The Big Five Personality Traits in Dyslexic Adults: An Exploratory Study.

BACKGROUND: Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that causes a pattern of learning difficulties that can be characterized by deficits in word reading accuracy, speed or fluency, and reading comprehension. Due to all this damage, emotional difficulties have been described in the literature mainly for childhood and adolescence. Within this emotional component, personality can be included. In Brazil, at the time of carrying out this research, no research had been found that investigated the personality of dyslexic adults. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the personality of Brazilian adults with dyslexia. METHODS: A semi-structured interview was administered and the Factorial Personality Battery, based on the Big Five personality traits. The sample was composed of two groups: one with dyslexia and another control. The first was formed by nine participants, aged between 18 and 47 (M = 31.7; standard deviation (SD) = 11.8), six of whom were women. The control group was formed by 60 participants, aged between 18 and 45 years (M = 26.4; SD = 8.8), 38 of whom were women. RESULTS: The data did not show significant differences between the groups in most of the analyzed factors and subfactors. Increased rates of "passivity/lack of energy" and lowered rates of "openness to new ideas" were identified in the group with dyslexia. CONCLUSION: These results could be useful for describing personality profiles in dyslexic adults, with these descriptions possibly providing clinical support for diagnoses and intervention procedures.

Subtipos de Dislexia do Desenvolvimento Descritos no Português Brasileiro: Uma Revisão Integrativa / Developmental Dyslexia Subtypes Described in Brazilian Portuguese: An Integrative Review / Subtipos de Dislexia del Desarrollo Descritos en Portugués Brasileño: Una Revisión Integradora

A heterogeneidade na dislexia do desenvolvimento pode ser compreendida por meio dos subtipos de dislexia do desenvolvimento (SDD), porém não foram encontrados estudos que avaliassem a literatura brasileira sobre SDD. A presente revisão buscou responder quais SDD foram identificados no português brasileiro. Foram incluídos estudos empíricos, em inglês ou português, que descrevessem ao menos um SDD, bem como critérios diagnósticos, com participantes brasileiros. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases Scielo, Pubmed e Google Scholar. Como resultado, foram encontrados 11 estudos referentes a seis SDD, sendo as dislexias fonológicas e de superfície as mais presentes, e foram descritas as definições, critérios de identificação e instrumentos de avaliação utilizados em cada estudo. Foi discutida a heterogeneidade de definições, critérios de identificação e instrumentos de avaliação encontrados. Destacam-se o pequeno número de relatos em comparação com a literatura internacional e a necessidade de tarefas padronizadas, validadas e sensíveis aos SDD no português brasileiro.(AU)

The present review aimed to explore the subtypes of developmental dyslexia (SDD), identified in the Brazilian literature, considering the heterogeneity in developmental dyslexia. This review included empirical studies in English or Portuguese, involving Brazilian students, and describing at least one SDD, along with diagnostic criteria. Searches were conducted in the Scielo, Pubmed and Google Scholar databases. The review identified 11 studies, which covered six different SDD. Phonological and surface dyslexia were the most commonly reported subtypes. The review discussed the variations in definitions, identification criteria, and evaluation instruments used in these studies. It also highlighted the limited number of reports in the Brazilian literature compared to international sources and emphasized the need for standardized, validated tasks in Brazilian Portuguese that are SDD-sensitive.(AU)

La heterogeneidad en la dislexia del desarrollo puede comprenderse a través de los subtipos de dislexia del desarrollo (SDD), pero no se encontraron estudios que evalúen la literatura brasileña sobre SDD. Esta revisión buscó responder cuáles los SDD se han identificado en el portugués brasileño. Se incluyeron estudios empíricos con participantes brasileños en inglés o portugués que describieran al menos un SDD y sus criterios de diagnósticos. Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos Scielo, Pubmed y Google Scholar. Como resultado, se encontraron 11 estudios relacionados con seis SDD, siendo las dislexias fonológicas y de superficie las más comunes, y se describieron las definiciones, criterios de identificación e instrumentos de evaluación utilizados en cada estudio. Se discutió la heterogeneidad de definiciones, criterios de identificación y herramientas de evaluación encontradas. Se destaca el escaso número de informes en comparación con la literatura internacional y la necesidad de tareas estandarizadas, validadas y sensibles a SDD en el portugués brasileño.(AU)

Modelling the eye movements of dyslexic children during reading as a continuous time random walk.

The study of eye movements during reading is considered a valuable tool for understanding the underlying cognitive processes and for its ability to detect alterations that could be associated with neurocognitive deficiencies or visual conditions. During reading, the gaze moves from one position to the next on the text performing a saccade-fixation sequence. This dynamics resembles processes usually described as continuous time random walk, where the jumps are the saccadic movements and waiting times are the duration of fixations. The time between jumps (intersaccadic time) consists of stochastic waiting time and flight time, which is a function of the jump length (the amplitude of the saccade). This motivates the present proposal of a model of eye movements during reading in the framework of the intermittent random walk but considering the time between jumps as a combined stochastic-deterministic process. The parameters used in this model were obtained from records of eye movements of children with dyslexia and typically developed for children performing a reading task. The jump lengths arise from the characteristics of the selected text. The time required for the flights was obtained based on a previously proposed model. Synthetic signals were generated and compared with actual eye movement signals in a complexity-entropy plane.

