Impact of the COVID-19 on the epidemiology of maxillofacial fractures surgically treated in a Cuban university hospital / Impacto del COVID-19 en la epidemiología de las fracturas maxilofaciales tratadas quirúrgicamente en un hospital universitario cubano

Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on people's behavior. Aim: To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 on the epidemiology of maxillofacial fractures surgically treated in a Cuban university hospital. Methods: This research involved a 4-year descriptive, comparative, retrospective and cross-sectional study. Patients surgically treated between March 1 and December 31, 2020 (COVID-19 period) were compared with those who had undergone surgery between the same date in the years 2017-2019 (non-pandemic period). Age, sex, residence, year, month, alcohol consumption at the time of trauma, etiology, fractures types, and number of fractures per patient were recorded. Results: A decline in patients with maxillofacial fractures in 2020 (n=25) was observed when compared to equivalent periods in the three previous years (2017: n=37; 2018: n=31; 2019: n=41), respectively, with an annual average reduction of 31.19 percent. Interpersonal violence was found to be the paramount etiological factor for maxillofacial fractures during the comparison periods (2017-2019); however, road traffic accident prevailed in the 2020 (n=12; 48 percent). There was a small increase in the number of alcohol-related fractures (56 percent in 2020 vs 46.34 percent, 41.94 percent, and 51.35 percent in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively). Conclusion: COVID-19 impacted on the epidemiology maxillofacial fractures surgically treated in this Cuban university hospital (AU)

Introducción: La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en el comportamiento de la población. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la COVID-19 en la epidemiología de las fracturas maxilofaciales tratadas quirúrgicamente en un hospital universitario cubano. Métodos: Esta investigación consistió en un estudio descriptivo, comparativo, retrospectivo y transversal de 4 años de duración. Se compararon los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente entre el 1 de marzo y el 31 de diciembre de 2020 (periodo COVID-19) con los intervenidos entre la misma fecha en los años 2017-2019 (periodo no pandémico). Se registraron edad, sexo, residencia, año, mes, consumo de alcohol en el momento del traumatismo, etiología, tipos de fracturas y número de fracturas por paciente. Resultados: Se observó un descenso de pacientes con fracturas maxilofaciales en 2020 (n=25) en comparación con periodos equivalentes de los tres años anteriores (2017: n=37; 2018: n=31; 2019: n=41), respectivamente, con una reducción media anual del 31,19 poe ciento. Se observó que la violencia interpersonal fue el factor etiológico primordial de las fracturas maxilofaciales durante los periodos de comparación (2017-2019); sin embargo, el accidente de tráfico prevaleció en el 2020 (n=12; 48 por ciento). Hubo un pequeño aumento en el número de fracturas relacionadas con el alcohol (56 por ciento en 2020 frente a 46,34 por ciento, 41,94 por ciento y 51,35 por ciento en 2019, 2018 y 2017, respectivamente). Conclusiones: La COVID-19 impactó en la epidemiología de fracturas maxilofaciales atendidas quirúrgicamente en este hospital universitario cubano (AU)

Maxillofacial fractures surgically treated: a 3-year experience of a Cuban hospital.

