ABSTRACT
This study aimed evaluate energetic mobilization in tambaqui submitted to fasting, after a one-day refeeding. 120 tambaqui juveniles were distributed in 12 310L polyethylene boxes. Three treatments were evaluated: Control (14 days of feeding); Fasting for 14 days; and Refeeding (13 days fasting and one day of feedback). After the experimental period, the fish were anesthetized with eugenol for blood collection and serum and plasma were used to measure glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and serum protein. Subsequently, fish were euthanized to remove liver and mesenteric fat and were used to determine hepatic glycogen and lipid and mesenteric fat index. The results were submitted to ANOVA and the means compared by Tukey test when statistical significance was observed (P <0.05). Glucose, triglycerides and serum protein decreased after fasting, differing statistically with the control. Refeeding resulted in the recovery of three blood indicators. Liver analysis shows glycogen was consumed intensely during fasting and partially recovered after refeeding, when compared to control group. The results obtained in this study suggest that the 14-day fast was not harmful to the fish and the tambaqui are able to quickly adjust their metabolism according to their nutritional status.
Este estudo objetivou avaliar a mobilização energética em tambaqui submetido ao jejum, após a realimentação de um dia. 120 juvenis de tambaqui foram distribuídos em 12 caixas de polietileno de 310L. Foram avaliados três tratamentos: grupo controle (14 dias de alimentação); Jejum de 14 dias; e realimentado (13 dias em jejum e um dia de realimentação). Após o período experimental, os peixes foram anestesiados com eugenol para coleta de sangue e o soro e o plasma foram utilizados para dosagem de glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol e proteína sérica. Posteriormente, os peixes foram eutanasiados para remoção de fígado e gordura mesentérica e foram usados na determinação de glicogênio e lipídio hepático e índice de gordura mesentérica. Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey quando observada significância estatística (P <0,05). Glicose, triglicérides e proteína sérica reduziram após o jejum, diferindo estatisticamente com o controle. Já a realimentação resultou na recuperação dos três indicadores sanguíneos. A análise no fígado mostra que o glicogênio foi consumido intensamente durante o jejum e recuperou parcialmente após a realimentação, quando comparados ao grupo controle. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que o jejum de 14 dias não foi prejudicial aos peixes e os tambaqui são capazes de ajustar rapidamente seu metabolismo de acordo com seu estado nutricional.
Subject(s)
Animals , Characiformes/metabolism , Energy Malnutrition , Fasting/metabolism , Energy Requirement , Food DeprivationABSTRACT
This study aimed evaluate energetic mobilization in tambaqui submitted to fasting, after a one-day refeeding. 120 tambaqui juveniles were distributed in 12 310L polyethylene boxes. Three treatments were evaluated: Control (14 days of feeding); Fasting for 14 days; and Refeeding (13 days fasting and one day of feedback). After the experimental period, the fish were anesthetized with eugenol for blood collection and serum and plasma were used to measure glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and serum protein. Subsequently, fish were euthanized to remove liver and mesenteric fat and were used to determine hepatic glycogen and lipid and mesenteric fat index. The results were submitted to ANOVA and the means compared by Tukey test when statistical significance was observed (P <0.05). Glucose, triglycerides and serum protein decreased after fasting, differing statistically with the control. Refeeding resulted in the recovery of three blood indicators. Liver analysis shows glycogen was consumed intensely during fasting and partially recovered after refeeding, when compared to control group. The results obtained in this study suggest that the 14-day fast was not harmful to the fish and the tambaqui are able to quickly adjust their metabolism according to their nutritional status.(AU)
Este estudo objetivou avaliar a mobilização energética em tambaqui submetido ao jejum, após a realimentação de um dia. 120 juvenis de tambaqui foram distribuídos em 12 caixas de polietileno de 310L. Foram avaliados três tratamentos: grupo controle (14 dias de alimentação); Jejum de 14 dias; e realimentado (13 dias em jejum e um dia de realimentação). Após o período experimental, os peixes foram anestesiados com eugenol para coleta de sangue e o soro e o plasma foram utilizados para dosagem de glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol e proteína sérica. Posteriormente, os peixes foram eutanasiados para remoção de fígado e gordura mesentérica e foram usados na determinação de glicogênio e lipídio hepático e índice de gordura mesentérica. Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey quando observada significância estatística (P <0,05). Glicose, triglicérides e proteína sérica reduziram após o jejum, diferindo estatisticamente com o controle. Já a realimentação resultou na recuperação dos três indicadores sanguíneos. A análise no fígado mostra que o glicogênio foi consumido intensamente durante o jejum e recuperou parcialmente após a realimentação, quando comparados ao grupo controle. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que o jejum de 14 dias não foi prejudicial aos peixes e os tambaqui são capazes de ajustar rapidamente seu metabolismo de acordo com seu estado nutricional.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Characiformes/metabolism , Fasting/metabolism , Food Deprivation , Energy Requirement , Energy MalnutritionABSTRACT
Neste artigo relatamos a terapia nutricional de um paciente com ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) utilizando a gastrostomia (GTM) como via alternativa para alimentação. Paciente do sexo masculino, 13 anos de idade, com diagnóstico clínico de A-T aos 6 anos. Aos 8 anos e 7 meses o paciente foi identificado com risco nutricional (ZIMC/I: -1,67). Após 1 ano, evoluiu de forma desfavorável (ZIMC/I: -2,51) apesar da intervenção nutricional, sendo indicada a GTM aos 9 anos e 11 meses. No entanto, em decorrência da dificuldade de aceitação dos pais, o procedimento foi realizado somente quando o adolescente completou 11 anos e 7 meses. Inicialmente foi prescrita para oferta pela GTM dieta enteral normocalórica e normoproteica, correspondendo a 45,8% da necessidade energética diária. Após um mês, com estabilidade metabólica, houve a transição para uma dieta enteral hipercalórica e hiperproteica, fornecendo 91,6% da necessidade energética diária. Após 6 meses com a GTM, verificou-se ganho de peso total de 3,3 Kg (ZIMC/I -2,97), após 1 ano de 4,7 Kg (ZIMC/I -2,59), e após 1 ano e 9 meses de 6,7 Kg (ZIMC/I -2,63). Apesar da desnutrição nos pacientes com A-T ter origem multifatorial, o uso da GTM como via alternativa para alimentação por esse paciente resultou em uma evolução favorável dos seus indicadores antropométricos, sendo relatadas poucas intercorrências com a sua utilização. Portanto, sugere-se que pacientes com A-T devam ser monitorados periodicamente por equipe multiprofissional visando à identificação precoce de potenciais agravos.