Ordinal pattern transition networks in eye tracking reading signals.

Eye tracking is an emerging technology with a wide spectrum of applications, including non-invasive neurocognitive diagnosis. An advantage of the use of eye trackers is in the improved assessment of indirect latent information about several aspects of the subjects' neurophysiology. The path to uncover and take advantage of the meaning and implications of this information, however, is still in its very early stages. In this work, we apply ordinal patterns transition networks as a means to identify subjects with dyslexia in simple text reading experiments. We registered the tracking signal of the eye movements of several subjects (either normal or with diagnosed dyslexia). The evolution of the left-to-right movement over time was analyzed using ordinal patterns, and the transitions between patterns were analyzed and characterized. The relative frequencies of these transitions were used as feature descriptors, with which a classifier was trained. The classifier is able to distinguish typically developed vs dyslexic subjects with almost 100% accuracy only analyzing the relative frequency of the eye movement transition from one particular permutation pattern (plain left to right) to four other patterns including itself. This characterization helps understand differences in the underlying cognitive behavior of these two groups of subjects and also paves the way to several other potentially fruitful analyses applied to other neurocognitive conditions and tests.

[The impact of ADHD on reading]. / El impacto del TDAH sobre la lectura.

Beyond the frequent coexistence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and reading disorder (dyslexia), the present review aims to examine the available empirical evidence on how ADHD negatively impacts on learning to read. Existing data suggest that the presence of the disorder (especially inattention symptoms), may affect i) the correct acquisition of reading, either directly or through its influence on the precursors to reading; ii) decoding skills themselves (reading accuracy and fluency), both directly and indirectly through its influence on cognitive processes such as distractibility or executive functions; and iii) reading comprehension, probably indirectly through the executive and verbal memory difficulties characteristic of ADHD. These findings have important implications for better characterizing and intervening on reading difficulties in ADHD, whether clinical or subclinical.

Más allá de la frecuente coexistencia del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) y el trastorno específico del aprendizaje de la lectura, la presente revisión pretende examinar la evidencia empírica disponible sobre cómo el TDAH impacta negativamente sobre el aprendizaje de la lectura. Los datos existentes apuntan a que la presencia del trastorno (especialmente los síntomas de falta de atención), puede afectar a i) la correcta adquisición de lectura, ya sea de manera directa o a través de su influencia sobre los precursores de la lectura; ii) las propias habilidades de decodificación (precisión y fluidez lectora), tanto de manera directa como indirecta a través de su influencia sobre procesos cognitivos como la distracción o las funciones ejecutivas; y ii) la comprensión lectora, probablemente de manera indirecta por las dificultades ejecutivas y en la memoria de trabajo verbal características del TDAH. Estas conclusiones presentan importantes implicaciones para caracterizar e intervenir mejor sobre las dificultades lectoras en el TDAH, ya sean clínicas o subclínicas.

Types of acquired dyslexia in Spanish-speaking patients with aphasia.

The different types of acquired dyslexia described by cognitive neuropsychology have been observed in single-case and case series studies in different languages. However, no multipatient study of Spanish-speaking individuals has been reported that uses the same criteria and tasks to identify each participant's acquired dyslexia pattern. In this study, we analyzed participants' performance in three tasks (oral reading of words and nonwords, visual lexical decision with pseudohomophones, and written homophone comprehension) among 16 Spanish-speaking patients with aphasia. We identified 9 patients with acquired phonological dyslexia, 3 with acquired surface dyslexia, and 4 with acquired mixed dyslexia. The results of this research provide more information about the relative frequency of each type of acquired dyslexia in Spanish, which could be used to help design more appropriate treatments for rehabilitation. Identifying which processes have been impaired and which have been preserved will allow professionals to plan more specific interventions.

Medicalização, dislexia e tda/h no ensino superior: contribuições da psicologia histórico-cultural / Medicalización, dislexia y tda/h en la enseñanza superior: contribuciones de la psicología histórico-cultural / Medicalization, dyslexia and adhd in higher education: contributions from cultural historical psychology

