Un caso atípico de neoplasia de pulmón / An atypical case of lung neoplasia

Introducción: El cáncer de pulmón se considera el tumor maligno que más muertes produce en el mundo, por encima de otros cánceres y en el 90 por ciento de los casos se diagnostica en estadios avanzados. Objetivos: Describir una forma atípica de presentación de una neoplasia de pulmón. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 68 años, fumador de más de 37 años, con antecedentes de insuficiencia cardíaca para lo cual llevó tratamiento con nitrosorbide (10 mg) 1 tableta cada 8 horas y aspirina (125 mg) 1 tableta al día. Refirió dolor en miembro inferior izquierdo, intenso que no se aliviaba durante todo el día y se exacerbaba con los movimientos y esfuerzos físicos. Además, presentó aumento de volumen en la región anterior media del tórax, de aproximadamente 15 cm de longitud, dura, dolorosa, de bordes regulares, superficie lisa. No tuvo tos, disnea, fiebre u otra sintomatología. Conclusiones: El paciente tuvo una forma diferente de presentación de la neoplasia de pulmón. No presentó manifestaciones respiratorias que orientaran hacia la identificación de una causa pulmonar. Es necesaria la identificación del patrón cancerígeno, así como su estadiaje para prescribir el tratamiento y conducta adecuada (AU)

Introduction: Lung cancer is considered the malignant tumor that produces more deaths in the world over other cancers and in 90 percent of cases they are diagnosed in advanced stages. Objectives: To describe an atypical form of presentation of lung neoplasia. Clinical case: A 68-year-old male patient, a smoker over 37 years of age, with a history of heart failure for which he was treated with nitrosorbide (10 mg) 1 tablet every 8 hours and aspirin (125 mg) 1 tablet per day. He reported pain in the lower left limb, which was not relieved throughout the day and was exacerbated by physical movements and efforts. In addition, there was an increase in volume in the middle anterior region of the chest, approximately 15 cm long, hard, painful, with regular edges, smooth surface. He had no cough, dyspnea, fever or other symptoms. Conclusions: The patient had a different form of lung neoplasia presentation. He did not present respiratory manifestations that oriented towards the identification of a pulmonary cause. The identification of the carcinogenic pattern is necessary, as well as its staging to prescribe the appropriate treatment and management(AU)

Guía de práctica clínica para el manejo de pacientes con angina estable: guía en versión extensa / Clinical practice guide for the management of patients with stable angina: extensive version guide

Este documento abarcar el manejo del paciente con angina estable.

Coronary-artery spasm after coronary artery bypass graft surgery without extracorporeal circulation: diagnostic and management.

Coronary artery spasm in perioperative of coronary artery bypass graft surgery is a serious complication, with high rate mortality. Patient 51 years-old submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery without Extracorporeal Circulation. The patient evolved in 1st post operative (PO) day with enzymatic alteration and ST-elevation, developing soon afterwards in ventricular fibrillation, defibrillation with success. Cardiac catheterization showed important spasm of all coronary arteries and anastomosis between the left internal thoracic artery and the left anterior interventricular artery. Intracoronary Vasodilators and intra-graft, with re-establishment of their usual and immediate calibers to improve clinic and Hemodynamic stability was used. Satisfactory evolution, discharged at 13rd PO day.

Espasmo coronariano no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revacularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea: Diagnóstico e manejo / Coronary-artery spasm after coronary artery bypass graft surgery without extracorporeal circulation: Diagnostic and management

O espasmo de artérias coronárias no perioperatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio é uma complicação grave, com elevada mortalidade. Paciente de 51 anos submetido à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea. Apresentou no 1ºdia de pós-operatório (PO) alteração enzimática e supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, evoluindo, em seguida, em fibrilação ventricular, com reanimação cardiopulmonar com sucesso. Cateterismo cardíaco demonstrou espasmo importante de todas as artérias coronárias e da anastomose entre artéria torácica interna esquerda com artéria interventricular anterior. Utilizados vasodilatadores intracoronarianos e intra-enxerto, com restabelecimento de seus calibres usuais, imediata melhora clínica e estabilidade hemodinâmica. Com evolução satisfatória, o paciente recebeu alta hospitalar no 13º PO.

