Histopathological findings and diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis, confirmed by PCR, in an endemic region of Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is difficult, and the correct use of histopathological criteria can be useful in clinical practice. The present study evaluates the association between histopathological findings and the results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in clinically suspected cases of CL. METHODOLOGY: Skin samples were received in a laboratory from an endemic region of Brazil for over nine years. Associations were analyzed by means of the Chi square test with a 5% level of significance. RESULTS: Of the 222 examined samples, 190 (85.6%) tested positive by PCR. All 25 cases identified by microscopic examination also tested positive by PCR. Except for the more intense inflammatory infiltrate, all other evaluated histological variables (ulceration, epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, presence of granuloma, neutrophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, plasmocytes, and necrosis) were not significantly associated with PCR positivity. CONCLUSIONS: The intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate is a good indicator of the occurrence of CL. Histopathological aspects are useful to increase the predictive values of CL diagnoses, but PCR is still necessary to confirm or exclude the disease.

Tuberculosis of the breast: a rare extra-pulmonary presentation of tuberculosis.

INTRODUCTION: Breast tuberculosis (TB) is a rare extra-pulmonary presentation of tuberculosis. In the western world, this accounts for less than 0.1% of breast conditions (all breast conditions, not limited to TB or extra-pulmonary TB), but can be up to 3-4% in regions endemic for TB such as in Africa and Asia. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a 54-year- old human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive lady who presented with six months history of multiple masses on the left breast which were initially suspected to be cancer of the breast. However, histology report of the mass confirmed TB of the breast. CONCLUSIONS: Presentation of TB can be non-specific and atypical in patients with HIV infection, especially when it presents in extra-pulmonary forms.

Ameliorative Potential of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Versus Prednisolone in a Rat Model of Lung Fibrosis: A Histological, Immunohistochemical, and Biochemical Study.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease of unknown origin with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. The encouraging findings from preclinical investigations utilizing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) indicated that they could serve as a promising therapeutic alternative for managing chronic lung conditions, such as IPF. The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) versus prednisolone, the standard anti-inflammatory medication, in rats with bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis. Four groups were created: a control group, a BLM group, a prednisolone-treated group, and a BM-MSCs-treated group. To induce lung fibrosis, 5 mg/kg of BLM was administered intratracheally. BLM significantly increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers. The disturbed lung structure was also revealed by light and transmission electron microscopic studies. Upregulation in the immune expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor beta-1, and Bax was demonstrated. Interestingly, all findings significantly regressed on treatment with prednisolone and BM-MSCs. However, treatment with BM-MSCs showed better results than with prednisolone. In conclusion, BM-MSCs could be a promising approach for managing lung fibrosis.

Histochemical and ultrastructural localization of triterpene saponins in Medicago truncatula.

In the Medicago genus, saponins are complex mixtures of triterpene pentacyclic glycosides extensively studied for their different and economically relevant biological and pharmaceutical properties. This research is aimed at determining for the first time the tissue and cellular localization of triterpene saponins in vegetative organs of Medicago truncatula, a model plant species for legumes, by histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that saponins are present mainly in the palisade mesophyll layer of leaves, whereas in stems they are mostly located in the primary phloem and the subepidermal cells of cortical parenchyma. In root tissue, saponins occur in the secondary phloem region. Transmission electron microscopy revealed prominent saponin accumulation within the leaf and stem chloroplasts, while in the roots the saponins are found in the vesicular structures. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy to localize M. truncatula saponins at tissue and cellular levels and provide important information for further studies on biosynthesis and regulation of valuable bioactive saponins on agronomic relevant Medicago spp., such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The Medicago genus represents a valuable rich source of saponins, one of the most interesting groups of secondary plant metabolites, which possess relevant biological and pharmacological properties. Plant tissue and cellular localization of saponins is of great importance to better understand their biological functions, biosynthetic pathway, and regulatory mechanisms. We elucidate the localization of saponins in Medicago truncatula with histochemical and transmission electron microscopy studies.

Developmental events in the mandibular salivary gland of Indian sheep (Ovis aries): Morphological and histochemical studies.