RESUMO Entende-se por medicalização o processo pelo qual situações cotidianas são individualizadas e transformadas em problemas médicos. O ensino superior tem sido alvo de práticas medicalizantes, principalmente em relação ao Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção com/sem Hiperatividade (TDA/H) e dislexia, uma vez que não existe um consenso sobre a existência destes supostos transtornos. Desta forma, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo conhecer e analisar os laudos de dislexia e TDA/H utilizados para o ingresso no ensino superior a partir das contribuições da Teoria Histórico-Cultural. Neste estudo, foi realizado um levantamento dos laudos nos anos de 2003 a 2016 apresentados por candidatos junto ao setor responsável pelos processos seletivos da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU). Foram elencados 809 requerimentos, em que 96 candidatos tinham laudos de dislexia e/ou TDA/H, sendo 42 do sexo feminino e 54 do masculino, 34 destes com intenção para o curso de medicina. O número de requerimentos aumentou de 2003 para 2016, assim como o uso de medicamentos, sendo que 32 candidatos comprovam o uso do composto cloridrato de metilfenidato. Neste sentido, perguntamo-nos se os diagnósticos e fármacos têm sido utilizados para facilitar o ingresso ao ensino superior. Além disso, é imprescindível que o atendimento especial a candidatos com laudos de dislexia e TDA/H seja repensado e tais pseudodiagnósticos desconstruídos, uma vez que culminam na proliferação de laudos, aumento do consumo de fármacos e, consequentemente, contribuem para o processo de medicalização da vida.

RESUMEN Se entiende por medicalización el proceso por el cual situaciones cotidianas son individualizadas y transformadas en problemas médicos. La enseñanza superior ha sido objeto de prácticas de medicalización, principalmente en relación con el Trastorno de Déficit de Atención con / sin Hiperactividad (TDA / H) y Dislexia, ya que no existe consenso sobre la existencia de estos supuestos trastornos. En este sentido, en esta investigación se tuvo como objetivo conocer y analizar los laudos de Dislexia y TDA / H utilizados para el ingreso en la Enseñanza Superior a partir de las contribuciones de la Teoría Histórico-Cultural. En este estudio, se realizó un levantamiento de los laudos en los años 2003 a 2016 presentados por candidatos junto al sector responsable por los procesos selectivos de la Universidad Federal de Uberlândia (UFU). Se incluyeron 809 solicitudes, en las cuales 96 candidatos tenían laudos de Dislexia y / o TDA / H, siendo 42 del sexo femenino y 54 del masculino, 34 de ellos con intención para el curso de Medicina. El número de solicitudes aumentó de 2003 a 2016, así como el uso de medicamentos, siendo que 32 candidatos comprueban el uso del compuesto de Metilfenidato. En este sentido, nos preguntamos si se han utilizado diagnósticos y fármacos para facilitar el ingreso en la Enseñanza Superior. Además, es imprescindible que la atención especial a candidatos con laudos de Dislexia y TDA / H sea repensada y tales pseudo diagnósticos deconstruidos, una vez que culminan en la proliferación de laudos, aumento del consumo de fármacos y, consecuentemente, contribuyen al proceso de medicalización de la vida.

ABSTRACT Medicalization is understood as the process by which daily situations are individualized and transformed into medical problems. Higher Education has been the target of medicalizing practices, especially in relation to Attention Deficit Disorder with/without Hyperactivity (ADHD) and Dyslexia, since there is no consensus about the existence of these supposed disorders. In this regard, the general objective was to know and to analyze Dyslexia and ADHD technical reports used for entry to Higher Education through Cultural-Historical Theory contributions. Technical reports of candidates presented to the sector responsible for selection processes at the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), between 2003 and 2016, were examined. There were 809 applications, 96 candidates with reports for dyslexia and/or ADHD, 42 females and 54 males, 34 candidates with intention for Medical school. The number of requests increased between 2003 and 2016, as well as the use of medication; 32 candidates used methylphenidate hydrochloride. In this sense, we ask ourselves if diagnoses and medications have been used to facilitate entry to higher education. In addition, it is necessary to rethink the special attention given to candidates with dyslexia and ADHD reports and to deconstruct these supposed pseudodiagnoses, since they culminate in the proliferation of reports, increase in drug consumption and, consequently, contribute to the process of life medicalization.

Adults with dyslexia: how can they achieve academic success despite impairments in basic reading and writing abilities? The role of text structure sensitivity as a compensatory skill.

The aim of this study was to investigate (1) whether a sample of highly educated individuals with dyslexia living under optimal personal, educational, cultural, and socioeconomic conditions continues to display core deficits in reading and writing skills during adulthood (extending prior results in Dutch, English, Hebrew, and Spanish to the Portuguese writing system); (2) whether these individuals can compensate for the effects of persistent core deficits when reading complex academic texts; (3) which cognitive resources, such as reading strategies, are used as compensatory mechanisms; and (4) whether quality of life is affected in these individuals. These questions were examined in a sample of 28 adults with dyslexia (DG) and 28 control participants (CG) paired by sex, age, education, and occupation, with a mean of 15 years of formal education. Participants completed measures of phonological awareness; decoding of syllables, words, and pseudowords; writing; reading comprehension (inferential and literal questions, recall, and sensitivity to the rhetorical structure of the target text); and quality of life. Results showed that (1) core deficits associated with dyslexia persisted into adulthood: participants with dyslexia performed worse than control subjects at all levels of phonological awareness, reading (except word reading accuracy), and spelling; (2) the groups did not differ on any measures of reading comprehension, suggesting a compensation of core deficits; (3) three compensatory mechanisms were identified: slower reading, use of text structure, and verbal ability; (4) participants with dyslexia required more family support and professional help throughout their educational careers, and had more depressive symptoms than control subjects.