AIM: The aim of the study was to characterize the maxillofacial fractures surgically treated in a Cuban hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a descriptive and retrospective cross-sectional study based on the medical records of patients attended between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2019 in the Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes General University Hospital, Cuba. Age, gender, residency, municipality, etiology, month and year of trauma, number and type of fractures, and alcohol consumption at the time of trauma were recorded. RESULTS: 126 cases and 304 fractures were investigated. Males were the most affected (n = 115; 91.27%). The main etiology was interpersonal violence (IPV) (46.03%). Seventy-one (56.35%) patients had zygomatico-maxillary complex fractures. In the multivariate analysis, alcohol consumption was significantly lower as the age increased (a PR: 0.989; confidence interval [CI] 95%: 0.979-0.99; p = 0.026), as well as in those patients who lived in urban zones (a PR: 0.57; CI 95%: 0.44-0.74; p < 0.001), adjusted by the side of the fracture and the municipality. CONCLUSIONS: The profile of the maxillofacial fractures in this Cuban hospital seems to be mixed by age, affecting young people and the elderly. IPV was the major cause of maxillofacial fractures, while zygomatico-maxillary complex bones and mandible were the most affected maxillofacial areas.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar las fracturas maxilofaciales tratadas quirúrgicamente en un hospital cubano. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal basado en las historias clínicas de los pacientes atendidos entre el 1 de enero de 2017 y el 31 de diciembre del 2019 en el departamento de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital General Universitario Carlos Manuel de Céspedes. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, residencia, municipio, etiología, mes y año del trauma, número y tipos de fracturas, y consumo de alcohol. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 126 pacientes con 304 fracturas. Los hombres fueron los más afectados (n = 115; 91.27%). La principal etiología fue la violencia interpersonal (46,03%). 71 pacientes tuvieron fracturas del complejo cigomático-maxilar. En el análisis multivariado, se encontró que el consumo de alcohol fue menor conforme aumentaba la edad (RPa: 0,989; IC 95%: 0,979-0,99; p = 0,026), así como en los pacientes que vivían en la zona urbana (RPa: 0,57; IC 95%: 0,44-0,74; p < 0,001); ajustados por el lado de la fractura y el municipio de residencia. CONCLUSIONES: El perfil de las fracturas maxilofaciales en este hospital cubano muestra afectación tanto de jóvenes como adultos. La violencia interpersonal fue la principal etiología de las fracturas y las áreas más afectadas fueron la cigomático-maxilar y mandibular.

Functional recovery time after facial fractures: characteristics and associated factors in a sample of patients from southern Brazil.

Understanding the cause, severity, and elapsed time for the restoration of the functions of maxillofacial injuries can contribute to the establishment of clinical priorities aiming at effective treatment and further prevention of facial trauma. The objective of this study was to understand the factors associated with the restoration of mastication, ocular, and nasal functions in the face of trauma victims, estimating their recovery time after surgical treatment. We analyzed 114 medical records of patients treated at the Hospital Montenegro, who attended follow-up consultations for up to 180 days. For analysis of the recovery time, we performed survival analysis, followed by COX analysis. We observed that half of the patients recovered their functions within 20 days. The average time for recovery from trauma in the zygomatic-orbital-malar-nasal complex was 11 days, and in the maxillary-mandibular complex, 21 days (HR: 1.5 [0.99 2.3], p = 0.055). Although functional reestablishment has reached high rates after the surgical approach, it is necessary to analyze the failing cases, as well as the economic impacts and the prevention strategies associated with facial trauma, to improve the service to the population.

Functional recovery time after facial fractures: characteristics and associated factors in a sample of patients from southern Brazil / Tempo de recuperação funcional após fraturas faciais: perfil e fatores associados em amostra de pacientes do sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT Understanding the cause, severity, and elapsed time for the restoration of the functions of maxillofacial injuries can contribute to the establishment of clinical priorities aiming at effective treatment and further prevention of facial trauma. The objective of this study was to understand the factors associated with the restoration of mastication, ocular, and nasal functions in the face of trauma victims, estimating their recovery time after surgical treatment. We analyzed 114 medical records of patients treated at the Hospital Montenegro, who attended follow-up consultations for up to 180 days. For analysis of the recovery time, we performed survival analysis, followed by COX analysis. We observed that half of the patients recovered their functions within 20 days. The average time for recovery from trauma in the zygomatic-orbital-malar-nasal complex was 11 days, and in the maxillary-mandibular complex, 21 days (HR: 1.5 [0.99 2.3], p = 0.055). Although functional reestablishment has reached high rates after the surgical approach, it is necessary to analyze the failing cases, as well as the economic impacts and the prevention strategies associated with facial trauma, to improve the service to the population.

