Haematological values in cattle reared in humid and subhumid tropics of Mexico.

The objective of this study was to determine some factors that influence the haematological values of cattle reared in the humid and subhumid tropics of Mexico. Whole blood samples were taken from 1355 crossbred cattle in the years 2017 to 2019. Haematocrit (HTC, %), total plasma protein (TPP, g/dL) and peripheral eosinophils count (PEOS, × 103/µL) were determined manually, and the main haematological variables were recorded with an automatic analyser. The statistical analysis considered as classification variables age, sex, season (cold, dry and rainy), year (2017, 2018 and 2019) and origin of the cattle. The mean of the haematological parameters was determined along with the confidence limits (CL) of the different categories of animals according to age. Calves younger than 1-year-old presented higher levels of HTC, red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin (HGB), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), platelet number (PLT), white blood cell count (WBC) and lymphocyte count (LYMF) than animals older than 2 years of age. However, they showed the lowest mean cell volume (MCV) and TPP values. In cows, the highest levels of PEOS, granulocytes (GRAN), MCV and medium cells (MID) were observed and the lowest HTC, RBC, RDW and WBC levels. Intervals were determined with the 1st quartile (Q1) or lower confidence interval (90% CI) as the minimum values and the 3rd quartile (Q3) or upper confidence interval (90% CI) as the maximum values. The haematological parameters of cattle reared in the Southeast of Mexico are significantly affected by age, sex and environmental conditions.

Alterações no VCM e suas correlações com os valores de RDW-SD e RDW-CV em caninos e felinos / Variation in MCV and its correlation with RDW-SD and RDW-CV values in dogs and cats

A anemia é uma síndrome caracterizada pela diminuição do número de hemácias, hematócrito e/ou concentração de hemoglobina. Conforme o Volume Corpuscular Médio (VCM), as anemias podem ser classificadas em microcíticas, normocíticas ou macrocíticas. O RDW (Amplitude de Distribuição dos Eritrócitos) também é utilizado para ajudar na classificação das anemias, refletindo a anisocitose da população eritrocitária. Neste estudo retrospectivo objetivou-se determinar a correlação entre o RDW-SD (Desvio Padrão), RDW-CV (Coeficiente de Variação), macrocitose e microcitose em caninos e felinos atendidos na rotina clínica do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Luterana do Brasil. Para a realização deste estudo, selecionou-se 662 laudos de hemogramas realizados (434 caninos e 228 felinos), com faixa etária de seis meses até 10 anos, foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 ­ Anemia microcítica (255 caninos e 61 felinos); Grupo 2 ­ Anemia macrocítica (179 caninos e 167 felinos). Posteriormente, correlacionou-se os grupos com os valores de RDW-SD e RDW-CV. As análises de correlação foram realizadas utilizando o teste Spearman, para a análise de significância foi utilizado o T Student, no programa IBM SPSS®Statistics. Na análise estatística do grupo canino, não houve correlação da microcitose com o RDW-SD, enquanto o RDW-CV apresentou uma correlação inversamente proporcional, razoável. No grupo macrocítico canino, a análise de correlação com o RDW-SD foi moderada e diretamente proporcional, e com o RDW-CV foi moderada e diretamente proporcional. No grupo felino, não houve correlação entre microcitose e RDW-SD, e com o RDW-CV houve uma correlação razoável e inversamente proporcional. Entre macrocitose em felinos e o RDW-SD houve uma correlação moderada e diretamente proporcional, já o RDW-CV apresentou uma correlação razoável e diretamente proporcional. Conclui-se que os caninos e felinos do grupo microcítico apresentam uma correlação com o RDW-CV. Contudo, os caninos com macrocitose apresentaram correlação tanto para o RDW-CV quanto para o RDW-SD, e os felinos apresentaram uma maior correlação com o RDW-SD.

Anemia is a syndrome characterized by a low red blood cell count, hematocrit and/or hemoglobin concentration. According to the Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), anemias can be classified as microcytic, normocytic or macrocytic. The RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width) is also used to help classify anemias, reflecting the anisocytosis of the erythrocyte population. This retrospective study aimed to determine the correlation between RDW-SD (Standard Deviation), RDW-CV (Coefficient of Variation), macrocytosis and microcytosis in canines and felines treated in the clinical routine of the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Luterana do Brasil. To carry out this study, 662 blood count reports were selected (434 canines and 228 felines), aged between six months and 10 years, divided into two groups: Group 1 ­ Microcytic anemia (255 canines and 61 felines); Group 2 ­ Macrocytic anemia (179 canines and 167 felines). Subsequently, the groups were correlated with the values of RDW-SD and RDW-CV. Correlation analyzes were performed using the Spearman test, for the analysis of significance the T Student was used, in the IBM SPSS® Statistics program. In the statistical analysis of the canine group, there was no correlation between microcytosis and the RDW-SD, while the RDW-CV showed a reasonable, inversely proportional correlation. In the canine macrocytic group, correlation analysis with RDW-SD was moderate and directly proportional, and with RDW-CV it was moderate and directly proportional. In the feline group, there was no correlation between microcytosis and RDW-SD, and with RDW-CV there was a reasonable and inversely proportional correlation. There was a moderate and directly proportional correlation between macrocytosis in felines and RDW-SD, whereas RDW-CV presented a reasonable and directly proportional correlation. It is concluded that the canines and felines of the microcytic group present a correlation with the RDW-CV. However, canines with macrocytosis showed a correlation for both RDW-CV and RDW-SD, and felines showed a greater correlation with RDW-SD.

Hematological and biochemical parameters of Spix's Saddleback Tamarin (Leontocebus fuscicollis) raised in captivity.