Developmental dyslexia and executive functions: evidence on main evaluation methods / Dislexia do desenvolvimento e funções executivas: evidências sobre os principais métodos de avaliação / Dislexia del desarrollo y funciones ejecutivas: evidencias sobre los principales métodos de evaluación

In recent years, a growing number of studies have been associating Developmental dyslexia (DD) with alterations in executive functions (EF). However, the literature still hasn't reached a consensus on this subject. This study objective was to carry out a systematic literature review of the most explored functions and neuropsychological instruments for the assessment of EF on children and teenagers with DD, between the years of 2007 and 2017. Seventy-one different instruments for the assessment of EF in individuals with DD were mapped. The most used tests were the Digit Span Task, the Stroop Test and the Tower of London. The most studied EF was working memory. It was concluded that the recent interest in this research field, the wide variety of instruments employed and of EF models adopted hamper the establishment of a consensus on the influence of the diverse aspects of EF on DD.

Nos últimos anos, crescente número de estudos tem associado à Dislexia do Desenvolvimento (DD) a alterações em funções executivas (FE). No entanto, a literatura ainda não apresenta consenso quanto a esta questão. Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar revisão sistemática da literatura, investigando os instrumentos e as funções neuropsicológicas mais exploradas para avaliar as FE em crianças e adolescentes com DD, entre os anos de 2007 e 2017. Foram mapeados 71 instrumentos para avaliar FE em indivíduos com DD. Os testes mais utilizados foram o Digit Span Task, o Stroop Test e o Tower of London. A FE mais estudada foi a memória de trabalho. Conclui-se que o recente interesse neste campo de pesquisa, a grande variedade de instrumentos empregados e de modelos de FE adotados dificulta o estabelecimento de um consenso sobre a influência dos diversos aspectos das FE na DD.

En los últimos años, un creciente número de estudios asocian la dislexia del desarrollo (DD) a alteraciones en las funciones ejecutivas (FE). Sin embargo, la literatura aún no ha llegado a un consenso sobre este tema. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura de las funciones más exploradas y los instrumentos neuropsicológicos más utilizados para la evaluación de las FE en niños y adolescentes con DD, entre los años de 2007 y 2017. Fueron mapeados 71 instrumentos diferentes para la evaluación de EF en individuos con DD. Las pruebas más utilizadas fueron la Tarea de Digit Span, la Prueba de Stroop y la Torre de Londres. La FE más estudiada fue la memoria de trabajo. Se concluyó que el reciente interés en este campo de investigación, la gran variedad de instrumentos empleados y de modelos de FE adoptados dificultan el establecimiento de un consenso sobre la influencia de los diversos aspectos de las EF en la DD.

Construção e validação de instrumento para avaliar conhecimentos de universitários sobre transtorno específico da aprendizagem / Construction and validation of a questionnaire to assess pedagogy students' knowledge on specific learning disorder / Construcción y validación de instrumento para la evaluación de conocimientos de estudiantes de pedagogía sobre el trastorno específico del aprendizaje

O Transtorno Específico da Aprendizagem (TEAp) caracteriza-se por dificuldades persistentes para desenvolver habilidades acadêmicas de leitura, escrita e/ou matemática, sendo fundamental que professores conheçam suas características. O estudo teve como objetivos construir um questionário que avalia conhecimentos sobre TEAp e verificar suas propriedades psicométricas, mediante estudo piloto com estudantes de pedagogia ingressantes e concluintes. Participaram 178 estudantes, entre 18 e 54 anos, de três instituições de ensino superior particulares. Resultados revelaram índice adequado de consistência interna (Alfa de Cronbach = 0,738). Houve maior conhecimento sobre TEAp dos estudantes concluintes em relação aos ingressantes, porém com resultados baixos em alguns itens. Também houve diferença significativa entre as instituições. Não houve associação dos fatores idade, ano, renda e situação de trabalho, com o nível de conhecimento. Além de contribuir com a criação do questionário, os resultados sinalizam a necessidade de incluir disciplinas sobre TEAp na grade curricular dos cursos de pedagogia (AU).

Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is characterized by persistent difficulties in developing reading, writing, and math. It's essential that teachers know their characteristics. The study aimed to develop a questionnaire to assess knowledge on SLD and to verify its psychometric properties. It was conducted a pilot study involving incoming and graduating students of pedagogy courses. Participated 178 students aged between 18 and 54, from 3 private higher education institutions. The results revealed adequate indexes of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.738). Graduating students showed to have more knowledge than incoming students did, but with low results on some items. There was also a significant difference between institutions. There was no association of others factors, such as age, year, income, and work situation, with the students' level of knowledge. Besides contributing to the questionnaire's development, the results indicate the need to include courses on SLD in the curriculum of the pedagogy programs (AU).

