Shoeshine maneuver for cystic duct dissection: a simple technique to make Calot-triangle dissection smooth.

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, introduced in 1985 by Prof. Dr. Erich Mühe, has become the gold standard for treating chronic symptomatic calculous cholecystopathy and acute cholecystitis, with an estimated 750,000 procedures performed annually in the United States of America. The risk of iatrogenic bile duct injury persists, ranging from 0.2 to 1.3%. Risk factors include male gender, obesity, acute cholecystitis, previous hepatobiliary surgery, and anatomical variations in Calot's triangle. Strategies to mitigate bile duct injury include the Critical View of Safety and fundus-first dissection, along with intraoperative cholangiography and alternative approaches like subtotal cholecystectomy. METHODS: This paper introduces the shoeshine technique, a maneuver designed to achieve atraumatic exposure of anatomical structures, local hemostatic control, and ease of infundibulum mobilization. This technique involves the use of a blunt dissection tool and gauze to create traction and enhance visibility in Calot's triangle, particularly beneficial in cases of severe inflammation. Steps include using the critical view of safety and Rouviere's sulcus line for orientation, followed by careful dissection and traction with gauze to maintain stability and reduce the risk of instrument slippage. RESULTS: The technique, routinely used by the authors in over 2000 cases, has shown to enhance patient safety and reduce bile duct injury risks. CONCLUSION: The shoeshine technique represents a simple and easy way to apply maneuver that can help surgeon during laparoscopic cholecystectomies exposing the hepatocystic area and promote blunt dissection.

Preoperative promestriene for hysteroscopy: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Intraoperative complications of hysteroscopy, such as the creation of a false passage, cervix dilatation failure, and uterine perforation, may require suspension of the procedure. Some patients refuse a new procedure, which delays the diagnosis of a possible serious uterine pathology. For this reason, it is essential to develop strategies to increase the success rate of hysteroscopy. Some authors suggest preoperative use of topical estrogen for postmenopausal patients. This strategy is common in clinical practice, but studies demonstrating its effectiveness are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cervical preparation with promestriene on the incidence of complications in postmenopausal women undergoing surgical hysteroscopy. METHODS: This is a double-blind clinical trial involving 37 postmenopausal patients undergoing surgical hysteroscopy. Participants used promestriene or placebo vaginally daily for 2 weeks and then twice a week for another 2 weeks until surgery. RESULTS: There were 2 out of 14 (14.3%) participants with complications in the promestriene group and 4 out of 23 (17.4%) participants in the placebo group (p=0.593). The complications were difficult cervical dilation, cervical laceration, and vaginal laceration. CONCLUSION: Cervical preparation with promestriene did not reduce intraoperative complications in postmenopausal patients undergoing surgical hysteroscopy.

Mesentery-Sparing Technique: a New Intracorporeal Approach for Urinary Diversion in Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) with intracorporeal urinary diversion (ICUD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We present an alternative technique that preserves the complete mesenteric vascularization during the isolation of the intestinal segment used in ICUD, including distal vessels. This approach aims to minimize the risk of ischemia in both the ileal anastomosis and the isolated loop at the diversion site. METHODS: This cohort study included 31 patients, both male and female, who underwent RARC with ICUD from February 2018 to November 2023, performed by a single surgeon. Intraoperative and postoperative complications data were retrieved for analysis, employing our proposed mesentery-sparing technique in all cases. The primary endpoint was the incidence of intraoperative and postoperative complications directly attributable to the mesentery-sparing approach in ICUD. Secondary endpoints included other postoperative variables not directly related to mesentery preservation, such as the incidence of postoperative ileus requiring parenteral nutrition and the duration of hospitalization. RESULTS: None of the patients experienced intraoperative or postoperative complications directly related to mesentery-sparing, such as intestinal fistulae or internal hernias. The median duration of hospitalization was 6 days, and postoperative ileus necessitating total parenteral nutrition occurred in 19% of the patients. Minor complications (Clavien-Dindo grades I-II) accounted for 27.6% of the cases and major complications (grades III-V) accounted for 20.6%. CONCLUSION: The mesentery-sparing technique outlined herein offers an alternative method for preserving the vascularization of intestinal segments and reducing the risk of intestinal complications in ICUD during RARC.

