[Analysis of the gluten-free menus served in school canteens: are they balanced?] / Análisis de menús sin gluten de comedores escolares en granada capital y área metropolitana: ¿son equilibrados?

INTRODUCTION: Introduction and objectives: the alimentary profile and the nutritional value of the menus adapted for coeliacs in the dining halls of the schools of Granada capital and Metropolitan Area. Material and methods: descriptive study in which we analyzed the menus adapted for children from 41 schools, 5 with their own kitchen and 36 supplied by catering. The information is recognized through the technical sheets of the dishes made with the quantity of each food, in addition to the brands of the gluten-free products. The four-week menus will be analyzed in terms of the distribution of rations, energy, macro and micronutrients for the age group of 10 to 12 years, obtaining average values and standard deviation of 31 parameters. The Odimet program and the CeliacBase database are used. The data will be analyzed using the IBM SPSS 22.0 statistical program. Results: gluten-free pasta was the basis of the first course in 31.7% of the menus analyzed. In the second dish, the meat was the main constituent. In all the menus, at least one daily vegetable ration was offered. 80% of the menus did not reach the recommended energy intake, although the distribution of macronutrients was adequate. The average amount of fiber and total carbohydrates was higher than recommended. The amount of calcium and vitamin has not been recommended. It emphasizes a high consumption of sodium, which doubles the amount recommended for the midday meal. Conclusions: school menus adapted for children conform to the recommendations, although they should be limited to intake.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción y objetivos: analizar el perfil alimentario y el valor nutricional de los menús adaptados para celiacos ofertados en los comedores de los centros escolares de Granada capital y área metropolitana. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo en el que se han analizado los menús adaptados para niños celiacos de 41 centros escolares, cinco con cocina propia y 36 abastecidos por catering. La participación de los centros fue voluntaria, una vez fueron informados de las características y objetivos del estudio. Se recogió información a través de las fichas técnicas de los platos elaborados con la cantidad de cada alimento, además de las marcas de los productos sin gluten utilizados. Se analizaron menús de cuatro semanas en cuanto a distribución de raciones, energía, macro y micronutrientes para el grupo de 10 a 12 años, obteniendo valores medios y desviación estándar de 31 parámetros. Se utilizaron el programa Odimet y la base de datos CeliacBase. Se usó el programa estadístico IBM SPSS 22.0. Resultados: la pasta sin gluten fue la base del primer plato en el 31,7% de los menús analizados. En el segundo plato, la carne fue el constituyente principal. En todos los menús se ofertaba, al menos, una ración diaria de verdura. El 80% de los menús no alcanzaron la ingesta energética recomendada, aunque la distribución de macronutrientes fue adecuada. La cantidad media de fibra y de hidratos de carbono totales fue superior a lo recomendado. La cantidad de calcio y vitamina D no alcanzó la ingesta recomendada. Destaca un elevado consumo de sodio, que duplica la cantidad recomendada para la comida del mediodía. Conclusiones: los menús escolares adaptados para niños celiacos se ajustan a las recomendaciones, aunque deberían limitar la ingesta semanal de carne y presentan exceso de azúcares totales y sal.

Approaches to reduce the glycemic response of gluten-free products: in vivo and in vitro studies.

This article aims to discuss the current approaches used to reduce the postprandial glycemic response (GR) of starchy gluten-free products (GFP) and to provide some further prospects. The GR is evaluated through in vivo trials to determine the glycemic index (GI) and the glycemic load (GL) of foods or using the in vitro starch digestibility method to predict the GI. The reviewed studies demonstrated that a reduction in the GR of GFP can be achieved by replacing traditionally used refined flours and starches with nutrient-dense alternative raw materials due to an increase in dietary fiber, resistant starch and protein contents, which can alter the rate of starch digestion, reduce the GI and dilute the amount of available carbohydrate; both the factors contribute to reduce the GL. The addition of viscous dietary fibers could also be a successful way to reduce the GR of GFP. Some studies have demonstrated the potential of germination of GF grains and sourdough fermentation in decreasing the GR of GF bread. Further studies could evaluate alternative GF flours, soluble fibers, resistant starch, and other formulation factors that may affect the GR of different types of GFP. New studies should be performed to test and optimize processing methods by considering the reduction of GR of GFP. Another key aspect for further investigation is the confirmation of the promising results obtained through in vitro assays by in vivo GI evaluation.