El Trastorno Específico del Aprendizaje (TEAp) se caracteriza por dificultades persistentes para desarrollar lectura, escritura y matemática, siendo fundamental que profesores conozcan sus características. El estudio tuvo como objetivos elaborar un cuestionario que evalúa conocimientos sobre el TEAp y verificar sus propiedades psicométricas. Participaron del estudio piloto 178 estudiantes de pedagogía ingresantes y concluyentes, entre 18 y 54 años, de tres instituciones privadas de enseñanza universitaria. Los resultados revelaron índice adecuado de consistencia interna (Alfa de Cronbach = 0,738). Hubo mayor conocimiento sobre TEAp en los concluyentes en relación a los ingresantes, sin embargo, con resultados bajos en algunos ítems. También hubo diferencia significativa entre las instituciones. No hubo asociación de otros factores investigados con el nivel de conocimiento. Además de contribuir con la creación del cuestionario, los resultados señalizan la necesidad de que sea incluida asignaturas sobre el TEAp en los planes de estudios de licenciaturas en pedagogía (AU).

Neuropsychological and educational profile of children with dyscalculia and dyslexia: a comparative study / Perfil neuropsicológico e escolar de crianças com discalculia e dislexia: estudo comparativo / Perfil neuropsicológico y educativo de los niños con discalculia y dislexia: estudio comparativo

This paper aims to compare the neuropsychological and educational profiles of Brazilian children with dyscalculia (n = 8), dyslexia (n = 13) and without learning disabilities (n = 12). The neuropsychological profile was composed of: (a) intelligence - assessed by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III); (b) attention - WISC-III Coding and Symbol Search subtests; (c) executive functions - Digit Span (backward order) and WISC-III Arithmetic subtests, Pseudoword Repetition Test for Brazilian Children, Stroop Test and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; (d) memory - WISC-III Digit Span subtest (forward order) and Rey Complex Figures. The educational profile was composed of reading, writing and mathematics, assessed by the Academic Performance Test and the Arithmetic Test. It was found that the groups with dyscalculia and dyslexia did not differentiate in any of the neuropsychological abilities, only in the reading and writing abilities. Neuropsychological variables that could explain these results were discussed. (AU)

Objetivou-se comparar os perfis neuropsicológico e escolar de crianças brasileiras com discalculia (n = 8), dislexia (n = 13) e sem dificuldades escolares (n = 12). O perfil neuropsicológico foi composto por: (a) inteligência: avaliada pela Escala de Inteligência Wechsler para Crianças (WISC-III); (b) atenção: subtestes Códigos e Procurar Símbolos da WISC-III; (c) funções executivas: subtestes Dígitos (ordem inversa) e Aritmética da WISC-III, Teste de Repetição de Pseudopalavras para Crianças Brasileiras, Teste de Stroop e Teste Wisconsin de Classificação de Cartas; (d) memória: subteste Dígitos (ordem direta) da WISC-III e Figuras Complexas de Rey. O perfil escolar foi composto por leitura, escrita e matemática, avaliado pelo Teste de Desempenho Escolar e pela Prova de Aritmética. Verificou-se que os grupos com discalculia e com dislexia não se diferenciaram em nenhuma das habilidades neuropsicológicas, somente nas habilidades escolares de leitura e escrita. Variáveis neuropsicológicas que pudessem explicar esses desempenhos intergrupos foram discutidas. (AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar los perfiles neuropsicológicos y escolares de niños brasileños con Discalculia (n = 8), Dislexia (n = 13) y niños sin dificultades escolares (n = 12). El perfil neuropsicológico fue compuesto por: (a) inteligencia: evaluada por Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler para Niños (WISC-III); (b) atención: subtests Códigos y Búsqueda de Símbolos de la WISC-III; (c) funciones ejecutivas: subtests Dígitos (orden inverso) y Aritmética de la WISC-III, Test de Repetición de Pseudopalabras para Niños Brasileños, Test de Stroop y Test Wisconsin de Clasificación de Cartas; (d) memoria: subtest Dígitos (orden directo) de la WISC-III y Figuras Complejas de Rey. El perfil escolar fue compuesto por lectura, escritura y matemática, evaluado por el Test de Desempeño Escolar y por la Prueba de Aritmética. Se verificó que los grupos con Discalculia y con Dislexia no se diferenciaron en ninguna de las habilidades neuropsicológicas, sólo en las habilidades escolares de lectura y escritura. Fueron discutidas variables neuropsicológicas que pueden explicar esos desempeños intergrupales. (AU)

Test for identification of signs of dyslexia: effects of developmental variables / Teste para identificação de sinais de dislexia: efeitos de variáveis desenvolvimentais / Prueba de identificación de señales de dislexia: efectos de variables de desarrollo

This study aimed to verify the effects of developmental variables as age, school grade and gender in the performance of the Test for Identification of Signs of Dyslexia (TISD). In particular from the analysis of the first two, it was also sought to verify validity evidence based on external variables. Participants were 515 children, randomly selected, ages between six and 13 years old (Mean = 8.46; SD = 1.52), and 52% of males. Through the Univariate Analysis of Variance, only effects of age and school grade were found. It was observed that TISD was able to differentiate groups of six, seven, and eight years old and the school grade of the 1st to 4th grade of elementary school. From these results, it was possible to add positive validity evidence to the instrument, in order to motivate the conduction of other research studies of its psychometric qualities. (AU)