At 22nd day of fetal development, the primordial anlage of mandibular gland was first noticed as a solid epithelial bud from oral epithelium. The terminal buds were arranged in the form of clusters with undifferentiated epithelial cells and terminated in a bulb like structure in 28-day-old fetus. The lumenization and branching of the main cord was noticed at 35th day. The primary septa, which divide the glandular mass into lobes was observed from 53rd day onwards which resulted in the formation of distinct lobulation at 58th day. At 61st day, the capsule formation was initiated by the aggregation of mesenchymal tissue. The terminal tubules differentiated to form the secretory end pieces and the tubular portion leads to the formation of intercalated and striated ducts at 98th day. Predominantly mucous types of acinar cells were seen from 108th day onwards. The number of lobules increased with steep increase in parenchyma from 128th day onwards. Micrometrical studies revealed that the mean diameter of acinar cells and all ducts was increased with the advancement of age and the significant differences were observed between groups. Localization of acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides was observed in mucous cells and goblet cells. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The primordial anlage of mandibular salivary gland was seen at 22nd day. Lobulation of gland was appeared at 53rd day of development, however; it was completed at 58th day. At 98th day, the terminal tubules differentiated to form the secretory end pieces. The parenchyma of the gland showed predominantly mucous type of cells from 108th day onwards. Myoepithelial cells were first appeared as flattened basal cells initially around the developing acinar cells at 132nd day. Localization of acidic as well as neutral mucopolysaccharides was observed in mucous cells and goblet cells. Fine lipid droplets were observed in intralobular as well as interlobular connective tissue, however; phospholipids were observed in the cell membrane of secretory cells and ducts.

Sliding Window Optimal Transport for Open World Artifact Detection in Histopathology.

Histological images are frequently impaired by local artifacts from scanner malfunctions or iatrogenic processes - caused by preparation - impacting the performance of Deep Learning models. Models often struggle with the slightest out-of-distribution shifts, resulting in compromised performance. Detecting artifacts and failure modes of the models is crucial to ensure open-world applicability to whole slide images for tasks like segmentation or diagnosis. We introduce a novel technique for out-of-distribution detection within whole slide images, compatible with any segmentation or classification model. Our approach tiles multi-layer features into sliding window patches and leverages optimal transport to align them with recognized in-distribution samples. We average the optimal transport costs over tiles and layers to detect out-of-distribution samples. Notably, our method excels in identifying failure modes that would harm downstream performance, surpassing contemporary out-of-distribution detection techniques. We evaluate our method for both natural and synthetic artifacts, considering distribution shifts of various sizes and types. The results confirm that our technique outperforms alternative methods for artifact detection. We assess our method components and the ability to negate the impact of artifacts on the downstream tasks. Finally, we demonstrate that our method can mitigate the risk of performance drops in downstream tasks, enhancing reliability by up to 77%. In testing 7 annotated whole slide images with natural artifacts, our method boosted the Dice score by 68%, highlighting its real open-world utility.

Characterization of Crude and Processed Pulp Cell Walls of Three Selected Mamey Accessions (Mammea americana L.).

Mamey (Mammea americana L.) is a tropical fleshy fruit native from the West Indies and northern South America. It is very appreciated for its flavor and color but has been little described. The present study investigates the composition and histochemistry of the pulp cell walls of three mamey accessions readily available in Martinique. The impact of pulp processing into puree on cell wall composition is evaluated. The histology and rheology of mamey puree are assessed considering these characterizations. Mamey pulp cell wall composition is dominated by highly methyl-esterified pectins (DM: 66.2-76.7%) of high molecular weight, and show few hemicelluloses, mainly xyloglucans. Processing reduced methyl-esterified uronic acid contents and gave purees with significantly different viscosities. Mamey puree was composed of polydisperse particles (20-2343 µm), which size distributions were different depending on the accession: Ti Jacques was dominated by smaller particles (50% had approximated diameters lower than 160 µm), Sonson's by larger particles (50% had approximated diameters higher than 900 µm), and Galion's had an intermediate profile. This new knowledge on mamey pulp is valuable for future works on mamey processing into new food products, even more so for those including cell wall polysaccharide-degrading enzymes.

Lectins As Effective Tools in the Study of the Biliary Network and the Parenchymal Architecture of the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Liver.

Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins with specific affinity to glycoconjugates expressed in various tissues. Lectins are of substantial utility as research, histochemical, and diagnostic tools in mammalian systems. Reactivity of 12 commonly used plant-based lectins was studied in zebrafish liver. Four lectins, tomato lectin (TL), wheat germ agglutinin, concanavalin A, and Jacalin showed strong reactivity to hepatic parenchymal structures. Importantly, TL reacted to glycoconjugates within segments of the larval and adult intrahepatic biliary network, from canaliculi to bile ducts. We provide evidence that lectins can serve as important histochemical tools to investigate the structural and functional characteristics of the zebrafish liver.