Avaliação do colírio de brimonidina 0, 2% em comparação à nafazolina 0,025% + feniramina 0,3% nas cirurgias de estrabismo / Evaluation of 0.2% brimonidine eye drops compared to 0.025% naphazoline + 0.3% pheniramine in strabismus surgery

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do colírio de brimonidina 0,2% na redução da hiperemia e do sangramento ocular durante as cirurgias de estrabismo, em comparação com o colírio de nafazolina 0,025% + feniramina 0,3%. Métodos: Foram avaliados 14 pacientes com estrabismo e indicação de correção cirúrgica bilateral. Foi instilado antes do procedimento, de forma aleatória, um colírio em cada olho dos pacientes avaliados. A análise subjetiva da hiperemia conjuntival e do sangramento perioperatório foi realizada de forma duplo-cega, por dois cirurgiões. A avaliação objetiva do nível de hiperemia conjuntival foi realizada por análise das imagens obtidas por meio do software ImageJ®. Resultados: A análise de modelos multivariados de efeito misto indicou diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos em relação à hiperemia (avaliador 2) e ao sangramento intraoperatório (avaliadores 1 e 2), com maiores escores nos casos tratados com colírio de nafazolina + feniramina. Entretanto, não houve diferença estatística na análise objetiva realizada por meio da saturação de cores obtidas pelo programa ImageJ®. Conclusão: O colírio de brimonidina pode ser superior ao colírio de nafazolina + feniramina na redução do sangramento, levando-se em conta apenas a análise subjetiva.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of 0.2% brimonidine eye drops in reducing hyperemia and ocular bleeding during strabismus surgeries, in comparison with 0.025% naphazoline + 0.3% pheniramine eye drops. Methods: Fourteen patients with strabismus and indication for bilateral surgical correction were evaluated. Before the procedure, the eye drops were instilled randomly in each eye of the evaluated patients. The subjective analysis of conjunctival hyperemia and perioperative bleeding was performed in a double-blind manner, by 02 surgeons. The objective assessment of the level of conjunctival hyperemia was performed by analyzing the images obtained using the ImageJ® software. Results: The analysis of multivariate mixed effect models indicated statistically significant differences between the groups in relation to hyperemia (rater 2) and intraoperative bleeding (raters 1 and 2) with higher scores in cases treated with naphazoline + pheniramine eye drops. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the objective analysis of color saturation obtained by the ImageJ® program. Conclusion: Brimonidine eye drops may be superior to naphazoline + pheniramine eye drops in reducing bleeding, taking into account the subjective analysis only.

Effect of fentanyle versus dexamethasone on shoulder tip pain during laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy under spinal anaesthesia / Omalgia luego de quistectomía ovárica laparoscópica, efecto de fentanyl comparado con dexametasona

