquete de Atención Básica (PAB) fijo y variable, los factores sociodemográficos y el perfil epidemiológico con los gastos municipales en atención primaria de salud en Río Grande do Sul, Brasil. Fue realizado un estudio ecológico con 496 municipios de Río Grande do Sul. La variable gasto medio municipal desde el año 2011 a 2013 del bloque financiero de la atención primaria de salud, que representó los gastos efectivos con la transferencia de recursos federales, se extrajo del Informe Gerencial de la Sala de Apoyo a la Gestión Estratégica. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple. Con el fin de ajustar el modelo, las variables se agruparon en cinco bloques de acuerdo con el objetivo del estudio. El gasto medio con atención primaria de salud fue BRL 81,20 (DP ± 35,50) por habitante-año. El bloque de variables que componen el PAB fijo explicó el 39% (R2 = 0,39) de la variabilidad de gastos entre municipios, mientras que, en el bloque del PAB variable, el R2 fue 0,82, en el bloque sociodemográfico, el R2 fue 0,26, en el bloque de estructura-desempeño, el R2 fue 0,46, y, en el bloque de perfil epidemiológico, el R2 fue 0,15. En el modelo final, la variable que estuvo asociada a mayores valores estimados de gasto con atención primaria de salud fue la tasa de equipos de salud de la familia. Los municipios con el número de equipos entre 135 y 41 por 100 mil habitantes-año poseen un gasto de BRL 51,00 per cápita más que municipios con el número de equipos entre 0 y 8. El gasto en atención primaria de salud parece estar más vinculado a las políticas federales de inducción que a factores asociados con la demanda en salud, como el perfil demográfico y epidemiológico de los municipios de Río Grande do Sul.

Evolution of urban scaling: Evidence from Brazil.

During the last years, the new science of cities has been established as a fertile quantitative approach to systematically understand the urban phenomena. One of its main pillars is the proposition that urban systems display universal scaling behavior regarding socioeconomic, infrastructural and individual basic services variables. This paper discusses the extension of the universality proposition by testing it against a broad range of urban metrics in a developing country urban system. We present an exploration of the scaling exponents for over 60 variables for the Brazilian urban system. Estimating those exponents is challenging from the technical point of view because the Brazilian municipalities' definition follows local political criteria and does not regard characteristics of the landscape, density, and basic utilities. As Brazilian municipalities can deviate significantly from urban settlements, urban-like municipalities were selected based on a systematic density cut-off procedure and the scaling exponents were estimated for this new subset of municipalities. To validate our findings we compared the results for overlaying variables with other studies based on alternative methods. It was found that the analyzed socioeconomic variables follow a superlinear scaling relationship with the population size, and most of the infrastructure and individual basic services variables follow expected sublinear and linear scaling, respectively. However, some infrastructural and individual basic services variables deviated from their expected regimes, challenging the universality hypothesis of urban scaling. We propose that these deviations are a product of top-down decisions/policies. Our analysis spreads over a time-range of 10 years, what is not enough to draw conclusive observations, nevertheless we found hints that the scaling exponent of these variables are evolving towards the expected scaling regime, indicating that the deviations might be temporally constrained and that the urban systems might eventually reach the expected scaling regime.

Despesas municipais em atenção primária à saúde no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: um estudo ecológico / Municipal spending on primary health care in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: an ecological study / Gastos municipales en atención primaria de salud en Río Grande do Sul, Brasil: un estudio ecológico

O objetivo do estudo é explorar a associação entre componentes do Piso de Atenção Básica (PAB) fixo e variável, fatores sociodemográficos e perfil epidemiológico com as despesas municipais em atenção primária à saúde no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foi realizado estudo ecológico com 496 municípios do Rio Grande do Sul. A variável despesa média municipal dos anos de 2011 a 2013 do bloco financeiro da atenção primária à saúde que representou as despesas efetivas com o repasse de recursos federais foi extraída do Relatório Gerencial da Sala de Apoio à Gestão Estratégica. Utilizou-se modelo de regressão linear múltipla. Para fins de ajuste do modelo, as variáveis foram agrupadas em cinco blocos de acordo com o objetivo do estudo. A despesa média com atenção primária à saúde foi de R$ 81,20 (DP ± 35,50) por habitante-ano. O bloco de variáveis que compõem o PAB fixo explicou 39% (R2 = 0,39) da variabilidade de despesas entre municípios, enquanto que, no bloco do PAB variável, o R2 foi 0,82, no bloco sociodemográficas, o R2 foi 0,26, no bloco de estrutura-desempenho, o R2 foi 0,46, e, no bloco de perfil epidemiológico, o R2 foi 0,15. No modelo final, a variável que esteve associada a maiores valores estimados de gasto com atenção primária à saúde foi a taxa de equipes de saúde da família. Municípios com o número de equipes entre 135 e 41 por 100 mil habitantes-ano possuem um gasto de R$ 51,00 per capita a mais do que municípios com o número de equipes entre 0 e 8. Despesa em atenção primária à saúde parece estar mais atrelada às políticas federais de indução do que a fatores associados com a demanda em saúde, como o perfil demográfico e epidemiológico dos municípios do Rio Grande do Sul.