Este estudo objetivou verificar efeitos das variáveis desenvolvimentais de idade, ano escolar e gênero no desempenho do Teste para Identificação de Sinais de Dislexia (TISD). Especificamente, a partir da análise das duas primeiras, buscou-se também averiguar evidências de validade desse instrumento baseadas em variáveis externas. Participaram 515 crianças, selecionadas aleatoriamente, com idades entre seis e 13 anos (M = 8,46; DP = 1,52) e 52% pertencentes ao gênero masculino. Por meio da análise univariada da variância, foram encontrados somente efeitos das variáveis idade e ano escolar. Observou-se que o TISD foi capaz de diferenciar grupos de seis, sete e oito anos e também os anos escolares do primeiro ao quarto ano. A partir desses resultados, foi possível adicionar evidências positivas de validade para o instrumento, de modo a motivar a condução de outros estudos de investigação de suas qualidades psicométricas. (AU)

Este estudio objetivó comprobar los efectos de las variables del desarrollo de edad, año escolar y género en la ejecución del "Prueba de Identificación de Señales de Dislexia" (TISD). Específicamente a partir del análisis de las dos primeras, se buscó también verificar evidencias de validez de dicho instrumento basadas en variables externas. Participaron 515 niños, seleccionados al azar, con edades comprendidas entre seis y 13 años (M = 8.46; DS = 1.52) y 52% de hombres. Por medio del Análisis Univariado de Varianza, sólo se encontraron efectos de las variables edad y año escolar. Se observó que el TISD fue capaz de diferenciar grupos de seis, siete y ocho años y también los años escolares del primer hasta el cuarto año. A partir de estos resultados, fue posible añadir evidencias positivas de validez para el instrumento, con la finalidad de motivar la conducción de otros estudios de investigación de sus cualidades psicométricas. (AU)

Desempenho no teste de raven: diferenças entre crianças-adolescentes com transtorno do espectro autista e com dificuldades de leitura / Performance in raven's test: differences between children-adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and reading disabilities / Rendimiento en la prueba de raven: diferencias entre niños y adolescentes con trastorno del espectro autista y con dificultades de lectura

Esse estudo comparou o desempenho de crianças e adolescentes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) e com Dificuldades de Leitura (DL) no Teste de Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven (MPCR). Participaram 70 crianças e adolescentes, entre sete e 14 anos, com TEA (n = 16), com DL (n = 19) e com desenvolvimento típico (DT, n = 35). Controlando o efeito da idade, houve desempenho superior do grupo TEA na Parte A do MPCR. O grupo DL apresentou desempenho inferior aos demais grupos na Parte A e no escore total do teste se comparado ao grupo DT. O desempenho do grupo TEA foi discutido a partir da Teoria da Fraca Coerência Central, enquanto o desempenho do grupo DL, a partir da hipótese dos múltiplos déficits na dislexia e considerando o impacto do menor acesso a materiais escritos nas habilidades visuoespaciais. Estudos dessa natureza podem auxiliar na caracterização cognitiva de crianças/adolescentes com TEA e com DL. (AU)

This study compared the performance of children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Reading Disabilites (RD) in the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrix Test (RCPM). A total of 70 children and adolescents aged 7 to 14 years, with ASD (n=16), with RD (n=19) and with typical development (TD, n=35) participated. Controlling the effect of age, the results indicated superior performance of the ASD group. The DL group presented inferior performance than the other groups in Part A and in the total test score when compared to the DT group. The performance of the TEA group was discussed from the Theory of Weak Central Coherence, while the performance of the DL group, based on the hypothesis of multiple deficits in dyslexia and considering the impact of less access to written materials in visuospatial skills. Studies of this nature may help in the cognitive characterization of children / adolescents with ASD and DL. (AU)

Este estudio comparó el desempeño de niños y adolescentes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) y con Dificultades de Lectura (DL) en la prueba de Matrices Progresivas Coloreadas de Raven (MPCR). Participaron 70 niños y adolescentes, entre siete y 14 años, con TEA (n =16), con DL (n=19) y con desarrollo típico (DT, n=35). Controlando el efecto de la edad, los resultados indicaron desempeño superior del grupo TEA. El grupo DL presentó desempeño inferior a los demás grupos en la Parte A y en la puntuación total de la prueba en comparación con el grupo con DT. El desempeño del grupo TEA fue discutido a partir de la Teoría de la Coherencia Central Débil, mientras que el desempeño del grupo DL, a partir de la hipótesis de los múltiples déficits en la dislexia y considerando el impacto del menor acceso a materiales escritos en las habilidades visuoespaciales. Los estudios de esta naturaleza pueden ayudar en la caracterización cognitiva de niños / adolescentes con TEA y con DL. (AU)

A cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of DSM-5 specific learning disorders in representative school samples from the second to sixth grade in Brazil.