The Spix's Saddleback Tamarin, Leontocebus fuscicollis is widely distributed across the Amazon region, but is endangered. This species is serving an important role in biomedical research in captivity. However, reference values for hematological and biochemical parameters are required for the proper characterization of the species. It was therefore the objective of our research to establish these parameters taking into consideration sex and body mass differences in healthy adult Spix's saddleback tamarins. Collecting 2 mL of blood from each individual, 20 animals were examined (7 males, 13 females), and hematological and biochemical parameters were determined using commercial kits. Of the sixteen variables measured, only red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Ht) values were significantly higher in males (7.12 ± 0.98 106/mm, 14.98 ± 1.25 g/dL and 48.71 ± 4.91%, respectively), while red cell distribution width (RDW) was higher in females (14.58 ± 1.89%). Of the biochemical parameters measured, only gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) enzyme showed higher activity in females (8.08 ± 4.87 U/L), and a high glucose concentration range was observed (102.0 to 521.0 mg/dL) for both sexes. These parameters established with reference ranges for healthy adults provide a reliable reference source for the interpretation of laboratory housed saddleback tamarin.

Relationships among body condition score, FAMACHA© score and haematological parameters in Pelibuey ewes.

The objective of the present study was to determine the associations between the FAMACHA© score, body condition score (BCS) and several haematological parameters of Pelibuey ewes. In total, 52 clinically healthy Pelibuey ewes were evaluated in this study. A blood sample was collected from each animal to determine haematological variables. The BCS was evaluated on a scale of 1 to 5 and subsequently grouped into four categories: (1) < 1.5, (2) 2.0-2.5, (3) 3.0-3.5 and (4) > 4.0. The coloration of conjunctival mucosa was evaluated using the FAMACHA© system. The analysed haematological parameters were red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin (HGB), haematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red blood cell distribution width standard deviation (RDW-SD) and red blood cell distribution width coefficient of variation (RDW-CV). A descriptive statistical analysis was performed, and the Pearson correlation coefficients between variables were estimated. Haematological parameters were analysed with one-way analyses of variance, and the Tukey test was applied when significant differences were detected. The FAMACHA© score was only associated with MCHC (r = - 0.30, P < 0.05). The haematological parameters of RBC count, HCT, RDW-SD and RDW-CV statistically differed among BCS groups. The BCS was associated with RBC count, HCT, RDW-SD and RDW-CV, with r values ranging from 0.35 to 0.48. The haematological values were similar to those reported in ewes from Iran and Iraq. Hence, the optimization of the BCS calculation of Pelibuey ewes can generate association tables with haematological parameters to aid in the sanitary and feeding management of sheep.

Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in Santa Inês lambs: impact on feed digestibility, blood markers, and nitrogen balance.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection on the hemato-biochemical parameters, feed digestibility, and nitrogen balance in Santa Inês lambs. Eighteen three-month-old Santa Ines castrated male lambs (16.9 ± 1.43 kg of body weight) were randomly distributed in two experimental treatments: infected with T. colubriformis (I, n = 9) and uninfected (U, n = 9). The I group received a total of 45,000 L3 larvae of T. colubriformis (5,000 infective larvae, three times per week, for three weeks). During the experimental period, blood, feed digestibility, and nitrogen balance were evaluated. The I lambs showed a reduction in erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, and total proteins, as well as an increase in platelets and eosinophils compared to those in the U group (p < 0.05). With the exception of total protein content, these values were within the normal range for the species. Furthermore, lower dry matter and organic matter digestibility were observed in the I lambs (p = 0.08). The present findings highlight that T. colubriformis infection has the potential to impair some hemato-biochemical parameters as well as feed digestibility in lambs, which could affect their productivity.

Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in Santa Inês lambs: impact on feed digestibility, blood markers, and nitrogen balance / Infecção por Trichostrongylus colubriformis em cordeiros Santa Inês: impacto na digestibilidade dos alimentos, marcadores sanguíneos e balanço de nitrogênio

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection on the hemato-biochemical parameters, feed digestibility, and nitrogen balance in Santa Inês lambs. Eighteen three-month-old Santa Ines castrated male lambs (16.9 ± 1.43 kg of body weight) were randomly distributed in two experimental treatments: infected with T. colubriformis (I, n = 9) and uninfected (U, n = 9). The I group received a total of 45,000 L3 larvae of T. colubriformis (5,000 infective larvae, three times per week, for three weeks). During the experimental period, blood, feed digestibility, and nitrogen balance were evaluated. The I lambs showed a reduction in erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, and total proteins, as well as an increase in platelets and eosinophils compared to those in the U group (p < 0.05). With the exception of total protein content, these values were within the normal range for the species. Furthermore, lower dry matter and organic matter digestibility were observed in the I lambs (p = 0.08). The present findings highlight that T. colubriformis infection has the potential to impair some hemato-biochemical parameters as well as feed digestibility in lambs, which could affect their productivity.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da infecção por Trichostrongylus colubriformis nos parâmetros hemato-bioquímicos, digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e balanço de nitrogênio de cordeiros Santa Inês. Dezoito cordeiros Santa Inês, de três meses de idade e castrados (16,9 ± 1,43 kg de peso corporal), foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois tratamentos experimentais: infectados com T. colubriformis (I, n = 9) e não infectados (U, n = 9). O grupo I recebeu um total de 45.000 larvas L3 de T. colubriformis (5.000 larvas infectantes, três vezes por semana, durante três semanas). Durante o período experimental, foram avaliadas as variáveis sanguíneas, digestibilidade e balanço de nitrogênio. Os cordeiros I apresentaram redução de eritrócitos, hemoglobina, hematócrito, volume corpuscular médio e proteínas totais, além de aumento de plaquetas e eosinófilos, quando comparados ao grupo U (p< 0,05). Contudo, exceto para proteínas totais, os valores estavam dentro do intervalo normal para a espécie. Além disso, a digestibilidade da matéria seca e da matéria orgânica foi menor no grupo I de cordeiros (p = 0,08). Os presentes achados destacam que a infecção por T. colubriformis teve potencial para prejudicar alguns parâmetros hemato-bioquímicos, bem como a digestibilidade aparente da dieta, o que poderia afetar a produtividade dos cordeiros.