The study's objective was to explore the association between the components of fixed and variable Minimum Basic Care (Portuguese: PAB), sociodemographic factors, epidemiological profile, and municipal spending in primary health care in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. An ecological study in 496 municipalities (counties) in the state was carried out. Mean variable municipal spending from 2011 to 2013 from the financial block of primary health care, representing the actual spending with federal budget transfers, was based on data from the Management Report of the Strategic Management Support Room, and multiple linear regression was used. To adjust the model, variables were grouped in five blocks according to the study's objective. Mean spending on primary health care was BRL 81.20 (SD ± 35.50) per inhabitant-year. The block of variables comprising the fixed PAB component explained 39% (R2 = 0.39) of the variability in spending between municipalities, while for the variable PAB block, R2 was 0.82, in the sociodemographic block, R2 was 0.26, in the structure-performance block R2 was 0.46, and in the epidemiological profile block the R2 was 0.15. In the final model, the variable associated with the highest estimated values for spending on primary health care was the rate of family health teams. Municipalities with 135 to 41 teams per 100,000 inhabitant-years spend BRL 51.00 more per capita than municipalities with zero to 0 to 8 teams. Spending on primary health care appears to be linked more to federal induction than to factors associated with health care demand, such as the demographic and epidemiological profile of the municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

Este trabajo examina la asociación entre componentes del Paquete de Atención Básica (PAB) fijo y variable, los factores sociodemográficos y el perfil epidemiológico con los gastos municipales en atención primaria de salud en Río Grande do Sul, Brasil. Fue realizado un estudio ecológico con 496 municipios de Río Grande do Sul. La variable gasto medio municipal desde el año 2011 a 2013 del bloque financiero de la atención primaria de salud, que representó los gastos efectivos con la transferencia de recursos federales, se extrajo del Informe Gerencial de la Sala de Apoyo a la Gestión Estratégica. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple. Con el fin de ajustar el modelo, las variables se agruparon en cinco bloques de acuerdo con el objetivo del estudio. El gasto medio con atención primaria de salud fue BRL 81,20 (DP ± 35,50) por habitante-año. El bloque de variables que componen el PAB fijo explicó el 39% (R2 = 0,39) de la variabilidad de gastos entre municipios, mientras que, en el bloque del PAB variable, el R2 fue 0,82, en el bloque sociodemográfico, el R2 fue 0,26, en el bloque de estructura-desempeño, el R2 fue 0,46, y, en el bloque de perfil epidemiológico, el R2 fue 0,15. En el modelo final, la variable que estuvo asociada a mayores valores estimados de gasto con atención primaria de salud fue la tasa de equipos de salud de la familia. Los municipios con el número de equipos entre 135 y 41 por 100 mil habitantes-año poseen un gasto de BRL 51,00 per cápita más que municipios con el número de equipos entre 0 y 8. El gasto en atención primaria de salud parece estar más vinculado a las políticas federales de inducción que a factores asociados con la demanda en salud, como el perfil demográfico y epidemiológico de los municipios de Río Grande do Sul.