Coronary artery spasm in perioperative of coronary artery bypass graft surgery is a serious complication, with high rate mortality. Patient 51 years-old submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery without Extracorporeal Circulation. The patient evolved in 1st post operative (PO) day with enzymatic alteration and ST-elevation, developing soon afterwards in ventricular fibrillation, defibrillation with success. Cardiac catheterization showed important spasm of all coronary arteries and anastomosis between the left internal thoracic artery and the left anterior interventricular artery. Intracoronary Vasodilators and intra-graft, with re-establishment of their usual and immediate calibers to improve clinic and Hemodynamic stability was used. Satisfactory evolution, discharged at 13rd PO day.

The cytoprotective effect of a nitric oxide donor drug on gastric mucous membrane of rats treated with ketoprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug / Efeito citoprotetor de uma droga doadora de óxido nítrico na membrana da mucosa gástrica de ratos tratados com o antiinflamatório não-esteróide - o cetoprofeno

BACKGROUND: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are considered today a very important group of medication, with a wide variety of therapeutic use, in different areas of modern medicine. Despite their beneficial effects on the patient, these drugs show a high incidence of side effects, mainly in the gastrointestinal tract. The physiopathological mechanisms of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induced lesions and the gastric mucosa defense mechanism became an important source for medical research, especially those which try to evaluate the role of nitric oxide as a cytoprotective agent. AIM: To define a possible cytoprotective effect of a nitric oxide donor, isosorbide dinitrate, on the gastric mucous of rats submitted to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ketoprofen treatment. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats, previously submitted to starvation for 24 hours and divided in three groups: group I (standard): animals that received isotonic saline solution intragastric by gavage and intravenous. Group II (control-ketoprofen): animals that received isotonic saline solution intragastric by gavage and ketoprofen intravenous. Group III (nitrate/ketoprofen): animals that received 2mM solution of isosorbide dinitrate intragastric by gavage and ketoprofen intravenous. Later on, these animals were sacrificed and had their stomach removed and submitted to macroscopical, microscopical and biochemical studies. The evaluated parameters were: a) gastric lesion index; b) gastric mucous layer thickness; c) gastric tissue nitrate/nitrite (NOx) concentration and d) gastric tissue malondialdehyde concentration. RESULTS: a) Gastric lesion index evaluation showed a smaller statistically significant incidence on the animals of group III; b) group III showed a thicker mucous layer, which also was statistically significant, when compared to group II; c) the variation on tissue nitrate/nitrite concentration was similar in all three groups, without statistical significance when compared...

RACIONAL: Drogas antiinflamatórias não-esteróides são consideradas, atualmente, importante grupo de medicamentos, com ampla variedade de uso terapêutico, em diferentes áreas da medicina moderna. Apesar de seus efeitos benéficos para o paciente, apresentam grande incidência de efeitos colaterais, principalmente no trato gastrointestinal. Os mecanismos fisiopatológicos de lesões induzidas por essas drogas e os mecanismos de defesa da mucosa gástrica tornaram-se uma importante linha de pesquisa médica, especialmente procurando avaliar o papel de óxido nítrico como agente citoprotetor. OBJETIVO: Estudar uma droga doadora de ácido nítrico - o dinitrato de isossorbida - e sua ação citoprotetora da mucosa gástrica de ratos submetidos ao tratamento com uma droga antiinflamatória - o cetoprofeno. MÉTODOS: Ratos machos adultos previamente submetidos a jejum de 24 horas, foram divididos em três grupos: a) grupo I (controle): animais, que receberam apenas solução salina isotônica via intragástrica, por gavagem e via endovenosa; b) grupo II (cetoprofeno-controle): animais que receberam solução salina via intragástrica por gavagem e cetoprofeno via endovenosa, e c) grupo III (nitrato/cetoprofeno): animais que receberam solução de 2 mM de dinitrato de isossorbida a via intragástrica por gavagem e cetoprofeno via endovenosa. Esses grupos foram, posteriormente, submetidos a exames macroscópico, microscópico e bioquímico, avaliando-se os seguintes parâmetros: a) determinação do índice de lesão gástrica; b) determinação da espessura da camada do muco secretor; c) determinação da concentração de ácido nítrico x tecidual, e d) determinação da concentração do malondialdeído tecidual. RESULTADOS: Encontrou-se menor índice de lesão gástrica nos animais do grupo III (nitrato), assim como maior espessura da camada do muco secretor nos animais deste grupo, do que nos animais do grupo II (cetoprofeno). A variação da concentração do ácido nítrico x tecidual foi semelhante nos três grupos. A taxa...