FIRST RECORD OF HEMATOLOGIC VALUES IN FREE-LIVING AND CAPTIVE MANED SLOTHS (BRADYPUS TORQUATUS; XENARTHA, BRADYPODIDAE).

Bradypus torquatus is a rare and endemic sloth species from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Due to a lack of medical information including hematologic reference parameters for the species, hematologic baseline values were determined using samples from 14 clinically healthy B. torquatus , under captive (n = 7) and free-living (n = 7) conditions in Bahia State, Brazil. Additionally, the morphology of the blood cells is presented, with a demonstration that the Barr body chromosome may assist with sex determination of the species. The Barr body chromosome was present in all seven females and absent in all males. Many erythrocytes were approximately the size of small lymphocytes, with red blood cells exhibiting anisocystosis, normochromia, and apparent macrocytosis, compared with domestic animals. This study provides the first published hematologic values and cell morphology for B. torquatus . However, further studies are suggested using an automated hematology analyzer with larger sample sizes so that reference intervals may be established and hematologic values better understood for sex, habitat type, and age cohorts.

Comparação entre os valores da amplitude de distribuição de diâmetro dos eritrócitos e do volume corpuscular médio com a citometria de eritrócitos em cães com leishmaniose / Comparison of amplitude values of the diameter distribution of erythrocyte volume and mean corpuscular cytometry with erythrocytes in dogs with leishmaniasis

A leishmaniose é uma zoonose de caráter endêmico que acomete diferentes espécies animal, dentre elas os cães. Como auxílio no diagnóstico e prognóstico do paciente é rotineiramente solicitado o hemograma, que é caracterizado por uma anemia do tipo normocítica e normocrômica. Os valores de volume corpuscular médio (VCM) e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular médio (CHCM) são os padrões utilizados para a classificação da anemia, no entanto, nos últimos anos começou-se a utilizar a amplitude de distribuição de diâmetro dos eritrócitos (RDW) para diferenciar as anemias em regenerativas e arregenerativas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo comparar os valores de RDW e do VCM com a citometria eritrocitária em cães com leishmaniose. Foram colhidos sangue de 19 cães de diferentes raças e idades. As amostras sanguíneas foram processadas em equipamento automático para obtenção dos valores de VCM e RDW e posteriormente confeccionados esfregaços sanguíneos para contagem e medição de cem células eritrocitárias de cada lâmina. Para avaliar a dispersão entre os valores de hemácias utilizou-se o coeficiente linear de Pearson. Os valores de RDW mostraram-se mais sensíveis a anemia do que o VCM, quando comparados a citometria eritrocitária.(AU)

Leishmaniasis is an endemic zoonosis that affects different animals species, among them the dogs. As an aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of the patient is routinely asked the CBC, which is characterized by anemia normocytic and normochromic type. The mean corpuscular volumes (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) are the standards used for the classification of anemia, however, in recent years begun to use the amplitude diameter distribution of red blood cells (RDW) to distinguish anemias in regenerative and arregenerativas. This study aims to compare the RDW and MCV values with the erythrocyte cytometry in dogs with leishmaniasis. blood of 19 dogs of different breeds and ages were collected. The blood samples were processed in automatic equipment to obtain the MCV and RDW and later made blood smears for counting and measuring erythrocyte hundred cells from each slide. To evaluate the dispersion between the RBC values used the linear coefficient of Pearson. The RDW were more sensitive to anemia than VCM as compared with erythrocyte cytometry.(AU)

Comparação entre os valores da amplitude de distribuição de diâmetro dos eritrócitos e do volume corpuscular médio com a citometria de eritrócitos em cães com leishmaniose / Comparison of amplitude values of the diameter distribution of erythrocyte volume and mean corpuscular cytometry with erythrocytes in dogs with leishmaniasis

A leishmaniose é uma zoonose de caráter endêmico que acomete diferentes espécies animal, dentre elas os cães. Como auxílio no diagnóstico e prognóstico do paciente é rotineiramente solicitado o hemograma, que é caracterizado por uma anemia do tipo normocítica e normocrômica. Os valores de volume corpuscular médio (VCM) e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular médio (CHCM) são os padrões utilizados para a classificação da anemia, no entanto, nos últimos anos começou-se a utilizar a amplitude de distribuição de diâmetro dos eritrócitos (RDW) para diferenciar as anemias em regenerativas e arregenerativas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo comparar os valores de RDW e do VCM com a citometria eritrocitária em cães com leishmaniose. Foram colhidos sangue de 19 cães de diferentes raças e idades. As amostras sanguíneas foram processadas em equipamento automático para obtenção dos valores de VCM e RDW e posteriormente confeccionados esfregaços sanguíneos para contagem e medição de cem células eritrocitárias de cada lâmina. Para avaliar a dispersão entre os valores de hemácias utilizou-se o coeficiente linear de Pearson. Os valores de RDW mostraram-se mais sensíveis a anemia do que o VCM, quando comparados a citometria eritrocitária.(AU)

Leishmaniasis is an endemic zoonosis that affects different animals species, among them the dogs. As an aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of the patient is routinely asked the CBC, which is characterized by anemia normocytic and normochromic type. The mean corpuscular volumes (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) are the standards used for the classification of anemia, however, in recent years begun to use the amplitude diameter distribution of red blood cells (RDW) to distinguish anemias in regenerative and arregenerativas. This study aims to compare the RDW and MCV values with the erythrocyte cytometry in dogs with leishmaniasis. blood of 19 dogs of different breeds and ages were collected. The blood samples were processed in automatic equipment to obtain the MCV and RDW and later made blood smears for counting and measuring erythrocyte hundred cells from each slide. To evaluate the dispersion between the RBC values used the linear coefficient of Pearson. The RDW were more sensitive to anemia than VCM as compared with erythrocyte cytometry.(AU)