In this article we report the nutritional therapy of a patient with ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) using percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) as an alternative way of feeding. The patient was a 13-year-old male diagnosed with A-T at the age of 6 years. At 8 years and 7 months, the patient was at nutritional risk (body mass index z-score [BMIZ]: -1.67). After 1 year, he had an unfavorable evolution (BMIZ: -2.51), despite nutritional intervention; then, a PEG was indicated when he was 9 years and 11 months. However, due to the difficulty of parental acceptance, the procedure was performed when the adolescent was 11 years and 7 months. At first, a standard energy and protein enteral formula was prescribed, reaching 45.8% of his daily energy requirement. After 1 month, with metabolic stability, there was a transition to a high-energy and protein enteral formula providing 91.6% of his daily energy requirement. After 6 months of PEG placement, the patient had a total body weight gain of 3.3 kg (BMIZ: -2.97); subsequently, body weight increased by 4.7 kg (BMIZ: -2.59) after 1 year, and by 6.7 kg (BMIZ: -2.63) after 1 year and 9 months. Despite the multifactorial origin of malnutrition in A-T patients, PEG placement as an alternative way of feeding for this patient resulted in favorable evolution of his anthropometric indicators, and only a few complications were reported with its use. Therefore, it is suggested that patients with A-T should be monitored periodically by a multidisciplinary team for early identification of potential damages.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Ataxia Telangiectasia , Gastrostomy , Nutrition Therapy , Patients , Energy Requirement , Body Weight , Weight Gain , Proteins , Body Mass Index , Clinical Diagnosis , Malnutrition , DietABSTRACT
Purpose of the study was to assess the effect of season on cultural energy analysis of beef cattle production systems. For this purpose, a summer feeding trial involving 188 yearling steers, with a mean body weight of 299 kg which started on 28 April and finished on 3 October and a winter feeding trial involving 182 yearling steers, with a mean body weight of 327 kg which started on 8 November and finished on 12 April were compared. In each season, housing consisted of three outside lots with access to overhead shelter, three outside lots with no overhead shelter and a semi-enclosed (open-front) cold confinement building containing four lots. Ad libitum corn grain, 2.27 kg of 35% dry matter (DM) whole plant sorghum silage and 0.68 kg of a 61% protein-vitamin mineral supplement was offered. Cultural energy (CE) used for feed and other production inputs was derived from their corresponding lot feed consumption and their corresponding values from the literature. Transportation energy was also included in the analysis. Cattle fed in summer had higher total CE expenditure than those fed in winter (P<0.05). Feed energy constituted more than half of the total CE and was higher for summer fed cattle (P<0.05). Energy inputs/kg live weight and/kg carcass were lower for summer fed cattle (P<0.05). Cultural energy per Mcal protein energy was higher for winterfed cattle (P<0.05). The energy output ratio defined as the Mcal input/Mcal output was better for summer fed cattle (P<0.05). Results show that time of year feeding affects cattle performance and CE use and summer feeding is an effective way of increasing the sustainability of beef cattle production.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Seasons , Eating , Animal Feed/economics , Energy RequirementABSTRACT
Purpose of the study was to assess the effect of season on cultural energy analysis of beef cattle production systems. For this purpose, a summer feeding trial involving 188 yearling steers, with a mean body weight of 299 kg which started on 28 April and finished on 3 October and a winter feeding trial involving 182 yearling steers, with a mean body weight of 327 kg which started on 8 November and finished on 12 April were compared. In each season, housing consisted of three outside lots with access to overhead shelter, three outside lots with no overhead shelter and a semi-enclosed (open-front) cold confinement building containing four lots. Ad libitum corn grain, 2.27 kg of 35% dry matter (DM) whole plant sorghum silage and 0.68 kg of a 61% protein-vitamin mineral supplement was offered. Cultural energy (CE) used for feed and other production inputs was derived from their corresponding lot feed consumption and their corresponding values from the literature. Transportation energy was also included in the analysis. Cattle fed in summer had higher total CE expenditure than those fed in winter (P<0.05). Feed energy constituted more than half of the total CE and was higher for summer fed cattle (P<0.05). Energy inputs/kg live weight and/kg carcass were lower for summer fed cattle (P<0.05). Cultural energy per Mcal protein energy was higher for winterfed cattle (P<0.05). The energy output ratio defined as the Mcal input/Mcal output was better for summer fed cattle (P<0.05). Results show that time of year feeding affects cattle performance and CE use and summer feeding is an effective way of increasing the sustainability of beef cattle production.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Seasons , Eating , Energy Requirement , Animal Feed/economicsABSTRACT