BACKGROUND: General anesthesia (GA) was the usual anesthetic technique used for laparoscopic interventions, however regional anesthesia in the laparoscopic field started to gain familiarity. Shoulder pain is a major intraoperative problem that might hinder facilitation of laparoscopic interventions under spinal anesthesia. AIM OF THE STUDY: Evaluate the effect of intrathecal addition of dexamethasone versus fentanyl on incidence and severity of intraoperative shoulder tip pain during gynecological laparoscopic asurgeries. Methods: 120 patients, were randomly assigned into three groups. Group D: 40 patients received 15 mg bupivacaine and 8 mg dexamethasone intrathecally. Group F: 40 patients received 15 mg bupivacaine and 25 pg fentanyle intrathecally. Group C: 40 patients received 15 mg bupivacaine and normal saline intrathecally. RESULTS: Number of patients who experienced intraoperative shoulder pain was significantly lower in Group F (17) and Group D (19) than Group C (31); P = 0.008. with no ststistical difference detected between Group D and C (p value 1). Only 2 patients in Group D and F suffered moderate pain intensity in comparison to 9 patients in Group C; P =0.02. Incidence of postspinal shivering was lower in Group D and F in comparison to Group C; P 0.02. CONCLUSION: Intrathecal dexamethasone is as effective as intrathecal fentanyle in reducing incidence and severity of shoulder tip pain during laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy under spinal anesthesia.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La anestesia general (AG) era la técnica anestésica habitual utilizada para las intervenciones laparoscópicas, sin embargo, la anestesia regional en el campo laparoscópico comenzó a ganar familiaridad. El dolor de hombro es un problema intraoperatorio importante que podría dificultar la facilitación de las intervenciones laparoscópicas bajo anestesia espinal. OBJETIVO DEL ESTUDIO: Evaluar el efecto de la adición intratecal de dexametasona versus fentanilo sobre la incidencia y severidad del dolor intraoperatorio en la punta del hombro durante cirugías laparoscópicas ginecológicas. MÉTODOS: 120 pacientes, fueron asignados aleatoriamente en tres grupos. Grupo D: 40 pacientes recibieron 15 mg de bupivacaína y 8 mg de dexametasona por vía intratecal. Grupo F: 40 pacientes recibieron 15 mg de bupivacaína y 25 pg de fentanilo por vía intratecal. Grupo C: 40 pacientes recibieron 15 mg de bupivacaína y solución salina normal por vía intratecal. RESULTADOS: El número de pacientes que experimentaron dolor de hombro intraoperatorio fue significativamente menor en el Grupo F (17) y el Grupo D (19) que en el Grupo C (31); P = 0,008. sin diferencia estadística detectada entre el Grupo D y C (valor de p 1). Solo 2 pacientes del Grupo D y F sufrieron dolor de intensidad moderada en comparación con 9 pacientes del Grupo C; P = 0,02. La incidencia de escalofríos posespinales fue menor en el Grupo D y F en comparación con el Grupo C; P 0,02. CONCLUSIÓN: La dexametasona intratecal es tan eficaz como el fentanilo intratecal para reducir la incidencia y la gravedad del dolor en la punta del hombro durante la cistectomía ovárica laparoscópica bajo anestesia espinal.

Intubación guiada por ultrasonido en vía aérea difícil. A propósito de un caso / Intubation guided by ultrasound in difficult airway. About a case

Proper management of the airway as anesthesiologists is essential to avoid respiratory complications and the development of new technologies has allowed every day the possibility of a safer anesthetic management, this is how ultrasound has had great relevance today, since it allows perform increasingly safe and effective procedures, allowing the detection of anatomical altera- tions that together with clinical measurements give us predictability of the difficult airway, since it allows us to identify thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, cricoid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, tracheal cartilage and esophagus. The clinical case of a male is presented in which multiple predictors of difficult airway are reported, due to the presence of a malignant tumor in the left mandibular body scheduled for surgical resection, in whom an evaluation of the anatomical structures was performed to rule out airway malformations with ultrasound visualization with the use of a high frequency linear transducer configured for superficial tissues in axial approach, later in real time it was used to corroborate successful intubation; Therefore, the use of ultrasound allows a more efficient management to be carried out in the approach of the difficult airway in this patient, which confirms the usefulness of this method as described in the consulted literature.

El manejo adecuado de la vía aérea como anestesiólogos es fundamental para evitar complicaciones respiratorias, y el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías ha permitido cada día la posibilidad de un manejo anestésico más seguro. Es así como el ultrasonido ha tenido gran relevancia en la actualidad, ya que permite realizar procedimientos cada vez más seguros y efectivos, permitiendo detectar alteraciones anatómicas que, junto con mediciones clínicas, nos otorga predictibilidad de la vía aérea difícil, dado que nos permite identificar cartílago tiroideo, epiglotis, cartílago cricoides, membrana cricotiroidea, cartílagos traqueales y esófago. Se expone el caso clínico de un masculino en que se reportan múltiples predictores de vía aérea difícil, por la presencia de tumor maligno en cuerpo mandibular izquierdo, programado para resección quirúrgica, en quien se realizó evaluación de las estructuras anatómicas para descartar malformaciones de la vía aérea con visualización ecográfica con el uso de transductor lineal de alta frecuencia, configurado para tejidos superficiales en abordaje axial. Posteriormente, en tiempo real, se utilizado para corroborar intubación exitosa; por lo cual el uso de ultrasonido permite ejecutar un manejo más eficaz en el abordaje de la vía aérea difícil en este paciente, lo cual confirma la utilidad de este método como se describe en la literatura consultada.