Hematologic RIs for healthy water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in southern Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Baseline hematologic data are used by veterinarians and wildlife biologists to perform health assessments on target animal species. Hematologic measurements are influenced by various factors including geography. Baseline hematologic RIs have been established for domestic water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from various countries in the Eastern Hemisphere, but these data are not readily available for the Western Hemisphere. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine hematologic values for domestic water buffaloes from several commercial farms in southern Mexico. METHODS: Blood was collected from 126 healthy, postlactating females (3 to 10 years old) from the Murrah breed, and 10 hematologic variables were measured. RESULTS: Means, SDs, RIs, medians (MED), median absolute deviations (MAD), and other statistics were calculated for each hematologic variable. The MED (and MAD) for each variable are as follows: RBC count, 7.6 (1.1) × 1012 /L; hemoglobin, 116.0 (13.3) g/L; PCV, 41.5 (7.6) %; MCV, 56.8 (7.0) fL; MCH, 14.6 (1.6) pg; MCHC, 250.0 (35.6) g/L; RDW (SD), 29.7 (5.5) fL; RDW (CV), 18.2 (1.4) %; reticulocytes, 0.0 (0.0) %, and WBC count, 12.4 (1.3) × 109 /L. These values were compared to those previously reported for water buffaloes from several countries in the Eastern Hemisphere and, on most occasions, they differed significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Our data can be used by veterinarians and other personnel involved in buffalo production in Mexico during medical evaluations.

Prevalence, hematological findings and genetic diversity of Bartonella spp. in domestic cats from Valdivia, Southern Chile.

The present study determined the prevalence, hematological findings and genetic diversity of Bartonella spp. in domestic cats from Valdivia, Southern Chile. A complete blood count and nuoG gene real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for Bartonella spp. were performed in 370 blood samples from cats in Valdivia, Southern Chile. nuoG qPCR-positive samples were submitted to conventional PCR for the gltA gene and sequencing for species differentiation and phylogenetic analysis. Alignment of gltA gene was used to calculate the nucleotide diversity, polymorphic level, number of variable sites and average number of nucleotide differences. Bartonella DNA prevalence in cats was 18·1% (67/370). Twenty-nine samples were sequenced with 62·0% (18/29) identified as Bartonella henselae, 34·4% (10/29) as Bartonella clarridgeiae, and 3·4% (1/29) as Bartonella koehlerae. Bartonella-positive cats had low DNA bacterial loads and their hematological parameters varied minimally. Each Bartonella species from Chile clustered together and with other Bartonella spp. described in cats worldwide. Bartonella henselae and B. clarridgeiae showed a low number of variable sites, haplotypes and nucleotide diversity. Bartonella clarridgeiae and B. koehlerae are reported for the first time in cats from Chile and South America, respectively.

Torta de mamona não destoxificada na indução da muda forçada em poedeiras comerciais / Non-detoxified castor bean for molt induction in laying hens

Avaliou-se o uso de dietas com diferentes porcentagens de torta de mamona não destoxificada (TM) na indução da muda forçada, sendo utilizadas 120 poedeiras Lohman LSL de 81 semanas, distribuídas ao acaso em quatro tratamentos, com cinco repetições de seis aves. Um dos tratamentos consistiu na indução da muda pelo método do jejum por 11 dias, e os demais no uso de dietas de muda, compostas pela mistura de dieta de postura e TM nas quantidades de 20, 30 e 40 por cento, por até 21 dias ou até quando as aves atingissem 23 por cento de perda do peso. Diferenças significativas foram observadas nos eritrócitos, no hematócrito, na concentração média de hemoglobina globular, na proteína total do plasma, nos leucócitos e na alanina aminotransferase, medidos durante a indução da muda, bem como no desempenho das aves após a muda, no que diz respeito ao consumo de ração, à porcentagem de postura, ao peso do ovo, à massa do ovo e à conversão alimentar. A qualidade dos ovos não variou estatisticamente entre os métodos avaliados. A utilização da dieta de muda forçada contendo 40 por cento de TM promoveu resultados semelhantes aos obtidos com o método do jejum, tanto para consumo de ração, porcentagem de postura, peso do ovo, massa do ovo, e conversão alimentar, como inerentes à qualidade dos ovos, quanto para densidade específica, unidade Haugh, porcentagens de gema, casca e albúmen. No entanto, menores alterações nos valores de eritrócitos, hematócrito e alanina aminotransferase foram observadas nesse método supracitado. O uso da dieta de muda contendo 40 por cento de TM mostrou-se uma alternativa viável ao uso do método do jejum...

We evaluated diets with different percentages of non-detoxified castor bean (TM) in the induction of molt, with 120 Lohman LSL hens at 81 weeks of age being used, randomly allotted to four treatments with five replicates of six birds each. One of the treatments consisted in the induction of changes by the method of fasting for 11 days, and the others used diet switches, composed by mixing posture and TM diet in the amounts of 20, 30 and 40 percent for up to 21 days or until when the birds reach 23 percent weight loss. Significant differences were observed in erythrocytes, hematocrit, mean concentration of corpuscular hemoglobin, total protein in plasma, leukocytes and alanine aminotransferase measured during induction of changes, and the performance of birds after moulting, such as feed intake, percentage of laying, egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion. The quality of the eggs did not vary significantly among the methods evaluated. The use of forced molting diet containing 40 percent of TM promoted results similar to those obtained with the method of fasting, both feed intake and the percentage of egg, egg weight, egg mass, and feed conversion, as inherent quality of eggs, as the specific gravity, Haugh unit, yolk percentage, albumen and shell. However, minor changes in the values of erythrocytes, hematocrit and alanine aminotransferase were observed in the method above. The use of diets containing 40 percent change TM proved to be a viable alternative to the use of the fasting method...