Introdução: O estado nutricional e a avaliação do gasto metabólico têm impacto significativo na evolução clínica dos pacientes. Objetivo: Identificar quais métodos de avaliação do estado nutricional e o cálculo da necessidade energética têm sido eleitos na prática clínica de nutricionistas, conhecendo os motivos que influenciaram suas escolhas. Metodologia: Aplicou- -se um questionário semiestruturado, com perguntas quanti e qualitativas, por meio do autopreenchimento. Resultados: A maioria dos entrevistados era do gênero feminino, formados em instituições públicas, com formação complementar. O principal local de atuação foi a internação e o único equipamento comum a todos foi a balança. Os métodos escolhidos por 100% dos profissionais foram o IMC e o método Kcal/Kg de peso. Conclusão: Apesar do conhecimento teórico-prático de diferentes métodos de avaliação nutricional e do cálculo da necessidade energética houve preferência pelos de maior facilidade e praticidade, havendo pouco reconhecimento de suas limitações. Entre os motivos para tais escolhas destacam-se a falta de equipamentos e o número de profissionais por enfermaria. (AU)
Introduction: Nutritional status and the evaluation of metabolic expenditure have a significant impact on the clinical evolution of patients. Objective: To identify which nutritional status and energy need assessment methods have been chosen in the clinical practice of nutritionists, knowing the possible reasons that influenced their choices. Methodology: For the study, a semi-structured questionnaire was developed, with quanti and qualitative questions and the data was collected through self-completion. Results: Most of the interviewees were female, graduated in public institutions and all of them had made complementary studies. The main place of work of the professionals was the hospitalization and the only equipment present common to all nutritionists was the scale. The chosen methods by 100% were the BMI and the Kcal/Kg body weight method. Conclusion: Despite the theoretical and practical knowledge of different methods of nutritional assessment and calculation of the energy requirement, there was a preference for the easiest and most practical methods, with little recognition of their limitations. Other reasons include the lack of equipment and the number of professionals per ward. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Diet, Food, and Nutrition , Energy Requirement/physiology , Evaluation Studies as TopicABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) nos parâmetros de desempenho e características de carcaça em frangos de corte de crescimento lento (experimento 1) e crescimento rápido (experimento 2) criados em sistemas de livre acesso ao piquete. Os frangos de corte tinham de 35 a 70 dias de idade no experimento 1 e 28 a 49 dias de idade no experimento 2. Um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado foi usado em ambos os experimentos, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, totalizando 20 unidades experimentais com 15 frangos de corte cada. Os tratamentos consistiram em rações com níveis crescentes de energia metabolizável obtido pela adição de óleo de soja na dieta basal em substituição ao ingrediente inerte areia. Os níveis de energia metabolizável estudados no experimento 1 foram 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000 e 3100 kcal/kg e, no experimento 2, foram 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 e 3200 kcal/kg. No experimento 1, houve uma redução linear (P<0,05) no consumo com o aumento do nível de energia metabolizável e observou-se um efeito quadrático (P<0,05) na conversão alimentar, que foi estimada em 3046 kcal /kg que resultou na melhor conversão alimentar de 2.648. No experimento 2, os níveis de energia metabolizável exerceram um efeito quadrático (P<0,05) no consumo de ração e no consumo de energia metabolizável, com um consumo máximo de ração (3361,27 g) estimado em 2842 kcal EM/kg, e a ingestão máxima de energia foi estimada em 10020 kcal. A conversão alimentar diminuiu linearmente (P<0,05) com o aumento dos níveis estudados. Para melhor conversão alimentar de frangos de corte criados em um sistema de livre acesso ao piquete, os níveis de energia recomendados são os seguintes: 3046 kcal/kg para frangos de crescimento lento de 35 a 70 dias de idade, e 3200 kcal/kg para frangos de corte de crescimento rápido de 28 a 49 dias de idade.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of metabolizable energy (ME) on performance parameters and carcass characteristics in slow-growing (experiment 1) and fast-growing (experiment 2) broilers in a free-range system. Were evaluated broilers from 35 to 70 days old in experiment 1 and 28 to 49 days old in experiment 2. A completely randomized experimental design was employed in both experiments, with five treatments and four replicates totaling 20 experimental units containing 15 broilers each. The treatments consisted of rations that had increasing metabolizable energy levels obtained by the substitution of soybean oil in the basal diet for the inert sand ingredient. The metabolizable energy levels studied in experiment 1 were 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000 and 3100 kcal/kg, and in experiment 2, they were 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 and 3200 kcal/kg. In experiment 1, there was a linear (P<0,05) reduction in consumption with the increase in the metabolizable energy level, and a quadratic effect (P<0,05) on the feed conversion was observed, which was estimated as 3046 kcal/kg the level that resulted in a better feed conversion of 2.648. In experiment 2, the metabolizable energy level exerted a significant quadratic effect (P<0,05) on the feed intake and metabolizable energy consumption, with a maximum feed intake (3361.27 g) estimated for 2842 kcal/kg, and the maximum energy intake was estimated at 10020 kcal. The feed conversion decreased linearly (P<0,05) with there was an increase in the studied levels. For broilers reared in a free-range system, for better feed conversion, the recommended metabolizable energy levels are as follows: for slow-growing broilers from 35 to 70 days of age, 3046 kcal/kg, and 3200 kcal/kg is recommended for fast-growing broilers from 28 to 49 days of age.