Comparative study between nadolol and 5-isosorbide mononitrate vs. endoscopic band ligation plus sclerotherapy in the prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: After variceal bleeding, cirrhotic patients should receive secondary prophylaxis. AIM: To compare nadolol plus 5-isosorbide mononitrate (5-ISMN) with endoscopic band ligation. The end points were rebleeding, treatment failure and death. METHODS: One hundred and nine cirrhotic patients with a recent variceal bleeding were randomized: nadolol plus 5-ISMN in 57 patients and endoscopic band ligation in 52 patients. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 17 and 19 months in nadolol plus 5-ISMN and endoscopic band ligation groups, respectively. No differences were observed between groups in upper rebleeding (47% vs. 46%), variceal rebleeding (40% vs. 36%), failure (32% vs. 22%), major complications (7% vs. 13.5%) and death (19% vs. 20%), respectively. The actuarial probability of remaining free of rebleeding, failure and deaths were similar in both groups. Time to rebleeding shows that endoscopic band ligation patients had an early rebleed, with a median of 0.5 month (95% CI: 0.0-4.2) compared with patients from nadolol plus 5-ISMN, 7.6 months (95% CI: 2.9-12.3, P < 0.013). Multivariate analysis indicated that outcome-specific predictive factor(s) for rebleeding was Child A vs. B + C (P < 0.01); for failure was Child A vs. B + C (P < 0.02); and for death ascites (P < 0.01) and rebleeding (P < 0.02). CONCLUSION: This trial suggests no superiority of endoscopic band ligation over nadolol plus 5-ISMN mononitrate for the prevention of rebleeding in cirrhotic patients.

Muscle regeneration in dystrophic mdx mice is enhanced by isosorbide dinitrate.

Activation of muscle satellite cells, a fundamental step in the success of muscle regeneration is mediated by nitric oxide (NO). In this study, we investigated whether isosorbide dinitrate (ISD), an NO donor, could improve muscle regeneration in dystrophic mdx mice. The right tibialis anterior muscle of mdx and C57Bl/10 mice was injected with bupivacaine (0.3 ml, 33 mg/kg), a myotoxic agent, to induce muscle fiber regeneration. After bupivacaine injection, mice were treated with ISD (30 mg/kg; i.p.), verapamil (a non-NO donor vasodilator, 15 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline solution (vehicle, 0.3 ml, i.p.) for 20 days. Some bupivacaine-injected mice received no pharmacological treatment (control group). Muscle regeneration was evaluated by counting the total number of muscle fibers and measuring myofiber cross-sectional area. ISD significantly improved bupivacaine-induced muscle regeneration in mdx by increasing by 20% the total number of muscle fibers compared to the other groups. Spontaneous muscle regeneration, evaluated in the contralateral non-injected muscle, was not affected. ISD treatment did not affect myofiber cross-sectional area. Verapamil and saline had no effect on muscle regeneration. These results suggested that NO derived from ISD stimulated and/or recruited satellite cells. Pharmacological treatment with ISD could be clinically useful for improving muscle regeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Randomized, prospective trial comparing 0.2 percent isosorbide dinitrate ointment with sphincterotomy in treatment of chronic anal fissure: a two-year follow-up.