Torta de mamona não destoxificada na indução da muda forçada em poedeiras comerciais / Non-detoxified castor bean for molt induction in laying hens

Avaliou-se o uso de dietas com diferentes porcentagens de torta de mamona não destoxificada (TM) na indução da muda forçada, sendo utilizadas 120 poedeiras Lohman LSL de 81 semanas, distribuídas ao acaso em quatro tratamentos, com cinco repetições de seis aves. Um dos tratamentos consistiu na indução da muda pelo método do jejum por 11 dias, e os demais no uso de dietas de muda, compostas pela mistura de dieta de postura e TM nas quantidades de 20, 30 e 40 por cento, por até 21 dias ou até quando as aves atingissem 23 por cento de perda do peso. Diferenças significativas foram observadas nos eritrócitos, no hematócrito, na concentração média de hemoglobina globular, na proteína total do plasma, nos leucócitos e na alanina aminotransferase, medidos durante a indução da muda, bem como no desempenho das aves após a muda, no que diz respeito ao consumo de ração, à porcentagem de postura, ao peso do ovo, à massa do ovo e à conversão alimentar. A qualidade dos ovos não variou estatisticamente entre os métodos avaliados. A utilização da dieta de muda forçada contendo 40 por cento de TM promoveu resultados semelhantes aos obtidos com o método do jejum, tanto para consumo de ração, porcentagem de postura, peso do ovo, massa do ovo, e conversão alimentar, como inerentes à qualidade dos ovos, quanto para densidade específica, unidade Haugh, porcentagens de gema, casca e albúmen. No entanto, menores alterações nos valores de eritrócitos, hematócrito e alanina aminotransferase foram observadas nesse método supracitado. O uso da dieta de muda contendo 40 por cento de TM mostrou-se uma alternativa viável ao uso do método do jejum.(AU)

We evaluated diets with different percentages of non-detoxified castor bean (TM) in the induction of molt, with 120 Lohman LSL hens at 81 weeks of age being used, randomly allotted to four treatments with five replicates of six birds each. One of the treatments consisted in the induction of changes by the method of fasting for 11 days, and the others used diet switches, composed by mixing posture and TM diet in the amounts of 20, 30 and 40 percent for up to 21 days or until when the birds reach 23 percent weight loss. Significant differences were observed in erythrocytes, hematocrit, mean concentration of corpuscular hemoglobin, total protein in plasma, leukocytes and alanine aminotransferase measured during induction of changes, and the performance of birds after moulting, such as feed intake, percentage of laying, egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion. The quality of the eggs did not vary significantly among the methods evaluated. The use of forced molting diet containing 40 percent of TM promoted results similar to those obtained with the method of fasting, both feed intake and the percentage of egg, egg weight, egg mass, and feed conversion, as inherent quality of eggs, as the specific gravity, Haugh unit, yolk percentage, albumen and shell. However, minor changes in the values of erythrocytes, hematocrit and alanine aminotransferase were observed in the method above. The use of diets containing 40 percent change TM proved to be a viable alternative to the use of the fasting method.(AU)

Avaliação do quadro eritrocitário e da repercussão do estado anêmico no leucograma de caprinos com verminose gastrintestinal / Evaluation of the erythrocyte pattern and the repercussions of anemic status in white blood cells of goats with gastrointestinal helminthiasis

In order to characterize the anemia and its impact over the white blood cell count (WBC) due to gastrointestinal parasitism, cells blood count (CBC) of 96 adult Saanen goats were performed. Fifty-seven of these goats were anemic. The disease diagnosis was based on the characteristic signals of gastrointestinal parasitism (whitened conjunctival mucous, submandibular edema, loss of weight and bristling hair coat), confirmed by the presence of Trichostrongyloidea eggs in the stool test. The blood samples were collected from the jugular vein using an EDTA siliconized tubes with vacuum. Erythrocyte counts, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, blood indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC), total leukocyte counts, and differential leukocyte count were performed. The goats were divided into four groups based on the magnitude of packed cell volume decrease: (1) goats without anemia, (2) mild anemia, (3) moderate anemia, and (4) severe anemia. Normocytic and normochromic anemia were observed in animals with mild to moderate anemia, while in animals with severe anemia (decreased more than half of normal values of He, Ht, Hb) hypochromic and normocytic anemia was observed. The total number of leukocytes did not change, while the anemic state due to gastrointestinal parasitism determined neutrophilia without a left shift, monocytosis and lymphopenia absolute. It was observed a change of the pattern leukocyte count, which becoming mostly neutrophilic. This reversal was more pronounced as the anemic process became more intense.

Com o intuito de caracterizar a anemia decorrente da verminose gastrintestinal e avaliar as alterações no leucograma, foram realizadas hemogramas de 96 caprinos da raça Saanen adultos, sendo que 57 destes estavam anêmicos. O diagnóstico da enfermidade foi realizado pelos sintomas característicos da doença como mucosas conjuntival esbranquiçadas, edema submandibular, emagrecimento e pelame arrepiado, confirmados por exame de fezes no qual se detectou a presença de ovos da superfamília Trichostrongyloidea. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas por punção da veia jugular, utilizando-se o EDTA como anticoagulante. Realizaram-se as seguintes provas: contagem do numero de hemácias, determinação do volume globular, dosagem de hemoglobina, cálculo dos índices hematimétricos (VCM, HCM e CHCM), contagem do número total de leucócitos e a contagem diferencial de leucócitos, efetuada em esfregaços sanguíneos, corados pelo método de Rosenfeld. Os animais foram divididos em grupos, baseado na magnitude da diminuição do volume globular, (1) animais sem anemia, (2) anemia de grau leve, (3) anemia moderada e (4) anemia intensa. Nos processos anêmicos leves ou moderados a anemia era do tipo normocítico e normocrômico, enquanto nos animais com anemia intensa (diminuição maior que metade dos valores normais de He, Ht, Hb) observou-se anemia do tipo normocítico e hipocrômico. O estado anêmico decorrente da verminose gastrintestinal determinou normoleucocitemia, neutrofilia sem desvio a esquerda, monocitose e linfopenia absoluta. Observou-se inversão do padrão leucocitário, que passou de linfocitário para neutrofílico. Essa inversão acentuou-se à medida que a gravidade da anemia verminótica tornava-se mais intensa.