Subject(s)
Animals , Chickens/growth & development , Chickens/metabolism , Energy Intake , Energy Requirement , Soybean Oil/administration & dosage , Animal FeedABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) nos parâmetros de desempenho e características de carcaça em frangos de corte de crescimento lento (experimento 1) e crescimento rápido (experimento 2) criados em sistemas de livre acesso ao piquete. Os frangos de corte tinham de 35 a 70 dias de idade no experimento 1 e 28 a 49 dias de idade no experimento 2. Um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado foi usado em ambos os experimentos, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, totalizando 20 unidades experimentais com 15 frangos de corte cada. Os tratamentos consistiram em rações com níveis crescentes de energia metabolizável obtido pela adição de óleo de soja na dieta basal em substituição ao ingrediente inerte areia. Os níveis de energia metabolizável estudados no experimento 1 foram 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000 e 3100 kcal/kg e, no experimento 2, foram 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 e 3200 kcal/kg. No experimento 1, houve uma redução linear (P<0,05) no consumo com o aumento do nível de energia metabolizável e observou-se um efeito quadrático (P<0,05) na conversão alimentar, que foi estimada em 3046 kcal /kg que resultou na melhor conversão alimentar de 2.648. No experimento 2, os níveis de energia metabolizável exerceram um efeito quadrático (P<0,05) no consumo de ração e no consumo de energia metabolizável, com um consumo máximo de ração (3361,27 g) estimado em 2842 kcal EM/kg, e a ingestão máxima de energia foi estimada em 10020 kcal. A conversão alimentar diminuiu linearmente (P<0,05) com o aumento dos níveis estudados. Para melhor conversão alimentar de frangos de corte criados em um sistema de livre acesso ao piquete, os níveis de energia recomendados são os seguintes: 3046 kcal/kg para frangos de crescimento lento de 35 a 70 dias de idade, e 3200 kcal/kg para frangos de corte de crescimento rápido de 28 a 49 dias de idade.(AU)
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of metabolizable energy (ME) on performance parameters and carcass characteristics in slow-growing (experiment 1) and fast-growing (experiment 2) broilers in a free-range system. Were evaluated broilers from 35 to 70 days old in experiment 1 and 28 to 49 days old in experiment 2. A completely randomized experimental design was employed in both experiments, with five treatments and four replicates totaling 20 experimental units containing 15 broilers each. The treatments consisted of rations that had increasing metabolizable energy levels obtained by the substitution of soybean oil in the basal diet for the inert sand ingredient. The metabolizable energy levels studied in experiment 1 were 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000 and 3100 kcal/kg, and in experiment 2, they were 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 and 3200 kcal/kg. In experiment 1, there was a linear (P<0,05) reduction in consumption with the increase in the metabolizable energy level, and a quadratic effect (P<0,05) on the feed conversion was observed, which was estimated as 3046 kcal/kg the level that resulted in a better feed conversion of 2.648. In experiment 2, the metabolizable energy level exerted a significant quadratic effect (P<0,05) on the feed intake and metabolizable energy consumption, with a maximum feed intake (3361.27 g) estimated for 2842 kcal/kg, and the maximum energy intake was estimated at 10020 kcal. The feed conversion decreased linearly (P<0,05) with there was an increase in the studied levels. For broilers reared in a free-range system, for better feed conversion, the recommended metabolizable energy levels are as follows: for slow-growing broilers from 35 to 70 days of age, 3046 kcal/kg, and 3200 kcal/kg is recommended for fast-growing broilers from 28 to 49 days of age.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Chickens/growth & development , Chickens/metabolism , Energy Intake , Energy Requirement , Soybean Oil/administration & dosage , Animal FeedABSTRACT
In captivity, the energy demands reduce substantially in relation to the needs in free life. The assessment of the animal's weight is important to measure whether the level of activity and food supply are adequate. The weights of 14 psittacids were analyzed, being two Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, one Ara ararauna, three Ara chloropterus, one Ara macao, six Amazona aestiva and one Aratinga jandaya. For the species of psittacans analyzed, a decrease in weight from the period from the first collection to the fourth collection was observed for most of the animals,. Changes in the size of the enclosures and social interactions with other species, given the mixed enclosures, may have influenced, both by calorie burning and perhaps by dispute in access to food, respectively.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Parrots , Weight Loss , Animals, Zoo , Energy Requirement , Body WeightABSTRACT
In captivity, the energy demands reduce substantially in relation to the needs in free life. The assessment of the animal's weight is important to measure whether the level of activity and food supply are adequate. The weights of 14 psittacids were analyzed, being two Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, one Ara ararauna, three Ara chloropterus, one Ara macao, six Amazona aestiva and one Aratinga jandaya. For the species of psittacans analyzed, a decrease in weight from the period from the first collection to the fourth collection was observed for most of the animals,. Changes in the size of the enclosures and social interactions with other species, given the mixed enclosures, may have influenced, both by calorie burning and perhaps by dispute in access to food, respectively.