PURPOSE: The aim of this trial was to compare lateral internal sphincterotomy with local 0.2 percent isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic anal fissure to minimize surgical complications such as minor fecal incontinence. METHODS: Fifty-four patients with chronic anal fissure were randomized in a prospective trial to either sphincterotomy or local 0.2 percent isosorbide dinitrate. All patients had anal function tests before and 5 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: In the ointment group, 18 patients (67 percent) healed at 5 weeks and 24 (89 percent) healed at 10 weeks of treatment. Maximum resting anal pressure was reduced 30 percent. Eight patients (30 percent) had minor side effects. In the surgical group, 26 patients (96 percent) healed at 5 weeks and 100 percent healed at 10 weeks after treatment, with 33 percent reduction in maximum resting anal pressure. Forty-four percent of patients had minor fecal incontinence, which remained in 15 percent after 24 months follow-up. No statistical difference in maximum resting anal pressure was found between groups ( P = 0.16), but the percentage of healing at 5 weeks was greater in the surgical group ( P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Isosorbide dinitrate ointment must be considered as the first choice of treatment in patients with chronic anal fissure. Surgery should be indicated if chemical sphincterotomy fails.

The Cuban experience in focusing pharmaceuticals policy to health population needs: initial results of the National Pharmacoepidemiology Network (1996-2001).

In 1996, a National Pharmacoepidemiology Network was set up in Cuba in order to disseminate problem-oriented information and develop continuing education activities on drug therapy, to perform research on drug utilisation and to promote interventions to improve drug use. It is coordinated by the Centre for the Development of Pharmacoepidemiology, which is also in charge of regulatory and administrative duties and collaborates with the National Pharmaceutical Industry. By 2001, a number of educational and information initiatives had been undertaken, particularly in primary health care, which resulted in improvement of indicators of drug use. Cuba keeps good health standards in spite of a short health budget.

Effects of 5-isosorbide mononitrate and propranolol on subclinical hepatic encephalopathy and renal function in patients with liver cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In patients with cirrhosis pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension using beta-blockers and vasodilators has raised concerns for its potential deleterious effects on renal function and encephalopathy. To clarify this issue we evaluated the effects of propranolol and 5-isosorbide mononitrate or both on subclinical hepatic encephalopathy and renal function in a prospective randomized double-blinded study. METHODOLOGY: Thirty patients Child-Pugh A or B, with esophageal varices, normal renal function and non-previous pharmacological treatment were studied. After a basal period, patients received during 4 weeks 5-isosorbide mononitrate (80 mg/day) or placebo. In the next 4 weeks, propranolol was added to both groups. At baseline and at the end of each study period we assessed: renal function tests; plasma renin activity and aldosterone; subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (electroencephalograms, visual evoked potentials and psychometric studies). Mean arterial pressure, cardiac output (echo-Doppler) and indocyanine green retention were also measured. RESULTS: The most common alterations at baseline were increased arterial ammonia levels (85%), abnormal indocyanine green retention (75%), abnormal trail making B (44%), decreased inulin clearance (30%) and high plasma renin activity (27%). After 4 weeks of 5-isosorbide mononitrate or placebo no significant changes were observed in any variable. Five out of 14 patients receiving 5-isosorbide mononitrate were withdrawn due to side effects. The addition of propranolol decreased significantly plasma renin activity in both groups and cardiac output in those receiving 5-isosorbide mononitrate but did not change other variables. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with compensated or slightly decompensated liver cirrhosis 5-isosorbide mononitrate, propranolol or the association of both did not produce detectable worsening of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy or renal function.

The sixth Carlos E. Rubio Memorial Lecture. Prevention and treatment of variceal hemorrhage.