Avaliação do quadro eritrocitário e da repercussão do estado anêmico no leucograma de caprinos com verminose gastrintestinal / Evaluation of the erythrocyte pattern and the repercussions of anemic status in white blood cells of goats with gastrointestinal helminthiasis

In order to characterize the anemia and its impact over the white blood cell count (WBC) due to gastrointestinal parasitism, cells blood count (CBC) of 96 adult Saanen goats were performed. Fifty-seven of these goats were anemic. The disease diagnosis was based on the characteristic signals of gastrointestinal parasitism (whitened conjunctival mucous, submandibular edema, loss of weight and bristling hair coat), confirmed by the presence of Trichostrongyloidea eggs in the stool test. The blood samples were collected from the jugular vein using an EDTA siliconized tubes with vacuum. Erythrocyte counts, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, blood indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC), total leukocyte counts, and differential leukocyte count were performed. The goats were divided into four groups based on the magnitude of packed cell volume decrease: (1) goats without anemia, (2) mild anemia, (3) moderate anemia, and (4) severe anemia. Normocytic and normochromic anemia were observed in animals with mild to moderate anemia, while in animals with severe anemia (decreased more than half of normal values of He, Ht, Hb) hypochromic and normocytic anemia was observed. The total number of leukocytes did not change, while the anemic state due to gastrointestinal parasitism determined neutrophilia without a left shift, monocytosis and lymphopenia absolute. It was observed a change of the pattern leukocyte count, which becoming mostly neutrophilic. This reversal was more pronounced as the anemic process became more intense.(AU)

Com o intuito de caracterizar a anemia decorrente da verminose gastrintestinal e avaliar as alterações no leucograma, foram realizadas hemogramas de 96 caprinos da raça Saanen adultos, sendo que 57 destes estavam anêmicos. O diagnóstico da enfermidade foi realizado pelos sintomas característicos da doença como mucosas conjuntival esbranquiçadas, edema submandibular, emagrecimento e pelame arrepiado, confirmados por exame de fezes no qual se detectou a presença de ovos da superfamília Trichostrongyloidea. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas por punção da veia jugular, utilizando-se o EDTA como anticoagulante. Realizaram-se as seguintes provas: contagem do numero de hemácias, determinação do volume globular, dosagem de hemoglobina, cálculo dos índices hematimétricos (VCM, HCM e CHCM), contagem do número total de leucócitos e a contagem diferencial de leucócitos, efetuada em esfregaços sanguíneos, corados pelo método de Rosenfeld. Os animais foram divididos em grupos, baseado na magnitude da diminuição do volume globular, (1) animais sem anemia, (2) anemia de grau leve, (3) anemia moderada e (4) anemia intensa. Nos processos anêmicos leves ou moderados a anemia era do tipo normocítico e normocrômico, enquanto nos animais com anemia intensa (diminuição maior que metade dos valores normais de He, Ht, Hb) observou-se anemia do tipo normocítico e hipocrômico. O estado anêmico decorrente da verminose gastrintestinal determinou normoleucocitemia, neutrofilia sem desvio a esquerda, monocitose e linfopenia absoluta. Observou-se inversão do padrão leucocitário, que passou de linfocitário para neutrofílico. Essa inversão acentuou-se à medida que a gravidade da anemia verminótica tornava-se mais intensa.(AU)

Caracterização clínica e laboratorial de cães naturalmente infectados com Trypanosoma cruzi no semiárido nordestino / Clinical and laboratorial characterization of naturally infected Trypanosoma cruzi dogs in the northeastern semi-arid

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, evidenciar os sinais clínicos e laboratoriais desta enfermidade para auxiliar na caracterização da doença de forma natural na área semi-árida da região nordeste. Foram avaliados 10 cães positivos para Trypanosoma cruzi, identificados mediante análises sorológicas de reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) e enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); análise molecular pela Reação em Cadeia Polimerase (PCR), microscopia direta e hemocultura. Os cães chagásicos foram submetidos à avaliação física, verificação da pressão arterial, exames eletrocardiográficos, radiográficos, hematológicos (eritrograma e leucograma) e bioquímicos (ureia, creatinina, ALT, AST, PT, albumina, globulina, CK, CK-MB e cTnI). O exame físico e os valores das pressões arteriais dos cães apresentaram dentro dos parâmetros de normalidade, enquanto que na eletrocardiografia observou-se FC normal com ritmo sinusal, com exceção de um cão, que apresentou taquicardia sinusal (168 bat/min). No ECG de oito cães houve aumento da duração de P (47±6,5ms) sugestivo de aumento atrial, não confirmado radiograficamente. Foi observado supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em um cão. Nos resultados hematológicos constatou-se trombocitopenia (187,4x10³ ±137,2x10³) e anemia (5,0x10(6) ±1,39x10(6)/uL). Os valores médios da hemoglobina (11±2,7g/dL) e do hematócrito (34±10,5%) estavam abaixo dos limites de normalidade. A série branca apresentou-se dentro dos limites de normalidade, com exceção da eosinofilia observada em três cães. Individualmente, registrou-se em dois cães, leucocitose, linfocitose e neutrofilia. Na avaliação bioquímica, registrou-se hiperproteinemia (7,2±0,9g/dL), hipoalbuminemia (2,2±0,4g/dL), hiperglobulinemia (5,1±1,0g/dL) e aumento da CK (196±171U/L). Não houve alteração nas enzimas ALT e AST. A isoenzima CK-MB e o cTnI alteraram somente em três cães. Os cães infectados naturalmente no semiárido nordestino apresentam características relacionáveis à forma crônica indeterminada, ou seja, cães assintomáticos. A identificação dos cães infectados naturalmente sem características patognomônicas da doença de Chagas ressalta a importância desta enfermidade no processo diagnóstico com as demais que manifestam perfis inespecíficos associados ou não às doenças cardiovasculares.