A rare case report of liver masses caused by Actinomyces species.

Actinomycosis is a rare infection caused by Actinomyces spp. Of all actinomycosis infections, only 5% of Hepatic Actinomycosis (HA) infection has been reported. This disease is often misdiagnosed as a malignancy. This case report presents a 45-year-old woman with diabetes, initially suspected of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, but after careful tissue staining, we found the results supported HA infection.

A Comprehensive Study of Meningioma Biomineralization: Morphological, Crystallographic, and Immunohistochemical Aspects.

Biomineralization of brain tissues occurs both in normal and pathological conditions. Dura mater biomineralization is widespread and occurs in 1-72% of cases, depending on the patient's age and research method. The amount of biomineral deposits under the conditions of tumor growth in the meninges only increases, reaching 100% in the case of psammomatous meningiomas. Since calcifications are often found in the meninges, the problem of differential diagnosis with calcified meningiomas arises. A total of 30 samples of meningiomas with signs of biomineralization-dense structure, characteristic crunch, psammoma bodies (group I) and 30 samples of meningiomas without any signs of biomineralization were examined as controls (group II). To detect pathological biomineralization, the meningioma tissue was studied using the methods of macroscopic description, histology, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy with microanalysis, and transmission electron microscopy. A significantly higher level of caspase3 and features of the expression of osteoblastic markers (a lower level of OPG expression and a higher level of the presence of RANKL in group I, the absence of fluctuations in the expression of SPARC) may indicate a dystrophic type of development of biomineral deposits in meningiomas.

Histopathology Image Classification With Noisy Labels via The Ranking Margins.

Clinically, histopathology images always offer a golden standard for disease diagnosis. With the development of artificial intelligence, digital histopathology significantly improves the efficiency of diagnosis. Nevertheless, noisy labels are inevitable in histopathology images, which lead to poor algorithm efficiency. Curriculum learning is one of the typical methods to solve such problems. However, existing curriculum learning methods either fail to measure the training priority between difficult samples and noisy ones or need an extra clean dataset to establish a valid curriculum scheme. Therefore, a new curriculum learning paradigm is designed based on a proposed ranking function, which is named The Ranking Margins (TRM). The ranking function measures the 'distances' between samples and decision boundaries, which helps distinguish difficult samples and noisy ones. The proposed method includes three stages: the warm-up stage, the main training stage and the fine-tuning stage. In the warm-up stage, the margin of each sample is obtained through the ranking function. In the main training stage, samples are progressively fed into the networks for training, starting from those with larger margins to those with smaller ones. Label correction is also performed in this stage. In the fine-tuning stage, the networks are retrained on the samples with corrected labels. In addition, we provide theoretical analysis to guarantee the feasibility of TRM. The experiments on two representative histopathologies image datasets show that the proposed method achieves substantial improvements over the latest Label Noise Learning (LNL) methods.

First confirmed case of equine pythiosis in Northern Veracruz, Mexico.

A clinical case of an adult horse with invasive, ulcerative, proliferative, pyogranulomatous disease of the skin (tumor) in the shoulder region is presented. The mass had a granulomatous and crater-shaped appearance, with serosanguinous discharge and the presence of fistulas with caseous material. The tumor was removed by surgery and sent to the laboratory for diagnosis. Histopathology was performed using Grocott-Gomori methenamine silver stain. The presence of necrotic material, fibrosis, infiltrated cells, and brown-colored hyphae, characteristic of members of the genus Pythium, were observed. To identify the infecting species, conventional PCRs for the amplification of the ITS-1 was carried out. Histopathological and PCR tests confirmed infection by a Pythium insidiosum strain closely associated with previous records from the US and Central America. Our report represents the first molecularly confirmed case of equine pythiosis in Mexico.

Exsanguinated to death by a perforated duodenal ulcer: Masquerader apprehended on autopsy.

ABSTRACT: Gastroduodenal perforation commonly due to spontaneous perforation of a pre-existing peptic ulcer is a surgical emergency. On laparotomy, approximately 60%-70% perforations are duodenal and 15%-20% gastric. The most prevalent etiology are Helicobacter pylori infection in 65%-70% and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) abuse in 30%-50% cases depending on the prevalence of H. pylori infection. We report here the autopsy findings in a 29-year-old male who collapsed suddenly in the emergency room of our hospital after a bout of massive hematemesis.