RESUMO O entendimento da causa, da gravidade e do tempo decorrido para o restabelecimento das funções de lesões maxilofaciais pode contribuir para o estabelecimento de prioridades clínicas objetivando o efetivo tratamento e prevenção dos traumatismos de face. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi compreender quais os fatores associados ao restabelecimento das funções mastigatórias, oculares e nasais em vítimas de trauma de face, estimando o tempo para recuperação das funções, após o tratamento cirúrgico. Foram analisados 114 prontuários de pacientes atendidos no Hospital de Montenegro que compareceram às consultas de acompanhamento por até 180 dias. Para a análise do tempo para a recuperação, foi realizada a análise de sobrevida, seguida da análise de COX. Observou-se que metade dos pacientes recuperaram as funções em até 20 dias, sendo que o tempo médio para recuperação dos traumas no complexo zigomático-orbitário-malar-nasal foi de 11 dias e do complexo maxilo - mandibular de 21 dias (HR: 1,5 (0,99 - 2,3) p=0,055). Embora o restabelecimento das funções tenha atingido taxas elevadas após abordagem cirúrgicas, faz-se necessária a análise dos casos de insucessos bem como os impactos econômicos e as estratégias de prevenção associados aos traumas de face a fim de qualificar o serviço prestado à população.

[Epidemiology of maxillofacial fractures due to traffic accidents in Medellin (Colombia)]. / Epidemiología de las fracturas maxilofaciales por accidente de tráfico en Medellín (Colombia).

OBJECTIVE: To characterize maxillofacial fractures due to traffic accidents in patients attending the Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación (Medellin-Colombia) from 1998 to 2010. METHODS: A descriptive study (n =1609) was carried out with information from the medical records of patients meeting the inclusion criteria established by the general objective of the study. The variables consisted of sex, age, year, type and number of fractures, and type of vehicle. A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed and the frequency of fractures due to traffic accidents was calculated according to year and sex. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were estimated to establish associations among age, type of vehicle, and the presence of two or more fractures with stratification by sex. RESULTS: The frequency of maxillofacial fractures due to traffic accidents increased in 2007 (men: n=198, women: n=35) and decreased from 2008 to 2010 in both sexes. Fractures were more frequent in persons aged <35 years (80%) and in men (82%). The highest frequency of fractures was observed in motorists. Male users of motorcycles (aOR=1.41; confidence interval 95% [95%CI]: 1.02- 1.94) and bicycles (aOR=1.61; 95%CI: 1.01- 2.56) were more likely to report two or more fractures compared with pedestrians, after adjustment for other variables. CONCLUSIONS: Most maxillofacial fractures occurred in men and in motorists. Future studies should analyze other determinants affecting the epidemiology of maxillofacial fractures. Strategies should be designed to improve the use of protective elements and drivers' knowledge and practices.

Retrospective study of prevalence of face fractures in southern Brazil.

CONTEXT: Trauma has been an important public health problem worldwide. Facial injuries are among the most common types of trauma treated at emergency departments, associated or not with injuries in other anatomic sites. The patterns of facial fractures are usually affected by geography and socioeconomic conditions. AIM: To investigate the prevalence of facial fractures in Lages, state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, from September 2003 to August 2008. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Cross-sectional, retrospective, epidemiological study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on patients' gender, age, etiological agent, and facial region affected by fracture were collected from the charts of patients treated with facial fractures. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Qualitative variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies, and quantitative variables as means and standard deviation. The Chi-square test was used to evaluate the association between gender, traffic accidents and facial region affected. The association between etiological agents and facial region affected was assessed using the chi-square test and the adjusted residuals analysis. RESULTS: 492 patients presented with oral and maxillofacial trauma, with 988 facial fractures; 80.9% of the patients were men, and the most frequent age group was 21-30 years (29.5%). The most frequent causes of fractures were: Traffic accidents in 27.9%, physical assault in 14.9%, and bicycle falls in 10.5%; several other causes scored below 10%. CONCLUSION: Regular publication of epidemiological data is extremely important for the implementation of prevention campaigns and for an increased awareness of the etiology of fractures affecting the face and other anatomic sites.