Little is known about specific learning disorder (SLD) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and even less from representative school samples in small size cities outside huge urban centers. Few studies addressed the new DSM-5 criteria for SLDs. We investigated the prevalence of DSM-5 SLDs, their comorbidities and correlates in school samples of students from the second to sixth grades living in median cities from four different geographic regions in Brazil. A national test for academic performance covering reading, writing and mathematical abilities was applied. Psychiatric diagnoses were assessed by the K-SADS-PL applied to the primary caregiver. A total of 1618 children and adolescents were included in the study. The following prevalence rates of SLDs were found: 7.6% for global impairment, 5.4% for writing, 6.0% for arithmetic, and 7.5% for reading impairment. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was the only comorbidity significantly associated with SLD with global impairment (p = 0.031). Anxiety disorders and ADHD were associated with SLD with arithmetic impairment. Significant differences were detected in prevalence rates among cities, and several socio-demographic correlates (age, gender, IQ, and socioeconomic status) were significantly associated with SLD with global impairment in our sample. Careful validation and normatization of instruments to assess academic performance is a major problem in LMICs. As expected, we found a significant heterogeneity in prevalence rates of SLD according to geographic regions considering that Brazil is a country with a robust diversity. SLD with global and arithmetic impairment was significantly associated with psychiatric comorbidities.

Achievement Gap in Reading Is Present as Early as First Grade and Persists through Adolescence.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if differences between dyslexic and typical readers in their reading scores and verbal IQ are evident as early as first grade and whether the trajectory of these differences increases or decreases from childhood to adolescence. STUDY DESIGN: The subjects were the 414 participants comprising the Connecticut Longitudinal Study, a sample survey cohort, assessed yearly from 1st to 12th grade on measures of reading and IQ. Statistical analysis employed longitudinal models based on growth curves and multiple groups. RESULTS: As early as first grade, compared with typical readers, dyslexic readers had lower reading scores and verbal IQ, and their trajectories over time never converge with those of typical readers. These data demonstrate that such differences are not so much a function of increasing disparities over time but instead because of differences already present in first grade between typical and dyslexic readers. CONCLUSIONS: The achievement gap between typical and dyslexic readers is evident as early as first grade, and this gap persists into adolescence. These findings provide strong evidence and impetus for early identification of and intervention for young children at risk for dyslexia. Implementing effective reading programs as early as kindergarten or even preschool offers the potential to close the achievement gap.

Desempenho criativo e suas relações com diferentes medidas de inteligência em crianças com dislexia do desenvolvimento: um estudo exploratório / Creative performance and their relationship with different measures of intelligence in children with developmental dyslexia: an exploratory study

Com o objetivo de verificar o desempenho criativo e suas relações com diferentes medidas de inteligência em uma população de crianças com Dislexia do Desenvolvimento, 13 participantes com esse diagnóstico foram avaliados, 61% (n=8) do sexo masculino e 39% (n=5) do sexo feminino, com idades entre nove e 11 anos (M=10,92+1,03). Utilizaram-se os seguintes testes psicológicos: Teste de Criatividade Figural Infantil (TCFI), Escala de Inteligência Wechsler para crianças (WISC-III), Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven (MPCR) e o Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH-III). Os resultados mostraram, tanto em relação à criatividade quanto à inteligência, maior concentração da classificação "média", havendo, no instrumento de criatividade, melhor desempenho no fator emotividade. Quatro participantes apresentaram desempenho acima da média, podendo ser enquadrados no diagnóstico denominado de dupla excepcionalidade, o qual merece ser aprofundado. Na investigação das correlações entre inteligência e criatividade não foi verificado um padrão de achados (correlação alta e significativa entre o MPCR e o TCFI, r=0,80; não significativa para o DFH e o WISC-III com TCFI). Considerando-se a multidimensionalidade dos construtos envolvidos, novas investigações que envolvam o grupo investigado fazem-se necessárias, a fim de confirmar ou não os resultados aqui encontrados. (AU)

In order to verify the creative performance and its relationship with different measures of intelligence in a population of children with Developmental Dyslexia, 13 participants diagnosed with this framework were evaluated, 61% (n=8) were male and 39% (n=5) female, aged between nine and 11 years (M=10.92+1.03 ), using the following psychological tests: Test of Children's Figural Creativity (TCFI), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III), Raven Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM) and the Human Figure Drawing (HFD-III). Results showed that there was higher concentration of "average" ratings regarding creativity as well as intelligence. Also, the creativity instrument had better performance in the emotionality factor. Four participants had above average performance and can be classified into the so-called dual exceptionality diagnosis, which should be further investigated. Regarding correlations between intelligence and creativity, there was no pattern in the findings (high and significant correlation between RCPM and TCFI, r=.80, not significant for the HFD and the WISC-III with TCFI). Considering the multidimensionality of the constructs involved, further studies involving the investigated group are necessary in order to confirm or refute the results found here. (AU)