Dândi e flâneur: modos de subjetivação da modernidade e os mods ingleses / Dandy and flâneur: modes of subjectivation from modernity and the english mods / Dandi y flâneur: modos de subjetivación de la modernidad e los mods ingleses

A organização social em torno das grandes cidades é apontada como causadora principal da criação do sujeito da modernidade, o qual é, sobretudo, individualista e privatizado. A vida em meio ao nascente caos urbano e de aglomeração das multidões de pessoas possibilita delinearmos alguns modos de subjetivação consequentes e que emergem em tal configuração e contexto sócio-histórico e cultural. O poeta Charles Baudelaire é tido como personagem importante para a compreensão da modernidade, visto que traduziu a sensação do habitante citadino e assumiu papéis distintos frente a essa vida urbana. A partir de considerações breves sobre a cidade moderna, buscamos elencar modos de subjetivação da modernidade (materializados e expressos, sobretudo, nas figuras do dândi e do flâneur), apresentando algumas das características principais, para em sequência relacionar as formas de atualização, assunção e distorção destes pelos integrantes de uma popular subcultura juvenil inglesa surgida na segunda metade do século XX: os mods.

The social organisationwithin large cities is pointed out as the principal cause of the creation of the Modernity subject, who is mainly individualistic and privatised. Life amid the rising urban chaos and the crowds gathered made possible to assert about some consequent modes of subjectivation that emerged in those configurations and social-historical and cultural contexts. The poet Charles Baudelaire is named as an important character for understanding the Modernity, since he translated the sensations of city dweller and assumed different roles to face this urban life. From some considerations related to Modern city, I seek to enlist modes of subjectivation of Modernity (materialised and expressed within the dandy and the flâneur figures), firstly presenting some main features of them to afterwards relate those subjectivation modes with the update, assumption and distortion forms proceed by the members of a British popular youth subculture originated around the second part of 20th century: the Mods.

La organización social en las ciudades es puntuada como la principal causa de la creación de lo sujeto de la Modernidad, lo cual es, mayormente, individualista e privatizado. La vida en medio del caos urbano y aglomeración de las multitudes nos posibilita pensar en algunos modos de subjetivación consecuentes y que emergen en tal configuración y contexto histórico-social y cultural. El poeta Charles Baudelaire es visto como personaje importante para la comprensión de la Modernidad, una vez que he traducido las sensaciones del habitante citadino y asumió distintos papeles frente a esa vida urbana. Después de hacer breves consideraciones acerca de la ciudad moderna, procuraremos mencionar algunos modos de subjetivación de la Modernidad (materializados y expresos, sobretodo, en las figuras do dandis y fláneur), presentando algunas de las características principales de estos personajes, para en secuencia relacionar las formas de actualización, tomada y distorsión de estos por los integrantes de una popular subcultura juvenil inglesa aparecida en la segunda mitad de lo siglo XX: los Mods.

Planejamento urbano na cidade de Macapá: análise do projeto habitacional Macapaba / Urban planning in the city of macapa: analysis of the housing project Macapaba

This project was developed in the Architecture and Urbanism course by the Architecture and Urbanism in the Amazon Research Group. Its aim is the analysis of the implementation of a housing in the city of Macapá. The project is part of a program with resources coming from the Brazilian Government called "Minha Casa Minha Vida", and it was built on a federal road, between the two main cities of the state of Amapá. The results expose the contradictions highlighting the need for greater integration in urban policy.

Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido no Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo através do Grupo de Pesquisa Arquitetura e Urbanismo na Amazônia. O objetivo é a análise da experiência de implantação de um conjunto habitacional na cidade de Macapá. O projeto é parte do programa oriundo dos recursos do PAC e do programa Minha Casa Minha Vida construído em uma BR federal entre as duas principais cidades do estado do Amapá. Os resultados expõe mas contradições que evidenciam a necessidade de maior integração das políticas urbanas.

Planejamento urbano na cidade de Macapá: análise do projeto habitacional Macapaba / Urban planning in the city of macapa: analysis of the housing project Macapaba

This project was developed in the Architecture and Urbanism course by the Architecture and Urbanism in the Amazon Research Group. Its aim is the analysis of the implementation of a housing in the city of Macapá. The project is part of a program with resources coming from the Brazilian Government called "Minha Casa Minha Vida", and it was built on a federal road, between the two main cities of the state of Amapá. The results expose the contradictions highlighting the need for greater integration in urban policy.(AU)

Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido no Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo através do Grupo de Pesquisa Arquitetura e Urbanismo na Amazônia. O objetivo é a análise da experiência de implantação de um conjunto habitacional na cidade de Macapá. O projeto é parte do programa oriundo dos recursos do PAC e do programa Minha Casa Minha Vida construído em uma BR federal entre as duas principais cidades do estado do Amapá. Os resultados expõe mas contradições que evidenciam a necessidade de maior integração das políticas urbanas.(AU)