This study aimed to evidence the clinical and laboratorial signs of this disease to help characterize this illness in a natural way in the semiarid in the northeastern region. We evaluated 10 positive for Trypanosoma cruzi dogs, that were identified by serological analysis of immunofluorescence assay (RIFI) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); molecular analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), direct microscopy and blood culture. The chagasic dogs underwent physical examination, electrocardiographic, radiographic, blood pressure, hematology (erythrocyte and leukocyte count) and biochemical exams (urea, creatinine, ALT, AST, PT, albumin, globulin, CK, CK-MB, and cTnl). The physical examination and the blood pressure were presented within the normal range, while in the electrocardiography the FC was observed as normal with a sinus rhythm, with the exception of one dog that presented a sinus tachycardia (168 bat/min). In the ECG of eight dogs there was increase of duration of P (47±6.5ms) suggestive to atrial enlargement, not confirmed in the radiography. A supraunlevelling was observed in the ST segment in one dog. In the hematological results, thrombocytopenia (187.4x10³ ±137.2x10³) and anemia (5.0x10(6) ±1.39x10(6)/ul) were noted. The mean hemoglobin (11 ±2.7g/dL), hematocrit (34±10.5%) were below normal limits. The white series were within normal variation, with the exception of eosinophilia observed in three dogs. Individually, there were two dogs which registered leukocytosis, lymphocytosis and neutrophilia. In the biochemical evaluation there was hyperproteinemia PT=7.2 ±0.9g/dL, hypoalbuminemia (2.2±0.4g/dL), hyperglobulinemia (5.1±1.0g/dL), increased of CK (196+171 U/L) and there was no alteration on ALT and AST enzymes. The CK-MB isoenzymes and cTnI did not change, except in three dogs. We conclude that dogs naturally infected in the northeastern semiarid present characteristics related to indeterminate chronic form (asymptomatic dogs) and that the identification of the naturally infected dogs with no pathognomonic characteristics of the Chagas disease underscores the importance of this illness in the diagnostic process with the other profiles that show nonspecific or not associated to cardiovascular disease.

Caracterização clínica e laboratorial de cães naturalmente infectados com Trypanosoma cruzi no semiárido nordestino / Clinical and laboratorial characterization of naturally infected Trypanosoma cruzi dogs in the northeastern semi-arid

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, evidenciar os sinais clínicos e laboratoriais desta enfermidade para auxiliar na caracterização da doença de forma natural na área semi-árida da região nordeste. Foram avaliados 10 cães positivos para Trypanosoma cruzi, identificados mediante análises sorológicas de reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) e enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); análise molecular pela Reação em Cadeia Polimerase (PCR), microscopia direta e hemocultura. Os cães chagásicos foram submetidos à avaliação física, verificação da pressão arterial, exames eletrocardiográficos, radiográficos, hematológicos (eritrograma e leucograma) e bioquímicos (ureia, creatinina, ALT, AST, PT, albumina, globulina, CK, CK-MB e cTnI). O exame físico e os valores das pressões arteriais dos cães apresentaram dentro dos parâmetros de normalidade, enquanto que na eletrocardiografia observou-se FC normal com ritmo sinusal, com exceção de um cão, que apresentou taquicardia sinusal (168 bat/min). No ECG de oito cães houve aumento da duração de P (47±6,5ms) sugestivo de aumento atrial, não confirmado radiograficamente. Foi observado supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em um cão. Nos resultados hematológicos constatou-se trombocitopenia (187,4x10³ ±137,2x10³) e anemia (5,0x10(6) ±1,39x10(6)/uL). Os valores médios da hemoglobina (11±2,7g/dL) e do hematócrito (34±10,5%) estavam abaixo dos limites de normalidade. A série branca apresentou-se dentro dos limites de normalidade, com exceção da eosinofilia observada em três cães. Individualmente, registrou-se em dois cães, leucocitose, linfocitose e neutrofilia. Na avaliação bioquímica, registrou-se hiperproteinemia (7,2±0,9g/dL), hipoalbuminemia (2,2±0,4g/dL), hiperglobulinemia (5,1±1,0g/dL) e aumento da CK (196±171U/L). Não houve alteração nas enzimas ALT e AST. A isoenzima CK-MB e o cTnI alteraram somente em três cães. Os cães infectados naturalmente no semiárido nordestino apresentam características relacionáveis à forma crônica indeterminada, ou seja, cães assintomáticos. A identificação dos cães infectados naturalmente sem características patognomônicas da doença de Chagas ressalta a importância desta enfermidade no processo diagnóstico com as demais que manifestam perfis inespecíficos associados ou não às doenças cardiovasculares.(AU)