Desempenho de escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem em programa computadorizado de intervenção metafonológica e leitura / Performance of students with learning difficulties in metalinguistic and reading computadorized intervention program

Este estudo compara os achados da avaliação em situação de pré e pós testagem em escolares com e sem dificuldades de aprendizagem submetidos ao programa computadorizado de intervenção metafonológica e leitura e verifica a eficácia do programa de intervenção. Participaram 600 escolares 3o ao 5o ano, distribuídos da seguinte forma: GI, 300 escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem e GII, 300 escolares sem dificuldades de aprendizagem, subdivididos em GIc e GIIc, com 150 escolares cada grupo, não submetidos à intervenção e GIe e GIIe, com 150 escolares cada grupo, submetidos à intervenção. Utilizou-se o programa computadorizado de avaliação e de intervenção metafonológica e leitura. Os resultados evidenciaram que houve diferença estatisticamente significante no desempenho dos escolares do GIe e GIIe em situação de pós testagem após serem submetidos à intervenção.

This study aimed to compare the findings of pre and post-test evaluation in students with learning difficulties and students without learning difficulties submitted to metalinguistic and reading computadorized intervention program and to verify the effectiveness of the intervention program. 600 students participated in this study, from 3rd to 5th grade level of primary school, distributed as follows: GI: 300 students with learning difficulties and GII 300 students without learning difficulties, subdivided into: GIc and GIIc of 150 students, each group, not submitted to intervention and GIe and GIIe of 150 students, each group, submitted to intervention. The metalinguistic and reading computadorized assessment and intervention were applied. The results showed statistically significant difference in the performance of GIe and GIIe in post-test after undergoing intervention.

Utilização de técnicas de manejo comportamental e neuropsicológicas para intervenção dos transtornos de aprendizagem / Behavioral management and neuropsychological techniques for learning disabilies intervention

O diagnóstico de dislexia do desenvolvimento é um fator de risco para as dificuldades de aprendizagem da matemática e exige programas de intervenção específicos e alicerçados no perfil cognitivo desse grupo clínico. Além dos déficits cognitivos, esses indivíduos também apresentam prejuízos emocionais e sociais. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de um programa de intervenção da matemática, focado na habilidade de transcodificação numérica. Técnicas de manejo comportamental foram associadas ao treino cognitivo para lidar com os prejuízos emocionais. A intervenção foi realizada em três pacientes com diagnóstico de dislexia e sintomas de baixa autoeficácia, desmotivação e ansiedade de desempenho. Os pacientes participaram de sessões individuais, sendo que o programa foi estruturado em 12 sessões de 60 minutos cada. Para avaliação da eficácia do programa utilizou-se um delineamento de pré e pós-teste. Os resultados demonstraram que todos os pacientes obtiveram ganhos tanto quantitativos, quanto qualitativos. Entretanto, nem todas as habilidades treinadas obtiveram uma melhora significativa, atribui-se esse desfecho a diferenças no perfil cognitivo e emocional dos pacientes...

The diagnosis of developmental dyslexia is a risk factor to mathematical learning difficulties and requires specific intervention programs grounded in the cognitive profile of this clinical group. Besides the cognitive deficits, these individuals have emotional and social impairment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a math intervention program focused on numerical transcoding ability. Behavioral management techniques were used to deal with the emotional disregulation, during the cognitive intervention. The intervention was performed with three patients diagnosed with dyslexia and symptoms of low self-efficacy, demotivation and performance anxiety. Patients participated in individual sessions of the program which was structured in 12 sessions of 60 minutes each. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the program, it was used pretest and posttest design. The results demonstrated that all patients had both quantitative and qualitative gain. However, some abilities did not show significative improvement. This scenario is related to pacients differences in cognitive and emotional profile

Utilização de técnicas de manejo comportamental e neuropsicológicas para intervenção dos transtornos de aprendizagem / Behavioral management and neuropsychological techniques for learning disabilies intervention

O diagnóstico de dislexia do desenvolvimento é um fator de risco para as dificuldades de aprendizagem da matemática e exige programas de intervenção específicos e alicerçados no perfil cognitivo desse grupo clínico. Além dos déficits cognitivos, esses indivíduos também apresentam prejuízos emocionais e sociais. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de um programa de intervenção da matemática, focado na habilidade de transcodificação numérica. Técnicas de manejo comportamental foram associadas ao treino cognitivo para lidar com os prejuízos emocionais. A intervenção foi realizada em três pacientes com diagnóstico de dislexia e sintomas de baixa autoeficácia, desmotivação e ansiedade de desempenho. Os pacientes participaram de sessões individuais, sendo que o programa foi estruturado em 12 sessões de 60 minutos cada. Para avaliação da eficácia do programa utilizou-se um delineamento de pré e pós-teste. Os resultados demonstraram que todos os pacientes obtiveram ganhos tanto quantitativos, quanto qualitativos. Entretanto, nem todas as habilidades treinadas obtiveram uma melhora significativa, atribui-se esse desfecho a diferenças no perfil cognitivo e emocional dos pacientes (AU)