Optimizando el uso de tubo orotraqueal y máscara laríngea en paciente pediátrico / Orotracheal tube and Laryngeal mask airway in the pediatric patient optimizing it's use

Managing a pediatric patient is a challenge for the anesthesiologist. Optimizing the use of airway devices through solving common questions among general anesthesiologists turns out to be a way of improving and maximizing de safety we offer our patients, reducing de occurrence of the most common complications the pediatric patient has, which are respiratory complications.

El enfrentamiento del paciente pediátrico supone un desafío para el anestesiólogo. En este contexto el optimizar el uso de los dispositivos de vía aérea, resolviendo dudas muy frecuentes entre los anestesiólogos generales, supone una practica que aumenta la seguridad de nuestros pacientes, reduciendo las complicaciones mas frecuentes en ellos que son las complicaciones respiratorias.

Enfoque perioperatorio de la insuficiencia suprarrenal en el contexto de un paciente con síndrome poliglandular: Reporte de caso / Adrenal Insufficiency in a patient with polyglandular syndrome perioperative management

Adrenal insufficiency is a deficiency in the secretion of steroid hormones, mainly glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland. It can be classified in primary when the alteration occurs at the level of the adrenal gland; or secondary, due to a central defect that compromises corticotropin (ACTH) or corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion. Adrenergic suppression and compromised response to stress characteristic of patients with adrenal deficiency constitute a potentially fatal clinical condition, especially in operating rooms, where it becomes a challenge for the entire surgical team, particularly the anesthesiologist, where is essential to carry out a comprehensive pre-anesthetic assessment, creating an anesthetic plan focused on correct adrenergic substitution, which is decisive in the patient's prognosis.

La insuficiencia suprarrenal es una entidad caracterizada por una deficiencia en la secreción de hormonas esteroideas, principalmente glucocorticoides desde la glándula adrenal. Se puede clasificar en primaria cuando la alteración se produce a nivel de la glándula adrenal; o secundaria, debido a un defecto central que compromete la secreción de corticotropina (ACTH), o de hormona liberadora de corticotropina (CRH). La supresión adrenérgica y el compromiso en la respuesta ante el estrés característica en los pacientes con déficit adrenal, constituye una condición clínica potencialmente mortal, especialmente en salas de cirugía, donde se convierte en un desafío para todo el equipo quirúrgico en particular el anestesiólogo, donde es imprescindible realizar una valoración preanestésica integral creando un plan anestésico enfocado en la correcta suplencia adrenérgica que es determinante en el pronóstico del paciente.

Complicaciones intraoperatorias en cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal en Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital del Salvador, revisión en los últimos 10 años / Intraoperative complications in endoscopic sinus surgery in otorhinolaryngology service at Hospital del Salvador, review in the last 10 years