Subject(s)
Animals , Animals, Zoo , Parrots , Weight Loss , Energy Requirement , Body WeightABSTRACT
The objective of this study is to predict the energy and protein requirements of crossbred dairy cattle in feedlot. The study was conducted at the Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil with 30 bulls with a body weight of 339.1 ± 35.4 kg. Five animals were slaughtered at the end of the adaptation period to serve as the reference group; the remainder of the animals was slaughtered after 112 days. The latter group was randomly allocated to receive five treatments: 0, 17, 34, 51 and 68% of concentrate in the feed using a completely randomized design. The dietary intake of the animals that were not given concentrate was restricted to 1.5% of their body weight; these animals composed the group fed for maintenance. The body composition and empty body weight (EBW) were estimated by means of the comparative slaughter method and full dissection of a half-carcass. The results showed that for crossbred dairy bulls in confinement, the net and metabolizable energy requirements were 86.49 and 138 kcal EBW-0.75 day-1, respectively, and the efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for maintenance and gain were 62.67% and 31.67%, respectively. The net energy (NEg) and net protein (NPg) requirements for gain can be estimated using the following equations, respectively: NEg= 0.0392*EBW0.75*EBWG1.0529 and NPg= 242.34 x EBWG - 23.09 x RE. The efficiency of use of metabolizable protein for gain was 25.8%, and the protein requirement for maintenance was 2.96 g EBW-0.75 day-1. The rumen degradable protein can supply 62.44% of the crude protein requirements of feedlot dairy crossbred bulls with a body weight of 450 kg while gaining 1 kg day-1.(AU)
Com o objetivo de predizer as exigências energéticas e proteicas de bovinos mestiços leiteiros em confinamento, este trabalho foi conduzido na Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Foram utilizados 30 machos não castrados, com peso corporal inicial de 339,1 ± 35,4 kg. Cinco animais foram abatidos após período de adaptação, compondo o grupo referência, e o restante foi abatido após 112 dias. Os remanescentes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em cinco tratamentos: 0, 17, 34, 51 e 68% de concentrado na ração, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os bovinos que não receberam concentrado tiveram seu consumo restrito para 1,5% do seu peso corporal, compondo o grupo de animais alimentados ao nível de mantença. A composição corporal e o peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) foram obtidos pela técnica do abate comparativo e dissecação completa da meia carcaça. Para bovinos mestiços leiteiros, não castrados, confinados, as exigências líquida e metabolizável de energia para mantença foram de 86,49 e 138 kcal PCVZ-0,75 dia-1, respectivamente, enquanto que as eficiências de utilização da energia metabolizável (EUEM) para mantença e ganho foram de 62,67 e 31,67%, respectivamente. Já as exigências líquidas de energia (ELg) e proteina (PLg) para ganho, podem ser estimadas a partir das seguintes equações: ELg = 0,0392*PCVZ0,75*GPCVZ1,0529e PLg = 242,34 × GPCVZ - 23,09 × ER, respectivamente. A eficiência do uso da proteína metabolizável para ganho foi de 25,8% enquanto que as exigências de proteína para mantença foram 2,96 g PCVZ-0,75 dia-1. A proteína degradável no rúmen pode suprir 62,44% das exigências em proteína bruta de bovinos mestiços leiteiros, machos não castrados, em confinamento, com peso corporal de 450 kg e ganho de 1 kg dia-1.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Animal Feed/analysis , Nutrition Assessment , Energy Requirement , Proteins , Weight GainABSTRACT
The objective of this study is to predict the energy and protein requirements of crossbred dairy cattle in feedlot. The study was conducted at the Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil with 30 bulls with a body weight of 339.1 ± 35.4 kg. Five animals were slaughtered at the end of the adaptation period to serve as the reference group; the remainder of the animals was slaughtered after 112 days. The latter group was randomly allocated to receive five treatments: 0, 17, 34, 51 and 68% of concentrate in the feed using a completely randomized design. The dietary intake of the animals that were not given concentrate was restricted to 1.5% of their body weight; these animals composed the group fed for maintenance. The body composition and empty body weight (EBW) were estimated by means of the comparative slaughter method and full dissection of a half-carcass. The results showed that for crossbred dairy bulls in confinement, the net and metabolizable energy requirements were 86.49 and 138 kcal EBW-0.75 day-1, respectively, and the efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for maintenance and gain were 62.67% and 31.67%, respectively. The net energy (NEg) and net protein (NPg) requirements for gain can be estimated using the following equations, respectively: NEg= 0.0392*EBW0.75*EBWG1.0529 and NPg= 242.34 x EBWG - 23.09 x RE. The efficiency of use of metabolizable protein for gain was 25.8%, and the protein requirement for maintenance was 2.96 g EBW-0.75 day-1. The rumen degradable protein can supply 62.44% of the crude protein requirements of feedlot dairy crossbred bulls with a body weight of 450 kg while gaining 1 kg day-1.