Desigualdades en la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares en los municipios del Eje Cafetero, 2009-2011 / Inequalities in mortality by cardiovascular diseases in the Colombian Coffee Growing Region, 2009-2011

Introducción. El impacto de la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares requiere medir la relación entre las condiciones socioeconómicas locales y estas causas de muerte. Objetivo. Determinar la desigualdad en la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares en los municipios del Eje Cafetero (2009-2011). Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio ecológico en el que se comparó la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares (hipertensivas, isquémicas, cerebrovasculares) en los municipios con base en su situación económica. Los datos de mortalidad y el índice de necesidades básicas insatisfechas se obtuvieron de las estadísticas vitales del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE), en tanto que el producto interno bruto municipal per cápita se calculó para el estudio. Los índices de desigualdad empleados se calcularon por rangos y en modelos de regresión, así como con los índices de concentración, y de Theil, utilizando el programa Epidat 3.1. Resultados. El riesgo de morir por enfermedad isquémica e hipertensiva resultó mayor en los municipios con el mayor índice de necesidades básicas insatisfechas. La mortalidad por enfermedad hipertensiva también tendió a concentrarse en dichos municipios. Se encontraron más muertes por enfermedad hipertensiva en los municipios con menor producto interno bruto per cápita en 2009 y 2010, y por enfermedad isquémica, en 2010 y 2011. No obstante, este indicador no mide la brecha entre las comunidades pobres. Conclusiones. Se carece de indicadores de desigualdad desagregados a nivel de municipio. Los sugeridos con este propósito se calculan para el nivel nacional y departamental, lo que no favorece la caracterización de las desigualdades sociales en salud a nivel territorial.

Introduction: The impact of mortality from cardiovascular diseases requires the measurement of the relationship between the local socioeconomic conditions and these death causes. Objective: To determine the inequality in mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the municipalities of the Colombian Coffee Growing Region (2009-2011). Materials and methods: We conducted an ecological study to compare the mortality from cardiovascular diseases (hypertensive, ischemic, cerebrovascular) in municipalities and their economic situation. Mortality rates and the index of unsatisfied basic needs were obtained from the Colombian Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) vital statistics, while the municipal gross domestic product per capita was estimated for this study. The inequality indices were calculated using regression models, and concentration and Theil indices with Epidat 3.1. Results: The death risk resulting from ischemic or hypertensive diseases was greater in those municipalities with a higher index of unsatisfied basic needs. Mortality due to hypertensive disease tended to concentrate in municipalities with a higher level of unsatisfied basic needs. The municipalities with a lower gross domestic product showed a higher rate of deaths due to hypertensive disease in years 2009 and 2010, and due to ischemic disease in years 2010 and 2011. Nevertheless, this indicator does not measure the gap existing among poor communities. Conclusions: Disaggregated inequality indicators at municipal level are lacking. Suggested indicators are estimated only for country and provincial levels and they do not favor the characterization of health social inequalities at territorial level.

An Entangled Model for Sustainability Indicators.

Nowadays the challenge for humanity is to find pathways towards sustainable development. Decision makers require a set of sustainability indicators to know if the sustainability strategies are following those pathways. There are more than one hundred sustainability indicators but they differ on their relative importance according to the size of the locality and change on time. The resources needed to follow these sustainability indicators are scarce and in some instances finite, especially in smaller regions. Therefore strategies to select set of these indicators are useful for decision makers responsible for monitoring sustainability. In this paper we propose a model for the identification and selection of a set of sustainability indicators that adequately represents human systems. In developing this model, we applied evolutionary dynamics in a space where sustainability indicators are fundamental entities interconnected by an interaction matrix. we used a fixed interaction that simulates the current context for the city of Cuernavaca, México as an example. We were able to identify and define relevant sets indicators for the system by using the Pareto principle. In this case we identified a set of sixteen sustainability indicators with more than 80% of the total strength. This set presents resilience to perturbations. For the Tangled Nature framework we provided a manner of treating different contexts (i.e., cities, counties, states, regions, countries, continents or the whole planet), dealing with small dimensions. This model provides decision makers with a valuable tool to select sustainability indicators set for towns, cities, regions, countries, continents or the entire planet according to a coevolutionary framework. The social legitimacy can arise from the fact that each individual indicator must be selected from those that are most important for the subject community.