The marks of leprosy: disabilities caused by plantar lesions in discharged patients.

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that has a slow evolution and is characterized by dermatoneurological involvement. The health challenges surrounding this disease are closely related to the stigma that results from the physical disabilities it causes. This is due to its high rate of late diagnosis and the peculiar deformities that occur in its advanced stage. Evaluate the clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients with plantar lesions who were treated for leprosy in a dermatology referral unit. This is a cross-sectional exploratory field study that was conducted at the Reference Center in Tropical Dermatology and Venereology Alfredo da Matta (FUHAM), in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. We evaluated 36 patients with disabilities as a result of leprosy and who had plantar lesions. The most common ulcer site was the medial region of the plantar surface, which presented dryness and maceration with yellowish seropurulent exudate, fibrinous tissue and grade 2 depth. The study made it possible to observe the evolution of plantar ulcers resulting from the disease process, then evaluate them and discuss recommendations regarding the treatment and prevention of this type of physical disability.

Epidemiological clinical profile and closure of chronic plantar ulcers in patients with leprosy sequelae undergoing orthopedic surgery in a municipality in western Amazon.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic plantar ulcers in leprosy are lesions resulting from motor and sensory alterations caused by Mycobacterium leprae. They are lesions refractory to conventional dressings and present high recurrence rates. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the epidemiological clinical profile of patients with chronic plantar ulcers associated with bony prominences in the lesion bed and to evaluate the efficacy of orthopedic surgical treatment of these lesions. METHODS: This is a descriptive and analytical retrospective study with the evaluation of medical records of patients undergoing surgical treatment of chronic plantar ulcers from 2008 to 2018. The surgical technique applied consisted of corrective resection of bone prominences and the primary closure of the lesion with bipediculated local flap. RESULTS: 234 patients were submitted to surgery, 55.1% male with an average age of 69.5 years old. Of these, 82.9% were illiterate; and 88.5% with open lesions over 10 years. After surgical treatment, total wound healing occurred in an average time of 12 weeks. The variables that contributed to shorter healing time were: Patients' lower age group; regular use of orthopedic shoes and insoles and dressings performed by nurse aides in health units before surgery. Obesity was the factor that correlated with the delay of healing time. CONCLUSION: A higher incidence was observed in males and male and female illiterate patients. The regular use of shoes and insoles and dressings performed by nurse aides in health units contributed to shorter postoperative healing time. Orthopedic surgical treatment with corrective resection of bony prominences proved to be an efficient therapeutic method for the closure of chronic plantar ulcers. It is a reproducible method, justifying the importance of the orthopedic surgeon in the context of the multidisciplinary team to cope with these complex lesions.

Fatores de risco para a ocorrência das úlceras plantares decorrente da hanseníase / Factors for plantar ulcers caused by leprosy

A hanseníase é doença infectocontagiosa de evolução lenta, causada pelo Mycobacterium leprae. A afinidade do bacilo da hanseníase por células do sistema nervoso periférico acomete, principalmente, os nervos superficiais da pele e dos nervos periféricos, causando neuropatia autonômica, sensitiva e motora que acarreta a diminuição ou ausência da sensibilidade e fraqueza muscular nos olhos, mãos e pés. Se não forem tratadas a tempo, podem provocar o surgimento de incapacidades físicas. Uma das incapacidades físicas mais comuns, vistas na prática clínica, são as úlceras na região plantar, que ocorre devido o comprometimento do nervo tibial, ocasionando déficits motores, sensitivos e autonômicos no trajeto do mesmo. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar os fatores de risco para a ocorrência das úlceras plantares em pacientes diagnosticados com hanseníase no Hospital Eduardo de Menezes da Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais no período de 2005 a 2016. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, do tipo observacional, transversal e analítico. A população foi composta pelos casos de hanseníase notificados no Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, no período de 2005 a 2016. Para a análise univariada foram utilizados os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson ou teste exato de Fisher e teste de Mann-Whitney, com significância estatística de 5% (p < 0,05). Na análise multivariada por meio da árvore de decisão utilizando o algoritmo CHAID. Os resultados mostraram que forma clinica, grau de incapacidade física na alta, nervo acometido e o não uso de palmilhas ou calçado adaptado antes de surgir à úlcera se mostraram fatores de risco para a ocorrência de úlcera plantar. Foi identificado que entre os pacientes com grau de incapacidade 0 na alta, não existem casos de úlcera. Já entre aqueles com grau 1, e a forma clínica é DD ou DV a probabilidade de úlcera aumenta para 8,7%. Os pacientes com grau de incapacidade 2 na alta, nervo acometido tibial ou nervos fibular e tibial, mas que usavam palmilha ou calçado especial tem probabilidade de úlcera de 65,9%. Se o paciente não usava palmilhas ou calçados especiais antes de surgir à úlcera a probabilidade de ocorrência da úlcera aumenta para 95,7%. O presente estudo evidenciou a necessidade do diagnóstico precoce da hanseníase, como também da eficiente associação das intervenções medicamentosas e não medicamentosas por meio das técnicas de prevenção de incapacidade e uso de palmilhas acomodativas e/ou calçados especiais.(AU)