Introducción: La cirugía endoscópica nasal (CEN) corresponde a una técnica quirúrgica mínimamente invasiva. Ha disminuido la morbimortalidad secundaria al acto quirúrgico. Pese a esto, no está exenta de riesgos y sus complicaciones pueden variar en severidad desde leves hasta catastróficas, siendo la hemorragia nasal la más frecuente. Objetivo: Analizar las complicaciones intraoperatorias, factores asociados a complicaciones y manejo en nuestra realidad local. Material y Método: Estudio retrospectivo, revisión de protocolos operatorios de pacientes atendidos en el Hospital del Salvador entre los años 2009 y 2019. Resultados: Se revisaron 602 cirugías de las cuales se excluyeron 18. De un total de 584 CEN realizadas durante los últimos diez años, la incidencia de complicaciones intraoperatorias fue de 3,3%. Sólo se observaron complicaciones hemorrágicas (2%) y orbitarias (1,2%). La incidencia de complicaciones mayores fue 0,51%. La única variable asociada de forma significativa con la presencia de complicación intraoperatoria fue el tiempo quirúrgico. Conclusión: Como centro presentamos una tasa de complicaciones intraoperatorias de CEN baja en los últimos diez años, dentro de las cuales las más frecuentes son las hemorrágicas y las orbitarias; comparables con la literatura internacional. Se establece el primer reporte a nivel nacional sobre las complicaciones intraoperatorias de CEN.

Introduction: Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is a minimally invasive surgical technique. It has decreased morbidity and mortality secondary to the surgical act. Despite this, endoscopic sinus surgery is not a risk-free procedure and its complications can range from mild to severe, with nosebleed being the most frequent. Aim: To analyze the surgical results of nasal endoscopic surgery, with its intraoperative complications and management in our local reality. Material and Method: Retrospective study, review of operative protocols of patients attended at the Salvador Hospital between 2009 and 2019. Results: 602 surgeries were reviewed, of which 18 were excluded. Of a total of 584 ESS performed during the last ten years, the incidence of intraoperative complications was 3,3%. Only hemorrhagic (2%) and orbital complications (1,2%) were observed. The incidence of major complications was 0,51%. The only variable significantly associated with the presence of intraoperative complications was surgical time. Conclusion: As a center, we present a low rate of intraoperative complications of ESS in the last ten years, among which the most frequent are hemorrhagic and orbital; comparable to international literature. The first national report on intraoperative complications of ESS is established.

Support surfaces for intraoperative pressure injury prevention: systematic review with meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate evidence on effectiveness support surfaces for pressure injury prevention in the intraoperative period. METHOD: systematic review. The search for primary studies was conducted in seven databases. The sample consisted of 10 studies. The synthesis of the results was carried out descriptively and through meta-analysis. RESULTS: when comparing low-tech support surfaces with regular care (standard surgical table mattress), the meta-analysis showed that there is no statistically significant difference between the investigated interventions (Relative Risk = 0.88; 95%CI: 0.30-2.39). The Higgins inconsistency test indicated considerable heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 83%). The assessment of the certainty of the evidence was very low. When comparing high-tech and low-tech support surfaces, the meta-analysis showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the interventions studied, with high-tech being the most effective (Relative Risk = 0.17; 95%CI: 0.05-0.53). Heterogeneity can be classified as not important (I2 = 0%). The assessment of certainty of evidence was moderate. CONCLUSION: the use of high-tech support surfaces is an effective measure to prevent pressure injuries in the intraoperative period.

Perforación intestinal como complicación intra-operatoria de la lipoaspiración abdominal / Instestinal perforation as an intraoperativecomplication of abdominal lipsuction

Se analiza una de las complicaciones de la lipoaspiración abdominal: la perforación intestinal intra-operatoria por la cánula (instrumental). Se describe la relación entre la cánula, la pared abdominal y el intestino delgado: los tres componentes de esta complicación. Se detallaron las características de las cánulas generalmente empleadas y la técnica quirúrgica de la lipoaspiración abdominal, así como el cuadro clínico ocasionado y cómo tratarlo

One of the complications of abdominal liposuction is analyzed: intra-operative intestinal perforation by the cannula (instrumental). The relationship between the cannula, the abdominal wall and the small intestine is described: the three components of this complication. The characteristics of the cannulas generally used and the surgical technique of abdominal liposuction were detailed, as well as the clinical picture caused and how to treat it.

Anatomical variations of the mandibular canal and their clinical implications in dental practice: a literature review.