Com o objetivo de predizer as exigências energéticas e proteicas de bovinos mestiços leiteiros em confinamento, este trabalho foi conduzido na Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Foram utilizados 30 machos não castrados, com peso corporal inicial de 339,1 ± 35,4 kg. Cinco animais foram abatidos após período de adaptação, compondo o grupo referência, e o restante foi abatido após 112 dias. Os remanescentes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em cinco tratamentos: 0, 17, 34, 51 e 68% de concentrado na ração, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os bovinos que não receberam concentrado tiveram seu consumo restrito para 1,5% do seu peso corporal, compondo o grupo de animais alimentados ao nível de mantença. A composição corporal e o peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) foram obtidos pela técnica do abate comparativo e dissecação completa da meia carcaça. Para bovinos mestiços leiteiros, não castrados, confinados, as exigências líquida e metabolizável de energia para mantença foram de 86,49 e 138 kcal PCVZ-0,75 dia-1, respectivamente, enquanto que as eficiências de utilização da energia metabolizável (EUEM) para mantença e ganho foram de 62,67 e 31,67%, respectivamente. Já as exigências líquidas de energia (ELg) e proteina (PLg) para ganho, podem ser estimadas a partir das seguintes equações: ELg = 0,0392*PCVZ0,75*GPCVZ1,0529e PLg = 242,34 × GPCVZ - 23,09 × ER, respectivamente. A eficiência do uso da proteína metabolizável para ganho foi de 25,8% enquanto que as exigências de proteína para mantença foram 2,96 g PCVZ-0,75 dia-1. A proteína degradável no rúmen pode suprir 62,44% das exigências em proteína bruta de bovinos mestiços leiteiros, machos não castrados, em confinamento, com peso corporal de 450 kg e ganho de 1 kg dia-1.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Weight Gain , Nutrition Assessment , Energy Requirement , Proteins , Animal Feed/analysisABSTRACT
O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estabelecer um manejo, durante a fase de aleitamento, que fosse nutricional e economicamente satisfatório. Comparou-se o aleitamento na quantidade tradicional (1,5 kg de leite/dia) com o aleitamento de acordo com as necessidades energéticas dos animais (quantidade variável de leite), calculado por regressão, com base na literatura. Os animais que receberam o tratamento tradicional tiveram ganho de peso médio de 0,155 kg/dia, não diferindo estatisticamente (P≥0,05) do tratamento em que os animais receberam quantidade variável de leite (ganho de peso médio de 0,134 kg/dia). O desaleitamento foi feito, em média, aos 76 dias de idade. Os animais que receberam quantidades variáveis de leite ingeriram, em média, menos 20 kg de leite durante o período de aleitamento. Considerando os resultados, o melhor aleitamento foi o que utilizou a quantidade de leite variando de acordo com as necessidades energéticas dos cabritos...
The study was conducted with the objective to establish a nutritionally and economically satisfactory management during the suckling phase. Suckling using the traditional amount (1.5 kg milk/day) was compared to suckling according to the energy requirements of the animals (variable amount of milk) calculated by regression based on literature data. Animals receiving the traditional treatment presented a mean weight gain of 0.155 kg/day, which did not differ significantly (P≥0.05) from that of animals receiving a variable amount of milk (mean weight gain of 0.134 kg/day). The average weaning age was 76 days. Animals receiving variable amounts of milk ingested on average 20 kg less milk during the suckling period. Considering the results, the best suckling was obtained when the amount of milk was varied according to the energy requirements of goat kids...