Leprosy is an infecto-contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy bacillus' affinity for neural system cells affects mainly superficial skin nerves and periferal nerve roots, resulting in autonomic, sensitive and motor neuropathy, that leads to reduction or absency of sensitivity, and muscular weaknessin the eyes, hands and feet. If not timely treated, these can result in physical disabilities. Amid the most frequent physical disabilities seen in clinical practice are plantar ulcers, wich are caused by tibial nerve impairement, leading to motor, sensitive and autonomic deficits along tibial nerve trajectory. The objective os the present article was to identify risk factors for plantar ulcers in patients who were diagnosed for leprosy at Eduardo Menezes Hospital, Minas Gerais State Hospital Foundation, from 2005 to 2016. This is an epidemiological, observational, transversal, analytical study.The studied population was made of notified cases of leprosy, diagnosed at Eduardo de Menezes Hospital from 2005 to 2016. Pearson's qui-square, Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney's test, with 5% statistical significancy (p < 0,05), where used for univariate analysis. For multivariate analysis, CHAID algorythm decision tree was used. Results showed that clinical type, physical disability grade at the time of discharge, impaired nerve and absence of use of insoles or adapted shoes before the appearance of ulcers where risk factors for plantar ulcers ocurrence. For patients with 0 disability grade at discharge there where no cases of plantar ulcers. For those with grade 1 disability, clinical type was a relevant risk fator. For patients with grade 1 disability and type V or DT clinical types, probability was also zero. On the other hand, for DD and DV clinical types, probabilities rise up to 8,7%. Patients with grade 2 at discharge with or without fibular or other nerve impairement also have no probability of plantar ulcers ocurrence. AMong patients with grade 2 disability, tibial nerve impairment or both tibial and fibular nerve impairment, but who made use of insoles ou adapted shoes had a 65,9% probability of developing ulcers. In patients who do not use insoles ou special shoes before ulcer formation,probability of developing ulcers rises up to 95,7%. Present study has highlighted the need of early diagnosis of leprosy, and also the need of the use of efficient association of drug and non-drug techniques of disability prevention and use of insoles and/or special shoes.(AU)

[Marjolin's ulcer. A 10 year experience in a diabetic foot unit]. / Úlcera de Marjolin: experiencia de 10 años en una unidad de pie diabético.

BACKGROUND: Marjolin's ulcer is defined as the appearance of a neoplasm within a chronic wound. The most common histological type is squamous. A total of 2 cases treated in our hospital are presented. CLINICAL CASE: Case 1. A 71 year old man who presented with redness and suppuration from the wounds he had in his right foot after an electric shock 40 years earlier. The radiology showed involvement of the 4° and 5° metatarsal. Supracondylar amputation was performed, showing a well-differentiated invasive squamous cell carcinoma. CASE 2: A 56 year old male, paraplegic for 20 years. He was treated due to an infected right heel ulcer, with partial improvement, but the ulcers persisted. Biopsy was performed, reporting as epidermoid carcinoma. Infracondylar amputation was performed. The diagnosis was a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma infiltrating the dermis. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of Marjolin's ulcer is 1.3-2.2% of all ulcers. Diagnosis is difficult, so biopsy is recommended on any suspicious lesion or ulcer that has received conservative treatment for one month without improvement, although this time limit is not clear. The treatment is the surgery. Local excision with a margin of an inch is enough. If the ulcer is extensive, amputation is required. Survival is estimated between 66 and 80% at 2 years, with recurrence rates of 23%. Unfavourable factors are poor tumour differentiation and metástasis, appearing in 20% of cases.