INTRODUCTION: The anatomical variations of the mandibular canal have been described according to the number of additional branches it presents, bifid and trifid. Within the bifids we can also find subtypes of variations such as the retromolar mandibular canal. These anatomical variations can have important clinical implications for the work of dental professionals. METHODS: A systematic search of the literature was carried out in different databases that met the following criteria: articles published between 2000 and 2020, and articles that established a clinical correlation with variations in the mandibular canal. RESULTS: After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 32 articles were obtained, in which the variations of the mandibular canal were identified, their prevalence and incidence, which was very varied between the different articles, it was also found that the CBCT was the main technique to identify the anatomical variations of the mandibular canal. Lastly, the anatomical variations of the mandibular canal have a direct clinical correlation with pre-surgical, intra-surgical and postsurgical complications in pathologies that require surgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The anatomical variations of the mandibular canal have a high incidence, so knowing them is of vital importance both for clinicians and anatomy professors who provide morphological training. We believe that research should focus on describing and diagnosing the causes of these anatomical variations. That said, there is also a continuous challenge for all health professionals to learn about the different anatomical variations that the human body presents and how these can affect clinical practice.

Support surfaces for intraoperative pressure injury prevention: systematic review with meta-analysis / Superficies de apoyo para la prevención de lesión por presión en el intraoperatorio: revisión sistemática con metaanálisis / Superfícies de suporte para prevenção de lesão por pressão no intraoperatório: revisão sistemática com metanálise

Objective: to evaluate evidence on effectiveness support surfaces for pressure injury prevention in the intraoperative period. Method: systematic review. The search for primary studies was conducted in seven databases. The sample consisted of 10 studies. The synthesis of the results was carried out descriptively and through meta-analysis. Results: when comparing low-tech support surfaces with regular care (standard surgical table mattress), the meta-analysis showed that there is no statistically significant difference between the investigated interventions (Relative Risk = 0.88; 95%CI: 0.30-2.39). The Higgins inconsistency test indicated considerable heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 83%). The assessment of the certainty of the evidence was very low. When comparing high-tech and low-tech support surfaces, the meta-analysis showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the interventions studied, with high-tech being the most effective (Relative Risk = 0.17; 95%CI: 0.05-0.53). Heterogeneity can be classified as not important (I2 = 0%). The assessment of certainty of evidence was moderate. Conclusion: the use of high-tech support surfaces is an effective measure to prevent pressure injuries in the intraoperative period.

Objetivo: evaluar las evidencias sobre superficies de apoyo efectivas para la prevención de lesión por presión durante el período intraoperatorio. Método: revisión sistemática. La búsqueda de estudios primarios se realizó en siete bases de datos. La muestra estuvo formada por 10 investigaciones. La síntesis de los resultados se realizó de forma descriptiva y mediante metaanálisis. Resultados: al comparar las superficies de apoyo de baja tecnología con la atención habitual (colchón de mesa quirúrgica estándar), el metaanálisis demostró que no hay diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre las intervenciones investigadas (Riesgo Relativo = 0,88; IC95%: 0,30-2,39). La prueba de inconsistencia de Higgins indicó una heterogeneidad considerable entre los estudios (I2= 83%). La valoración de la certeza de la evidencia fue muy baja. Al comparar las superficies de apoyo de alta y baja tecnología, el metaanálisis mostró que existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre las intervenciones estudiadas, siendo las de alta tecnología las más efectivas (Riesgo Relativo = 0,17; IC95%: 0,05-0,53). La heterogeneidad se puede clasificar como no importante (I2 = 0%). La evaluación de la certeza de la evidencia fue moderada. Conclusión: el uso de una superficie de apoyo de alta tecnología es una medida eficaz para prevenir lesiones por presión en el período intraoperatorio.