1,454 mandibular fractures: a 3-year study in a hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the mandibular fractures which presented over a 3-year period at an emergency hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHODS: The data collected included age, sex, aetiology, date of trauma, associated maxillofacial trauma, anatomic site of fracture, and treatment. The analysis involved descriptive statistics and the Pearson's chi-square, Bonferroni, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whiney tests, and analysis of variance. RESULTS: There were 1,454 mandibular fractures in 1,023 patients. Males of 20-29 years of age sustained the majority of fractures. Traffic accidents were the major causes of trauma, followed by violence and falls. A high incidence of fractures in women due to violence was observed. The condyle region was found to be the most common fracture site in the mandible. A surgical approach was performed in most cases. There were more accidents causing mandibular fractures on the weekends. CONCLUSION: The individuals with mandibular fractures due to "traffic accidents" were younger than those due to "violence" and "falls". There was a significant statistical association between age and aetiology as well as between sex and aetiology of mandibular fractures.

Analysis of 185 maxillofacial fractures in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

A retrospective study was performed to assess maxillofacial fractures in patients treated at a public hospital from 2002 to 2006. The data collected included age, gender, etiology, type of injury, treatment modalities and period of treatment. Causes were grouped into seven categories: road traffic collisions, sports accidents, occupational accidents, gunshot fractures, falls, violence and other causes. The analyses involved descriptive statistics, the Chi-squared Test and the Fisher Exact Test. Records from 132 patients sustaining 185 maxillofacial fractures were evaluated. The mandible (54.6%) was the most commonly fractured bone in the facial skeleton, followed by the zygoma (27.6%). The mean age of the patients was 37.7 years, and the male:female ratio was 4.3:1. Most fractures occurred in adults with ages ranging from 18 to 39 years. A significant statistical relation was found between the age and the etiology of the trauma (p < 0.05), and between the number of fractured sites and the age of the patient (p < 0.05). Considering the age groups, accidents were the most frequent cause of maxillofacial fractures in the age group between 18 to 39 years, and interpersonal violence was the most frequent cause of maxillofacial fractures in the age group between 40 to 59 years. Treatment was performed on the same day as the diagnosis in 44.7% of the patients. Open surgery with internal stable fixation was indicated for most of the patients. Facial fractures occurred primarily among men under 30 years of age, and the most common sites of fractures in the face were the mandible and the zygomatic complex. Traffic road collisions were the main etiologic factor associated with maxillofacial trauma.

Analysis of 185 maxillofacial fractures in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil

A retrospective study was performed to assess maxillofacial fractures in patients treated at a public hospital from 2002 to 2006. The data collected included age, gender, etiology, type of injury, treatment modalities and period of treatment. Causes were grouped into seven categories: road traffic collisions, sports accidents, occupational accidents, gunshot fractures, falls, violence and other causes. The analyses involved descriptive statistics, the Chi-squared Test and the Fisher Exact Test. Records from 132 patients sustaining 185 maxillofacial fractures were evaluated. The mandible (54.6 percent) was the most commonly fractured bone in the facial skeleton, followed by the zygoma (27.6 percent). The mean age of the patients was 37.7 years, and the male:female ratio was 4.3:1. Most fractures occurred in adults with ages ranging from 18 to 39 years. A significant statistical relation was found between the age and the etiology of the trauma (p < 0.05), and between the number of fractured sites and the age of the patient (p < 0.05). Considering the age groups, accidents were the most frequent cause of maxillofacial fractures in the age group between 18 to 39 years, and interpersonal violence was the most frequent cause of maxillofacial fractures in the age group between 40 to 59 years. Treatment was performed on the same day as the diagnosis in 44.7 percent of the patients. Open surgery with internal stable fixation was indicated for most of the patients. Facial fractures occurred primarily among men under 30 years of age, and the most common sites of fractures in the face were the mandible and the zygomatic complex. Traffic road collisions were the main etiologic factor associated with maxillofacial trauma.

Oral fractures in dogs of Brazil--a retrospective study.