Chronic neuropathic ulcer is not the most common antecedent of lower limb infection or amputation among diabetics admitted to a regional hospital in Jamaica: results from a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Guidelines of the International Consensus on the Diabetic Foot state that "Amputation of the lower extremity or part of it is usually preceded by a foot ulcer". The authors' impression has been that this statement might not be applicable among patients treated in our institution. A prospective cohort study was designed to determine the frequency distribution of antecedents of lower limb infection or gangrene and amputation among adult diabetics admitted to a Regional Hospital in western Jamaica. METHODS: Adult diabetics admitted to Hospital with a primary diagnosis of lower limb infection and/or gangrene were eligible for recruitment for a target sample size of 126. Thirty five variables were assessed for each patient-episode of infection and/or gangrene, main outcome variable being amputation during admission or 6-months follow-up. Primary statistical output is the frequency distribution of antecedents/precipitants of lower limb infection and/or gangrene. The data is interrogated by univariate and multivariable logistic regression for variables statistically associated with the main antecedent/precipitant events. RESULTS: Data for 128 patient-episodes were recorded. Most common antecedents/precipitants, in order of decreasing frequency, were idiopathic acute soft tissue infection/ulceration (30.5%, CI; 22.6-39.2%), chronic neuropathic ulcer (23.4%, CI; 16.4-31.7%), closed puncture wounds (19.5%, CI; 13.1-27.5%) and critical limb ischemia (7.8%, CI; 3.8-13.9%). Variables positively associated with non-traumatic antecedents/precipitants at the 5% level of significance were male gender and non-ulcerative foot deformity for idiopathic acute soft tissue infection/ulcer; diabetes >5 years, previous infection either limb, insulin dependence and peripheral sensory neuropathy for chronic neuropathic ulcer and older age, diabetes >5 years, hypertension, non-palpable distal pulses and ankle-brachial index ≤0.4 for critical limb ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic neuropathic ulcer accounted for only 23.4 % of lower limb infections and 27.7% of amputations in this population of diabetics, making it the second most common antecedent of either after acute idiopathic soft tissue infection/ulcer at 30.5 and 34.7% respectively. Trauma as a group (defined as closed puncture wounds, lacerations, contusion/blunt trauma and burns) also accounted for a greater number of lower limb infections but fewer amputations than chronic neuropathic ulcer, at 32 and 19.5% respectively.

Risco à ulceração nos pés de diabéticos: estudo transversal / Ulceration risk in diabetic feet: a cross-sectional study / Riesgo de ulceración en los pies de diabéticos: estudio transversal

OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência do risco à ulceração nos pés de pessoas com diabetes mellitus (DM) residentes em área rural. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, realizado com 293 pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e idade superior a 40 anos, considerando as características socioeconômicas, demográficas, dados clínicos e estilo de vida. A coleta de dados foi realizada mediante entrevista, análise de prontuário e exame clínico dos pés. RESULTADO: O risco à ulceração foi encontrado em 37,2% no pé direito e 35,8% no pé esquerdo, predominando o grau de risco 2. A idade avançada, o baixo nível educacional, o uso de insulina e as outras complicações crônicas do DM foram fatores associados à maior prevalência de risco a ulceração nos pés. CONCLUSÃO: Evidenciou-se a necessidade de implementação de ações que considerem as especificidades das populações rurais, principalmente no que se refere à mudança no estilo de vida para o controle do DM.

AIM: To identify the prevalence of ulceration risk in the feet of people with diabetes mellitus (DM) living in rural areas. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted with 293 people suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus and older than 40 years, considering their socio-economic, demographic and clinical characteristics and lifestyle. Data collection was carried out through interviews, medical record analysis and clinical examination of the feet. RESULT: There was a risk of ulceration on the right foot in 37.2% of the cases and 35.8% in the left foot, and degree 2 risk was predominant. Complications such as greater age, low levels of education, the use of insulin and other chronic issues related to DM were factors associated with a higher prevalence of ulceration risk with regard to the feet. CONCLUSION: The need to implement action that considers the specifics of rural populations was evident, especially with regard to changes in lifestyle in order to control the DM.