Objetivo: avaliar as evidências sobre superfícies de suporte efetivas para prevenção de lesão por pressão no período intraoperatório. Método: revisão sistemática. A busca dos estudos primários foi conduzida em sete bases de dados. A amostra foi composta por 10 pesquisas. A síntese dos resultados foi realizada na forma descritiva e por meio de metanálise. Resultados: na comparação de superfícies de suporte de baixa tecnologia com o cuidado usual (colchão padrão de mesa cirúrgica), a metanálise demonstrou que não existe diferença estatisticamente significante entre as intervenções investigadas (Risco Relativo = 0,88; IC95%: 0,30-2,39). O teste de inconsistência de Higgins indicou heterogeneidade considerável entre os estudos (I2 = 83%). A avaliação da certeza da evidência foi muito baixa. Na comparação de superfícies de suporte de alta tecnologia com as de baixa tecnologia, a metanálise evidenciou que existe diferença estatisticamente significante entre as intervenções estudadas, sendo as de alta tecnologia as mais efetivas (Risco Relativo = 0,17; IC95%: 0,05-0,53). A heterogeneidade pode ser classificada como não importante (I2 = 0%). A avaliação da certeza da evidência foi moderada. Conclusão: o uso de superfície de suporte de alta tecnologia é a medida efetiva para prevenção de lesão por pressão no período intraoperatório.

Control glicémico perioperatorio / Perioperatory glycemic control

Diabetes is the most common endocrinopathy, in 2014, 8.6% of the population suffered from diabetes, and it was responsible for at least 3.7 million deaths per year. It is estimated that by that by 2050 more than 30% of the population will have this disease. In cardiovascular surgery, it is described that 5.2% of patients are undiagnosed diabetics and this rises to 10% -28% in non-cardiac surgeries. The adverse results are markedly high in those patients with poor glycemic control including an increase of more than 50% in mortality, as well as an increase in respiratory infections, surgical site infection, urinary infection, heart attack and acute kidney injury among others. During the preoperative period of patients with diabetes, it is important to review glycemic control and its current treatment, in addition to providing the patient instructions on how to adjust medications. Intraoperatively, any condition that leads to an uncontrolled increase in surgical stress must be controlled, since this in turn generates hyperglycemia. Knowledge of insulins, their pharmacology and schedules is essential to maintain blood glucose intraoperatively in normal ranges. Different practical algorithms are proposed for the correct and safe management of hyperglycemia in the perioperative period. All care should be continued in the postoperative period defining the continuity of the insulin therapies established and the postoperative care of the patient.

La diabetes es la endocrinopatía más común, en 2014, el 8,6% de la población padecía diabetes siendo responsable de 3,7 millones de muertes por año. Se estima que para el 2050 más del 30% de la población tendrá diabetes. En cirugía cardiovascular el 5,2% de los pacientes son diabéticos no diagnosticados, cifra que aumenta hasta 10%-28% en cirugías no cardíacas. Los resultados adversos son marcadamente elevados en aquellos pacientes con mal control incluyendo un aumento del 50% en la mortalidad, así mismo, incremento de infecciones respiratorias, infección del sitio quirúrgico, infección urinaria, infarto agudo de miocardio y lesión renal aguda, entre otros. Durante el preoperatorio de pacientes con diabetes, es importante revisar el control glucémico y su tratamiento, además de proporcionar al paciente instrucciones por escrito sobre cómo ajustarlo. En el intraoperatorio se debe controlar cualquier condición que lleve a un aumento del estrés quirúrgico pues este a su vez genera hiperglucemia. Es fundamental el conocimiento de las insulinas, su farmacología y esquemas para mantener glucemias en el intraoperatorio en rangos normales. Se proponen diferentes algoritmos prácticos para el correcto y seguro manejo de la hiperglucemia en el perioperatorio. La atención debe continuarse en el posoperatorio definiendo continuidad de terapias insulínicas instauradas y el adecuado cuidado del paciente.

Off-pump bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting - surgical technique.

Numerous coronary revascularization studies have documented superior results associated with bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting compared with single internal thoracic artery grafting. However, concerns about perioperative complications and the technical challenges inherent in bilateral grafting limit its broad utilization. In this video tutorial we show our routine technique for off-pump bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting, and also discuss the experience of our department and the evolving process of how we have performed myocardial revascularization over the past two decades.