The medical treatment of portal hypertension has experienced a marked progress in the past decade due to the introduction of effective portal hypotensive therapy. This has been possible because of the better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to portal hypertension. A major step forward was the introduction of beta-blockers for the prevention of bleeding and rebleeding from gastroesophageal varices. Effective therapy requires the reduction of the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) to 12 mmHg or below, or at least by 20% of baseline values. Unfortunately, this is only achieved in 1/3 to 1/2 of patients. Combination therapy, associating isosorbide-5-mononitrate and propranolol or nadolol administration enhances the reduction in portal pressure and increases the number of patients in whom HVPG decreases by more than 20% of baseline values and below 12 mmHg. Randomized clinical trials (RCT's) do support the concept that combination therapy is more effective than propranolol or nadolol alone, significantly better than sclerotherapy, and probably than endoscopic banding ligation. Therapy may be complemented by the association of spironolactone. The main inconvenience of pharmacological therapy is that there is no non-invasive method available to detect non-responders to treatment. Failures of drug therapy should be managed endoscopically. Failures of endoscopic treatment require 'rescue' by means of TIPS or shunt surgery. Patients with advanced liver failure should be considered for orthotopic liver transplantation, and put into a waiting list if eligible. In the treatment of acute variceal bleeding pharmacological therapy offer the unique advantage of allowing to provide specific therapy immediately after arrival to hospital, or even during transferral to hospital by ambulance, since it does not require sophisticated equipment and highly qualified medical staff. Vasopressin has been abandoned because of its toxicity, although this can be reduced by the combined administration of transdermal nitroglycerin. Terlipressin has longer effects and is more effective and safer than vasopressin alone or in combination with nitroglycerin. It has proved to be effective and to decrease mortality from bleeding in double-blind studies. RCT's have shown that this drug is as effective and safer than emergency sclerotherapy. Therapy should be maintained for five days to prevent early rebleeding. Somatostatin is probably as effective as terlipressin. Octreotide is probably useful after endoscopic therapy but can not be recommended as first line treatment. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy and endoscopic banding ligation are very effective, but require well trained medical staff. There is an increasing trend for initiating therapy with a pharmacological agent, followed by semi-emergency endoscopic therapy as soon as a well trained endoscopist is available (within 12-24 hours), while maintaining drug therapy for 5 days. Failures of medical therapy may be treated by a second session of endoscopic treatment, but if this fails TIPS of emergency surgery should be done. In high-risk situations, such as bleeding from gastric varices or in patients with advanced liver failure, the decision for TIPS or surgery should be done earlier, after failure of the initial treatment.

Comparison between isosorbide dinitrate in aerosol and in tablet form for the treatment of hypertensive emergencies in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: Isosorbide dinitrate in spray form is an effective and safe option for the treatment of hypertensive emergencies. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether isosorbide dinitrate spray is as effective and safe as treatment in tablet form for the management of hypertensive emergencies in the elderly. METHODS: Forty patients with hypertensive emergencies were randomly divided into two groups of 20 patients each. Group A received 1.25 mg isosorbide dinitrate aerosol upon arrival and a second dose 15 min later when mean systemic arterial pressure (MAP) reduction was <15% . Group B patients received a single 5 mg tablet of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate. RESULTS: Blood pressure in Group A patients decreased from 193 +/- 13/123 +/- 6.6 mmHg to 154 +/- 15/92.5 +/- 7.6 mmHg (p < 0.005), the reduction beginning 10 min after drug administration; no adverse effects were found. Two patients in Group B did not respond but for the other patients in this group blood pressure decreased from 197 +/- 10/121 +/- 7 to 154 +/- 11/90 +/- 4 mmHg, (p < 0.005), the reduction beginning 45 min after receiving the medication; 8 patients suffered headache. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that isosorbide dinitrate aerosol is more effective than tablets for the treatment of elderly patients with hypertensive emergencies.

[Propranolol and 5-isosorbide mononitrate in patients with cirrhosis: systemic and portal hemodynamic events]. / Propranolol y 5-mononitrato de isosorbide en pacientes con cirrosis: episodios hemodinámicos sistémicos y portales.

AIM: To study the acute variations in portal and systemic hemodynamics after propranolol and 5-isosorbide mononitrate (IMN) administration in cirrhotic patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventeen cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension were studied with catheterization and Doppler duplex Ultrasound Systemic hemodynamics. Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG), portal blood flow and resistance were evaluated in baseline, after intravenous propranolol (0.15 mg/kg), and after 20 mg p.o. of IMN. Patients who showed a decrease > or = 20% and/or < 12 mm/hg in HVPG were considered responders. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in clinical or portal hemodynamic baseline data between responders and non-responders to the drugs. After propranolol administration cardiac index decreased (p < 0.05) and pulmonary capillary pressure increased (p < 0.0001). Six patients (35%) were responders; lack of response was associated with an insufficient decrease in portal blood flow or with an increase in portal resistance. After IMN administration cardiac index decreased (p < 0.05) with normalization of pulmonary capillary pressure (p < 0.05). Seven patients were responders to the addition of IMN (5 non-responders to propranolol) and showed a decrease in HVPG associated with a reduction in portal blood flow and resistance; in the remaining 10 patients HVPG did not decrease despite a reduction in portal blood flow, with an increase in portal resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Addition of IMN increased the number of responders and reduced portal blood flow with a variable effect in portal resistance.