OBJETIVO: Identificar la prevalencia del riesgo de ulceración en los pies de personas con diabetes mellitus (DM) residentes en área rural. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal, realizado con 293 personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y edad superior a 40 años, considerando las características socioeconómicas, demográficas, datos clínicos y estilo de vida. La colecta de datos fue realizada mediante entrevista, análisis de historia clínica y examen clínico de los pies. RESULTADO: El riesgo de ulceración fue encontrado en 37,2% en el pie derecho y 35,8% en el pie izquierdo, predominando el grado de riesgo 2. La edad avanzada, el bajo nivel educacional, el uso de insulina y las otras complicaciones crónicas de la DM fueron factores asociados a la mayor prevalencia de riesgo a ulceración en los pies. CONCLUSIÓN: Se evidenció la necesidad de implementación de acciones que consideren las especificidades de las poblaciones rurales, principalmente en lo que se refiere al cambio en el estilo de vida para el control de la DM.

Lower-extremity amputation risk is associated with variation in behavioral risk factor surveillance system responses.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether regional variation in the rate of lower-extremity amputation (LEA) is associated with health behaviors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional prevalence study of merged data from the U.S. Census, Medicare parts A and B, and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We used regression models to determine whether previously described regional variation in LEA incidence was associated with responses to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Regions were created using Dartmouth Atlas Health Referral Regions. RESULTS: The mean and median incidence of LEA was 4.5 per 1,000 persons with diabetes; the rate varied from 2.4 to 7.9 LEA per 1,000 persons by health referral region. Statistically significant inverse associations were found between LEA and the rate of patients reporting colorectal screening (P < 0.0001) or the participation in diabetes management classes (P = 0.018). Most other factors, including daily foot evaluations, were not associated with a decreased risk of LEA. These findings were also found to be associated with geographically clustered regions known for increased risk of LEA. CONCLUSIONS: LEA is known to vary by region in the U.S., and regions with higher rates of LEA tend to be clustered together. Some of this variation may be explained by health behaviors in those regions, such as attending diabetes education classes or better health prevention habits (e.g., colon cancer screening). It should be possible to prevent unwanted LEAs by educating individuals with diabetes and foot ulcers about the need for participation in foot ulcer treatment.

Associations between hoof lesions and locomotion score in 1098 unsound dairy cows.

To investigate the association between locomotion score and types of hoof lesion, cows from 91 selected dairy herds in southern Chile were studied. The locomotion score was recorded for all of the lactating cows (n=10,699). The mean prevalence of lame cows, when all locomotion scores >1 were included was 33.2% in large herds and 28.7% in small herds. There were 39.7%, 42%, 17.9% and 0.4% cows with locomotion scores of 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Feet (with locomotion scores representative of all severities of lameness) were examined on 676 cows from 34 large herds and 422 cows from 57 small herds. The prevalence of lesions by type ranged from 65% of cattle with at least one white line lesion to 2% of cattle with an interdigital growth. The lesions linked with increasingly poor locomotion were sole ulcer, double sole and interdigital purulent inflammation. There was correlation between claw skin lesions and also between sole ulcer and double sole within cows. It was concluded that the presence of a lesion does not imply that it is necessarily associated with increasing locomotion score. The lack of association between certain lesions and poor locomotion scores indicates either that these lesions are causing different severities of lameness, or that the case definitions used were not sufficiently precise. Locomotion score may not be sensitive enough to detect all lesions (and possibly discomfort).

Diabetic foot disease and foot care in a Caribbean community.

We estimated the prevalence of foot symptoms and disease and evaluated foot care practices in a primary care based sample including 2106 people with diabetes in Trinidad. Symptoms of neuropathy were reported by 1030 (49%), previous foot ulceration by 257 (12%), and amputation by 92 (4%). Previous foot ulceration was associated with longer duration of diabetes (odds ratio 1.05, (95% CI 1.04-1.06) per year) and greater severity of neuropathy symptoms (1.17 (1.10-1.24) per unit increase in score). A history of foot ulceration gave relative odds of amputation of 16.3 (8.1-32.9). In those with previous foot ulceration, 120 (47%) went barefoot in the home, and 44 (17%) went barefoot outside the house. Overall, 1491 (71%) subjects reported they cut their toenails themselves, help was provided by a friend or relative to 584 (28%) and by a nurse or chiropodist to 13 ( < 1%). Most patients (1320, 63%) reported that they would treat a cut or blister on the foot themselves, while only 650 (31%) would attend for health care. Diabetic foot disease is common but care practices predispose to foot injury. Implementation of a strategy to improve care of the feet is needed.