Subject(s)
Animals , Eating/genetics , Lactation , Energy Requirement/physiology , Ruminants/growth & development , AnimalsABSTRACT
O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estabelecer um manejo, durante a fase de aleitamento, que fosse nutricional e economicamente satisfatório. Comparou-se o aleitamento na quantidade tradicional (1,5 kg de leite/dia) com o aleitamento de acordo com as necessidades energéticas dos animais (quantidade variável de leite), calculado por regressão, com base na literatura. Os animais que receberam o tratamento tradicional tiveram ganho de peso médio de 0,155 kg/dia, não diferindo estatisticamente (P≥0,05) do tratamento em que os animais receberam quantidade variável de leite (ganho de peso médio de 0,134 kg/dia). O desaleitamento foi feito, em média, aos 76 dias de idade. Os animais que receberam quantidades variáveis de leite ingeriram, em média, menos 20 kg de leite durante o período de aleitamento. Considerando os resultados, o melhor aleitamento foi o que utilizou a quantidade de leite variando de acordo com as necessidades energéticas dos cabritos...(AU)
The study was conducted with the objective to establish a nutritionally and economically satisfactory management during the suckling phase. Suckling using the traditional amount (1.5 kg milk/day) was compared to suckling according to the energy requirements of the animals (variable amount of milk) calculated by regression based on literature data. Animals receiving the traditional treatment presented a mean weight gain of 0.155 kg/day, which did not differ significantly (P≥0.05) from that of animals receiving a variable amount of milk (mean weight gain of 0.134 kg/day). The average weaning age was 76 days. Animals receiving variable amounts of milk ingested on average 20 kg less milk during the suckling period. Considering the results, the best suckling was obtained when the amount of milk was varied according to the energy requirements of goat kids...(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Lactation , Ruminants/growth & development , Eating/genetics , Energy Requirement/physiology , AnimalsABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to determine the chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) values of corn, soybean meal (SBM), soybean oil (SO) and sugarcane yeast (SY) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). A metabolism trial was performed with 120 Dekalb White laying hens at 65 weeks of age, using the method of total excreta collection. Birds were housed in metabolism cages and distributed according to a completely randomized design into five treatments with, six replicates of four birds each. The experimental period consisted of four days of adaptation and four days of excreta collection. The experimental diets included: a reference diet based on corn and SBM and four test diets containing 40% corn, 30% SBM, 10% SO or 30 % SY. The chemical compositions of the tested ingredients, expressed on "as-is" basis were: 86.9, 87.29, 87.32 and 99.5% dry matter; and 3.51, 2.08, 99.31 and 0.03 ether extract for corn, SBM, SO and SY, respectively. Corn, SBM, and SO presented 7.33, 43.61 and 24.64% crude protein, and 0.58, 5.07 and 6.77% ash, respectively; and crude fiber contents of corn and SBM were, respectively, 2.24% and 3.56%. The following AME and AMEn (kcal/kg dry matter) values were obtained: 3,801 and 3,760 kcal/kg for corn, 2,640 and 2,557 kcal/kg for SBM, 8,952 and 8,866 kcal/kg for SO, and 1,023 and 925 kcal/kg for sugarcane yeast, respectively.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Poultry/growth & development , Poultry/metabolism , Saccharum , Energy RequirementABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to determine the chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) values of corn, soybean meal (SBM), soybean oil (SO) and sugarcane yeast (SY) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). A metabolism trial was performed with 120 Dekalb White laying hens at 65 weeks of age, using the method of total excreta collection. Birds were housed in metabolism cages and distributed according to a completely randomized design into five treatments with, six replicates of four birds each. The experimental period consisted of four days of adaptation and four days of excreta collection. The experimental diets included: a reference diet based on corn and SBM and four test diets containing 40% corn, 30% SBM, 10% SO or 30 % SY. The chemical compositions of the tested ingredients, expressed on "as-is" basis were: 86.9, 87.29, 87.32 and 99.5% dry matter; and 3.51, 2.08, 99.31 and 0.03 ether extract for corn, SBM, SO and SY, respectively. Corn, SBM, and SO presented 7.33, 43.61 and 24.64% crude protein, and 0.58, 5.07 and 6.77% ash, respectively; and crude fiber contents of corn and SBM were, respectively, 2.24% and 3.56%. The following AME and AMEn (kcal/kg dry matter) values were obtained: 3,801 and 3,760 kcal/kg for corn, 2,640 and 2,557 kcal/kg for SBM, 8,952 and 8,866 kcal/kg for SO, and 1,023 and 925 kcal/kg for sugarcane yeast, respectively.
Subject(s)
Animals , Poultry/growth & development , Poultry/metabolism , Saccharum , Energy RequirementABSTRACT
This paper aims to establish the energy density and condition factor of two fish species, one iliophagous and another piscivorous, in the Upper Paraná River floodplain, and possible seasonal and temporal differences. Samples were taken from June 2010 to March 2011, and muscle samples were extracted from the region next to the dorsal fin, then rinsed in distilled water, and dried at 60°C. Subsequently, they were macerated and burned in a calorimetric pump. Regarding the subsystems, the energy density and the condition factor showed significant differences only for Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837), with higher values at the Ivinhema subsystem. In relation to the type of environment, no significant differences were detected for any of the species, for both energy density and condition factor. As for the hydrological cycle, significant differences were found for the energy density and the condition factor of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz, 1829), with greater values in September and March, respectively. Although the analysis for Prochilodus lineatus had not evidenced significant differences, we observed higher values of energy density and condition factor in June, pointing out a possible influence of the hydrological cycle on the reproductive period of these fish species. In conclusion, the energy density and condition factor of fish can suffer seasonal and temporal variations, according to the environment and the examined hydrological cycle.
O presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar o conteúdo calórico e fator de condição de uma espécie de peixe iliófaga e outra piscívora, na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, e suas possíveis diferenças sazonais e temporais. As espécies foram amostradas entre junho de 2010 e março de 2011 e, dos indivíduos que se apresentaram no estádio de desenvolvimento gonadal em repouso, extraíram-se músculos próximos à nadadeira dorsal, os quais foram enxaguados em água destilada, e secos a 60°C. Posteriormente, foram macerados e queimados em bomba calorimétrica. Em relação aos subsistemas, a densidade energética e o fator de condição apresentaram diferenças significativas apenas para Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837), com os maiores valores constatados no subsistema Ivinhema para as duas análises. Nas análises por tipo de ambiente não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para nenhuma das espécies, tanto para densidade energética, quanto para fator de condição. Em relação ao ciclo hidrológico, foram registradas diferenças significativas para a densidade energética e fator de condição de Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz, 1829), com os maiores valores para o mês de setembro e março, respectivamente. Apesar das análises para Prochilodus lineatus não terem apresentado diferenças significativas, constataram-se os maiores valores de densidade energética e fator de condição para o mês de junho, indicando a possível influência do ciclo hidrológico no período reprodutivo das referidas espécies. Assim, conclui-se que a densidade energética e o fator de condição dos peixes podem sofrer variações sazonais e temporais, de acordo com o ambiente analisado e o ciclo hidrológico.