Estudio aleatorio controlado prospectivo entre esfinterotomía lateral interna versus ungüento de nitroglicerina al 0.2 por ciento para el tratamiento de la fisura anal crónica / Lateral internal sphincterotomy vrs. 0.2 percent nitroglycerine ointment in the therapy of chronic anal fissure: a prospective comparison of option

La esfinterotomía lateral interna es el tratamiento de elección para la fisura anal crónica, sin embargola incontinencia fecal menor es la complicación más común. El ungÜento de nitroglicerina al 0.2 por ciento es una alternativa nueva que evita secuelas permanentes en los pacientes. El objetivo de este estudiofue comparar la eficacia en tratamiento entre la esfinterotomía lateral interna y el ungÜento de Dinitrato de Isosorbide al 0.2 por ciento en pacientes con fisura anal crónica. Metodología: se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 16 pacientes a quienes se les brindó tratamiento quirúrgico y 16 con ungÜento de Dinitrato de Isosorbide al 0.2 por ciento. Todos los pacientes tuvieron mediciones de fisiología anorrectal antes y 5 semanas después del tratamiento. Resultados: en el grupo del UngÜento, 10 pacientes (63 por ciento) se curaron a las 5 semanas y 13 (81 por ciento), a las 10 semanas de tratamiento, reduciendo en 15 por ciento las presiones basales. El 31 por ciento de los pacientes presentó efectos secundarios leves como cefalea, mareo y ardor anal transitorios que duraron entre 3 y 5 días de iniciado el tratamiento. En el grupo Quirúrgico, 15 pacientes (94 por ciento) y 16 (100 por ciento) se curaron a las 5 y 10 semanas respectivamente, reduciendo sus presiones basales en 30 por ciento. El 50 por ciento presentó como complicación postoperatoria incontinencia fecal menor (a gases y/o manchado fecal) y después de 15 meses de seguimiento, el 25 por ciento de los pacientes aún presenta incontinencia a gases. La diferencia de curación de la Fisura Anal Crónica entre grupos no fue significativa a P<0.01 (U de Mann Whitney y Chi Cuadrado). Conclusión: el ungÜento de nitroglicerina al 0.2 por ciento debe ser considerado como tratamiento de primera elección en pacientes con fisura anal crónica para evitar las complicaciones permanentes de la esfinterotomía quirúrgica

Comparación entre nifedipina sublingual y dosis sucesivas de dinitrato de isosorbide en aerosol para las crisis hipertensivas / Sub-lingual nifedipine vs. isosorbide spray in hypertensive crisis

En un estudio clínico se evaluaron 60 pacientes con crisis hipertensiva divididos al azar en dos grupos de 30 pacientes c/u, el Grupo A recibió 3.75 mg de isosorbide en aerosol en tres disparos de 1.25 c/u, al ingreso y a los 3 y 5 minutos, y en el Grupo B recibieron 10 mg sublinguales de nifedipina dosis única. En ambos grupos se realizó electrocardiograma (ECG) antes y 30 minutos después de la administración de los fármacos, y la presión arterial se monitorizó cada 5 minutos la primera media hora y posteriormente cada 30 minutos por 6 horas. Los 30 pacientes tratados con el isosorbide en aerosol tuvieron una disminución significativa de las cifras de presión arterial (inicial 196/122.5 final 150.6/89.) (p< 0.005), en un promedio de 5 minutos; igualmente los 30 pacientes con nifedipina presentaron una disminucón significativa (p< 0.005) de tales cifras (190/115 a 153/86). Tres pacientes en el grupo A presentaban isquemia sube picárdica en el ECG previo, la cual se corregió con el isosorbide. Mientras que los pacientes del grupo B presentaron ECG previo normal, pero a los 30 minutos dos pacientes se quejaron de angor y presentaron isquemia subepicárdica. Nuestros resultados muestran una adecuada respuesta al isosorbide en aerosol, lo que lo establece como un fármaco útil y seguro en el tratamiento de los pacientes con crisis hipertensiva