A retrospective study was performed in 100 dogs with 121 mandibular and 21 maxillary fractures. Dog fight (43.0%) and automobile (12.0%) trauma were the most common etiologies for fracture. The cause of fracture was unknown in 23.0% of the cases, while pathologic fractures occurred in 13.0% of cases. Young dogs (< 1-year-old) and dogs > 8-years of age were most affected. Mandibular fractures occurred in 90 dogs (90.0%), with two dogs (2.2%) having concurrent maxillary fractures. Maxillary fractures only were diagnosed in 10 dogs (10.0%). The molar region (47.1%) was the most commonly affected location for mandibular fracture, followed by fractures of the symphysis and parasymphysis (30.6%), premolar region (17.4%), angular process (4.1%) and vertical ramus (0.8%). In fractures of the mandibular region, the mandibular first molar tooth was often (85.9%) involved while the canine teeth were involved in 67.5% of symphyseal and parasymphyseal fractures. The most common fracture of the maxilla was the maxillary bone (52.4%), followed by the incisive (33.3%), palatine (9.5%), and nasal (4.8%) bones.

Fracturas sagitales de maxilar superior: presentación de un caso clínico / Sagittal fractures of the upper jaw: report of a clinical case

En el siguiente trabajo se enfatiza la importancia de un buen diagnóstico ante todo traumatismo del área maxilofacial, en busca de fracturas sagitales del maxilar superior, las cuales están asociadas en un 25 por ciento con los trazos tipo Le Fort. Se describe la modalidad correcta de diagnóstico y su tratamiento, presentando un caso clínico para ejemplificarlo (AU)

[Maxillofacial fractures and associated factors in Campeche Mexico, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social medical insurance policyholders. Retrospective analysis 1994-1999]. / Fracturas maxilofaciales y factores asociados en derechohabientes del IMSS Campeche, México, análisis retrospectivo 1994-1999.

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence, distribution, and associated factors of maxillofacial fractures (MFs) among third-party insurance plan patients. METHOD: A cross-sectional and descriptive study with data of patients from Oral and Maxilofacial Surgery Department (January 1994 to December-1999) at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social in Campeche, Mexico, was carried out. Daily registries, surgical programming lists' and charts of 1,611 patients were used to determine presence of MFs, age, sex, and status of the insured. Analysis was made in STATA 7 using X2. Odds ratio (OR) with confidence intervals to 95% were calculated (1C95%). RESULTS: The prevalence of MFs was 9.4%. The age average was 31.04+/-15.49 years old. The major percentage of MFs were dentoalveolar fractures (26.3%), followed by mandibular angle (20.4%) and mandibular body (13.2%). Being a male was strongly associated with presence of MFs (OR=6.1; 1C95% 4.08, 9.12). The groups of age with greater association to MFs were those of 41-50 (RM=3.30 1C95% 1.57, 6.96) and those of 31-40 (RM=2.87 1C95% 1.53, 5.55). The workers category displayed a superior association (RM=6.25 1C95% 3.21, 13.56) to the other groups of the insured category. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiologic characteristics of MFs were similar to those reported in the specialized literature. Appearing mainly in men and intermediate age groups ages. The patterns of fractures in the studied patients were different according to the age group to which they belonged.

Fracturas maxilofaciales y factores asociados en derechohabientes del IMSS Campeche, México: Análisis retrospectivo 1994-1999 / Maxilofacial Fractures and Associated Factors in Campeche Mexico, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Medical Insurance Policyholders: Retropsective Analysis 1994-1999

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia y distribución de fracturas maxilofaciales (FMs) en derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Campeche. Material y métodos: estudio transversal con datos de pacientes atendidos en el departamento de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial (enero-1994 a diciembre-1999) del IMSS Campeche. Se utilizaron registros diarios, libretas de programación quirúrgica y expedientes de 1611 pacientes para determinar la presencia de FMs la edad, el sexo y la calidad del asegurado. FI análisis se realizó en STATA 7 utilizando X². Se calcularon razones de momios (RM) con intervalos de confianza al 95% (1C95%). Resultados: la prevalencia de FMs fue de 9.4%. la media de edad fue de 31.04 ± 15.49 años. El mayor porcentaje de FMs fueron las Dentó alveolares (26.3%), seguida de las del ángulo mandibular (20.4%) y de las del cuerpo mandibular (13.2%). El sexo masculino estuvo fuertemente asociado a la presencia de FMs (RM=6.1; 1C95% 4.08,9.12). los grupos de edad con mayor asociación a FMs fueron los de 41-50 (RM=3.30 1C95% 1.57, 6.96) y el de 31-40 (RM=2.871C95%1.53, 5.55). los trabajadores presentaron una asociación superior (RM=6.25 1C95% 3.21,13.56) a los otros grupos de asegurados. Conclusiones: las características epidemiológicas de FMs fueron similares a las reportadas en la literatura especializada. Se observó principalmente en hombres y en los grupos de edad intermedia. los patrones de fracturas en los pacientes estudiados fueron diferentes según el grupo de edad al que pertenecían.