Subject(s)
Animals , Aquatic Environment , Water Cycle , Catfishes/anatomy & histology , Catfishes/physiology , Caloric Tests , Energy RequirementABSTRACT
Estabelecer as necessidades energéticas de pacientes com doença renal crônica é importante para que se possam tratar os distúrbios nutricionais encontrados nessa população. Segundo os guias de condutas voltados ao cuidado nutricional de pacientes com essa doença, a recomendação energética pode variar entre 30 e 40kcal/kg/dia. Contudo, trabalhos que avaliaram os componentes do gasto energético nos pacientes com doença renal crônica sugerem que as necessidades energéticas dessa população podem diferir do valor recomendado acima, a depender da condição clínica (presença de comorbidades), da modalidade de tratamento empregado e do nível de atividade física. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma revisão dos estudos sobre o gasto energético de pacientes com doença renal crônica, com o intuito de abordar as seguintes questões: (1) as atuais recomendações de energia para pacientes com doença renal crônica estão adequadas? (2) qual equação de predição poderia ser empregada para estimar as necessidades energéticas desse grupo de pacientes? Assim, esta revisão busca auxiliar o nutricionista ao estimar as necessidades energéticas de pacientes com doença renal crônica.
Estimating the energy requirement of patients with chronic kidney disease is highly important for treating the nutritional disorders often seen in this population. According to the specific guidelines for patients with chronic kidney disease, the currently recommended daily energy intake varies from 30 to 40kcal/kg/day. However, studies that investigated energy expenditure components of patients with chronic kidney disease suggested that the energy requirement may differ from the one proposed earlier, depending on overall clinical condition (i.e. presence of comorbidities), treatment modality and level of physical activity. With this perspective in mind, the present study aims to review the studies assessing energy expenditure focusing on two themes: (1) is the current energy recommendation for patients with chronic kidney disease adequate? (2) which predictive equation can be used when estimating the energy requirements of this population? Therefore, this review aims to help dietitians to estimate the energy needs of chronic kidney disease patients.
Subject(s)
Energy Metabolism , Energy Requirement , Kidney DiseasesABSTRACT
This paper aims to establish the energy density and condition factor of two fish species, one iliophagous and another piscivorous, in the Upper Paraná River floodplain, and possible seasonal and temporal differences. Samples were taken from June 2010 to March 2011, and muscle samples were extracted from the region next to the dorsal fin, then rinsed in distilled water, and dried at 60°C. Subsequently, they were macerated and burned in a calorimetric pump. Regarding the subsystems, the energy density and the condition factor showed significant differences only for Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837), with higher values at the Ivinhema subsystem. In relation to the type of environment, no significant differences were detected for any of the species, for both energy density and condition factor. As for the hydrological cycle, significant differences were found for the energy density and the condition factor of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz, 1829), with greater values in September and March, respectively. Although the analysis for Prochilodus lineatus had not evidenced significant differences, we observed higher values of energy density and condition factor in June, pointing out a possible influence of the hydrological cycle on the reproductive period of these fish species. In conclusion, the energy density and condition factor of fish can suffer seasonal and temporal variations, according to the environment and the examined hydrological cycle.(AU)
O presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar o conteúdo calórico e fator de condição de uma espécie de peixe iliófaga e outra piscívora, na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, e suas possíveis diferenças sazonais e temporais. As espécies foram amostradas entre junho de 2010 e março de 2011 e, dos indivíduos que se apresentaram no estádio de desenvolvimento gonadal em repouso, extraíram-se músculos próximos à nadadeira dorsal, os quais foram enxaguados em água destilada, e secos a 60°C. Posteriormente, foram macerados e queimados em bomba calorimétrica. Em relação aos subsistemas, a densidade energética e o fator de condição apresentaram diferenças significativas apenas para Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837), com os maiores valores constatados no subsistema Ivinhema para as duas análises. Nas análises por tipo de ambiente não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para nenhuma das espécies, tanto para densidade energética, quanto para fator de condição. Em relação ao ciclo hidrológico, foram registradas diferenças significativas para a densidade energética e fator de condição de Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz, 1829), com os maiores valores para o mês de setembro e março, respectivamente. Apesar das análises para Prochilodus lineatus não terem apresentado diferenças significativas, constataram-se os maiores valores de densidade energética e fator de condição para o mês de junho, indicando a possível influência do ciclo hidrológico no período reprodutivo das referidas espécies. Assim, conclui-se que a densidade energética e o fator de condição dos peixes podem sofrer variações sazonais e temporais, de acordo com o ambiente analisado e o ciclo hidrológico.(AU)