Ritmo circadiano de las crisis hipertensivas: Implicaciones terapéuticas / Circadian variation of the hypertensive crisis

Antecedentes. Los eventos cardiovasculares agudos tienden a presentarse con un ritmo circadiano, que en algunos padecimientos -como el infarto agudo del miocardio- tienen repercusiones terapéuticas. Objetivo. Evaluar si las crisis hipertensivas poseen un ritmo circadiano, y si éste modifica la respuesta de las mismas al tratamiento. Material y métodos. Se evaluaron 50 pacientes que acudieron a nuestro hospital con diagnóstico de crisis hipertensiva (tensión arterial media > 130 mmHg y evidencia de daño al órgano blanco), registrandose hora de inicio de los síntomas, características del daño al órgano blanco, hora de consulta y respuesta al tratamiento. Esta se evaluó mediante ANDEVA de una dirección y t de Student. Resultados. 70 por ciento de los pacientes acudió a consulta después de las 12:00 h. Se detectaron dos picos de presentación de crisis hipertensivas, el más importante entre las 17 y las 19 h (45 por ciento de los casos), y un segundo pico entre las 9 y las 11 h (25 por ciento de los casos). Entre las 18 y 19 h, el número de casos fue significativamente mayor que el resto del día (p>0.001). Al evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento no hubo diferencias significativas en el control de las crisis hipertensivas respecto a la hora de presentación de las mismas. Conclusiones. Las crisis hipertensivas tienen un ritmo circadiano para su presentación; sin embargo, éste no repercute en la respuesta de las mismas al tratamiento con dinitrato de isosorbide en aerosol

Valoración de tres fármacos para el manejo no parenteral de las crisis hipertensivas / Evaluation of three drugs for non-parenteral management of hypertension crises

Antecedentes. Las crisis hipertensivas son la complicacion aguda más frecuente de la hipertensión arterial esencial. Objetivo. comparar la eficacia y seguridad de nifedipina, dinitrato de isosorbide y captopril en el control de las urgencias hipertensivas mayores. Material y métodos. En un estudio longitudinal, comparativo y abierto, se evaluaron 60 pacientes con crisis hipertensiva divididos al azar en tres grupos de 20 pacientes cada uno; el grupo A recibió 10 mg sublinguales de nifedipina, el grupo B 2.5 mg de isosorbide en aerosol en dos disparos de 1.25 mg cada uno, y el grupo C recibió 25 mg de captopril sublingual en dosis única. En ambos grupos se realizó un electrocardiograma (ECG) inmediatamente antes y 30 minutos después de la administración del fármaco. Resultados. Los 20 pacientes que recibieron nifedipina mostraron una disminución significativa de las cifras de presión arterial (190/115 a 153/86 mmHg) (g < 0.005), así como los 20 pacientes con isosorbide (187/121 a 151/91 mmHg) (p<0.005), mientras que solamente pacientes con captopril controlan la presión arterial (193/115 a 158.5/92 mmHg) (p<0.005) y tres no respondieron. Dos pacientes que recibieron nifedipina tuvieron isquemia subepicárdica en el ECG acompañada de datos clínicos de angor, todos los pacientes tuvieron elevación significativa de la frecuencia cardiaca (p< 0.002). Tres pacientes con isosorbide tuvieron datos de angos en el ECG previo, que mejoró con la administración del fármaco y disminución significativa de la frecuencia cardiaca (p< 0.005). En el grupo C ambos ECG fueron normales, sin cambios importantes en la frecuencia cardiaca. Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados muestran un estrecho límite de seguridad de la nifedipina en estos pacientes que pueden favorecer daño por isquemia tisular, una eficacia parcial del captopril que pueden favorecer daño hipertensivo, y una respuesta favorable al isosorbide, lo que constituye como una alternativa eficaz y segura en pacientes con crisis hipertensiva