This study aimed to evidence the clinical and laboratorial signs of this disease to help characterize this illness in a natural way in the semiarid in the northeastern region. We evaluated 10 positive for Trypanosoma cruzi dogs, that were identified by serological analysis of immunofluorescence assay (RIFI) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); molecular analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), direct microscopy and blood culture. The chagasic dogs underwent physical examination, electrocardiographic, radiographic, blood pressure, hematology (erythrocyte and leukocyte count) and biochemical exams (urea, creatinine, ALT, AST, PT, albumin, globulin, CK, CK-MB, and cTnl). The physical examination and the blood pressure were presented within the normal range, while in the electrocardiography the FC was observed as normal with a sinus rhythm, with the exception of one dog that presented a sinus tachycardia (168 bat/min). In the ECG of eight dogs there was increase of duration of P (47±6.5ms) suggestive to atrial enlargement, not confirmed in the radiography. A supraunlevelling was observed in the ST segment in one dog. In the hematological results, thrombocytopenia (187.4x10³ ±137.2x10³) and anemia (5.0x10(6) ±1.39x10(6)/ul) were noted. The mean hemoglobin (11 ±2.7g/dL), hematocrit (34±10.5%) were below normal limits. The white series were within normal variation, with the exception of eosinophilia observed in three dogs. Individually, there were two dogs which registered leukocytosis, lymphocytosis and neutrophilia. In the biochemical evaluation there was hyperproteinemia PT=7.2 ±0.9g/dL, hypoalbuminemia (2.2±0.4g/dL), hyperglobulinemia (5.1±1.0g/dL), increased of CK (196+171 U/L) and there was no alteration on ALT and AST enzymes. The CK-MB isoenzymes and cTnI did not change, except in three dogs. We conclude that dogs naturally infected in the northeastern semiarid present characteristics related to indeterminate chronic form (asymptomatic dogs) and that the identification of the naturally infected dogs with no pathognomonic characteristics of the Chagas disease underscores the importance of this illness in the diagnostic process with the other profiles that show nonspecific or not associated to cardiovascular disease.(AU)

Eritrograma de bezerras sadias, da raça Holandesa, no primeiro mês de vida / Erytrogram of healthy female Holstein calves during the first month of life

Com a finalidade de estabelecer valores de referência e de avaliar a influência do fator etário sobre o eritrograma de bezerras sadias, da raça Holandesa, utilizaram-se amostras de sangue de 300 animais, distribuídos por 15 grupos experimentais, de acordo com a idade, no primeiro mês de vida. As variações dos valores médios obtidos para os componentes do eritrograma foram as seguintes: número de hemácias (x10(6)/mm³) = 6,68-7,60, volume globular (%) = 29,80-33,35, taxa de hemoglobina (g/dl) = 9,00-10,43, volume corpuscular médio (fl) = 38,93 47,68, hemoglobina corpuscular média (pg) = 11,75-14,69, concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (%) = 29,53-31,63% e número de reticulócitos (x10³/mm³) = 0,00-11,86. A influência do fator etário provou-se significativa para o volume corpuscular médio, hemoglobina corpuscular média e número de reticulócitos.

In order to establish reference values, and to assess the influence of the age factor on the erytrogram of healthy Holstein calves, blood samples from 300 animals were used, spread over 15 experimental groups, according to age, in the first month of life. Variations of the average values for the components of erytrogram were as follows: number of red blood cells (x10(6)/mm³) = 6.68-7.60, packed cell volume (%) = 29.80-33.35, hemoglobin concentration (g/dl) = 9.00-10.43, mean corpuscular volume (fl) = 38.93-47.68, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (pg) = 11.75-14.69, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (%) = 29.53-31.63% and number of reticulocytes (x10³/mm³) = 0.00-11.86. The influence of the age factor proved to be significant for the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and the number of reticulocytes.

Eritrograma de bezerras sadias, da raça Holandesa, no primeiro mês de vida / Erytrogram of healthy female Holstein calves during the first month of life

Com a finalidade de estabelecer valores de referência e de avaliar a influência do fator etário sobre o eritrograma de bezerras sadias, da raça Holandesa, utilizaram-se amostras de sangue de 300 animais, distribuídos por 15 grupos experimentais, de acordo com a idade, no primeiro mês de vida. As variações dos valores médios obtidos para os componentes do eritrograma foram as seguintes: número de hemácias (x10(6)/mm³) = 6,68-7,60, volume globular (%) = 29,80-33,35, taxa de hemoglobina (g/dl) = 9,00-10,43, volume corpuscular médio (fl) = 38,93 47,68, hemoglobina corpuscular média (pg) = 11,75-14,69, concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (%) = 29,53-31,63% e número de reticulócitos (x10³/mm³) = 0,00-11,86. A influência do fator etário provou-se significativa para o volume corpuscular médio, hemoglobina corpuscular média e número de reticulócitos.(AU)

In order to establish reference values, and to assess the influence of the age factor on the erytrogram of healthy Holstein calves, blood samples from 300 animals were used, spread over 15 experimental groups, according to age, in the first month of life. Variations of the average values for the components of erytrogram were as follows: number of red blood cells (x10(6)/mm³) = 6.68-7.60, packed cell volume (%) = 29.80-33.35, hemoglobin concentration (g/dl) = 9.00-10.43, mean corpuscular volume (fl) = 38.93-47.68, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (pg) = 11.75-14.69, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (%) = 29.53-31.63% and number of reticulocytes (x10³/mm³) = 0.00-11.86. The influence of the age factor proved to be significant for the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and the number of reticulocytes.(AU)

Haematological values of post-laying Arrau turtle (Podocnemis expansa) in the Orinoco River, Venezuela.

The Arrau turtle (Podocnemis expansa) is an endangered species, as a result of long-lasting, unsustainable exploitation. To obtain reference haematological values from the wild Podocnemis expansa during post-laying, 20 turtles were captured in the Orinoco River. Blood was obtained from the dorsal cervical sinus in lithium heparin tubes. Red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), thrombocytes (TC), packed cell volume (PCV), plasmatic protein (PP), haemoglobin (Hgb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and differential leukocyte count were determined. Haematological values were: RBC 0.9×10(9)/L, WBC 5.7×10(9)/L, TC 5.4×10(9)/L, PCV 35.6%, PP 4.2g/dL, Hgb 11.8g/dL, MCV 411fL. The differential leukocyte count comprised: 71% heterophils, 23% lymphocytes, 3% eosinophils, 1.6% basophils, and 1% monocytes. The reports of reference haematology values for the wild P. expansa are limited; therefore, the results presented herein contrast with those values obtained in captivity. This study represents a contribution to the referential haematological values of the wild P. expansa.