Objective: To determine prevalence, distribution, and associated factors of maxillofacial fractures (MFs) among third-party insurance plan patients. Method: A cross-sectional and descriptive study with data of patients from Oral and Maxilofacial Surgery Department (January 1994 to December-1999) at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social in Campeche, Mexico, was carried out. Daily registries, surgical programming lists' and charts off 611 patients were used to determine presence of MFs, age, sex, and status of the insured. Analysis was made in STATA 7 using X². Odds ratio (OR) with confidence intervals to 95% were calculated (1C9 5%). Results: The prevalence of MFs was 9.4%. The age average was 31.04 +15.49 years old. The major percentage of MFs were dentoalveolar fractures (26.3%), followed by mandibular angle (20.4%) and mandibular body (13.2%). Being a male was strongly associated with presence of MFs (OR=6. 1; 1C95% 4.08, 9.12). The groups of age with greater association to MFs were those of 41-50 (RM-3.30 1C 95% 1.57, 6.96) and those of 31-40 (RM=2.87 1C95% 1.53,5.55). The workers-category displayed a superior association (RM=6.251C 95% 3.21, 13.56) to the other groups of the insured category. Conclusions: The epidemiologic characteristics of MFs were similar to those reported in the specialized literature. Appearing mainly in men and intermediate age groups ages. The patterns of fractures in the studied patients were different according to the age group to which they belonged.

Levantamento epidemiológico dos traumas bucomaxilofaciais nos hospitais Cristo Redentor e Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre

Ojetivo:avaliar estatisticamente a prevalência, as causas e conseqüências dos traumas bucomaxilofaciais nos prontuários dos pacientes internados no Hospital Cristo Redentor e Hospital Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre no ano de 1998.Materiais e métodos trata-se de uma pesquisa documental direta retrospectiva, executada através de análise dos prontuários dos pacientes internados nos setores e cirurgia e traumatologia bucomaxilofacial de dois hospitais estudados, tendo como instrumento de coleta de dados uma ficha clínica que foi testada numa análise piloto, contendo questões sobre: região fratuarada, lesões associadas, tempo de permanência no hospital, faixa de horário de atendimento, dias e meses em que ocorreram os eventos traumáticos nos pacientes internados nos dois principais centro de trauma da cidade de Porto Alegre. A análise estatística dos dados coletados foi realizada no programa EPI INFO 6.04. Resultados: a faixa etária mais atingida está entre os 18 e os 30 anos de idade nos dois hospitais sendo 35,5% no HCR e 34,0% no HPS: os homens foram os mais traumatizados com 84,7% no HCR e 80,0% HPS; 31,8% dos internados no HCR eram de Porto Alegre e 68,2% da Grande Porto Alegre e Interior; 50,9% dos internados no HPS eram de Porto Alegre e 49,1% da Grande Porto Alegre e Interior; os acidentes de trânsito representaram 33,9% das causas de internação no HCR e 41,9%no HPS; as agressões físicas com 21,6% no HCR e 26,3% no HPS.Conclusão: no presente trabalho, concluiu-se que os pacientes mais atingidos por traumas faciais são jovens ou adultos jovens do gênero masculino e de cor branca; as principais causas de internações são acidentes de trânsito e agressões físicas; a região da face mais atingida é a mandibula, sendo as regiões do corpo, ângulo e sínfise as mais fraturadas; nos pacientes internados no Hospital Cristo Redentor, 6,8%(16 pacientes) estavam alcoolizados e 14,5%(26 pacientes)no Hospital de Pronto Socorro.