Tipos de vacunas pediátricas / Types of pediatric vaccines

La autora describe las vacunas pediátricas de uso obligatorio en nuestro país en la actualidad. Se menciona su acción, vía de administración, efectos adversos y contraindicaciones (AU)

Tipos de vacunas pediátricas / Types of pediatric vaccines

La autora describe las vacunas pediátricas de uso obligatorio en nuestro país en la actualidad. Se menciona su acción, vía de administración, efectos adversos y contraindicaciones

Sarampión 1998: una epidemia inquietante / Measles 1998: a disturbing epidemic

Se presenta una actualización de la enfermedad sarampionosa, desde la epidemiología y la clínica, mostrando por último una sinopsis de los síntomas con su correlación repertorial y terapéutica (AU)

Sarampión 1998: una epidemia inquietante / Measles 1998: a disturbing epidemic

Se presenta una actualización de la enfermedad sarampionosa, desde la epidemiología y la clínica, mostrando por último una sinopsis de los síntomas con su correlación repertorial y terapéutica

Chile hacia la eliminación del sarampión 1992 - 1996 / Chile toward measles elimination program

Hasta la década de los 60, el sarampión era una importante causa de morbimortalidad en Chile. La vacunación programática, iniciada en 1963, tuvo un impacto real en disminuir tanto las tasas de morbilidad como las de mortalidad. Sin embargo, se produjo una epidemia entre los años 1988 y 1989 a pesar de una alta cobertura de vacunación; algunas razones para ello fueron la aplicación de la vacuna antes del año de edad y deficiencias documerytadas en la cadena de frío. Con posterioridad, un nuevo esquema de vacunación a los 12 meses de edad, la revacunación en edad escolar, mejorías en la cadena de frío, coberturas de vacunación superiores al 95 por ciento, y una campaña nacional de vacunación anti sarampión a menores de 15 años, durante 1992, permitieron cortar la transmisión del sarampión. Un programa especial de vigilancia, con estudio serológico de todos los casos sospechosos de sarampión, detectó un último paciente, infección adquirida en el exterior, en Enero de 1993. Durante 1996, se reforzó la inmunidad contra la enfermedad mediante una nueva campaña orientada a vacunar la población bajo 1 5 años de edad. Hoy en día, los adultos jóvenes constituyen la población susceptible, y en riesgo, de contraer el sarampión

Suscetibilidade da linhagem de células Vero a cepas vacinais do vírus do sarampo / Susceptibility of Vero cell line to vaccine strains of the measles vírus

A suscetibilidade da linhagem de células Vero ao vírus do sarampo é bem conhecida e sua utilizaçäo no controle da potência da vacina contra o sarampo é amplamente difundida. Com o objetivo de comparar a suscetibilidade de células Vero empregadas em titulaçöes, amostras provenientes de dois laboratórios controladores (Vero IB e Vero INCQS), foram testadas frente a três cepas vacinais: Moraten Schwarz e Biken CAM-70. Foram titulados 72 lotes de vacinas contra o sarampo, sendo 25 produzidos com a cepa Moraten, 24 com a cepa Schwarz e 23 com a cepa Biken CAM-70. A análise estatística dos resultados obtidos nas titulaçöes, feita através dos testes Limites para uma Média e "t" de Student, mostrou que para as cepas Moraten e Biken CAM-70, as diferenças de títulos näo foram estatisticamente significantes, o mesmo näo ocorrendo com a cepa Schwarz, para a qual as células Vero IB se mostraram mais sensíveis

Re-evaluation of the basic procedures involved in the storage of measles vaccine in puplic health units of the municipality of niterói, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Quatro anos após a primeira visita, dezessete unidades Sanitárias do Município de Niterói - RJ foram visitadas novamente e reavaliadas de acordo com as normas técnicas específicas estabelecidas pelo Programa Nacional de Imunizaçäo. Constatou-se que em 100 por cento das Unidades visitadas os cuidados com os refrigeradores e a arrumaçäo das vacinas no interior dos aparelhos eram adequados ou regulares mas quanto ao controle de temperatura dos refrigeradores este percentual caía para 64,7 por cento. De todos os itens avaliados, o mais problemático foi o apoio técnico imediato frente a situaçöes de emergência, considerado insuficiente em 94,1 por cento dos casos. Em 55,2 por cento das amostras vacinais recolhidas das unidades sanitárias, os títulos estavam abaixo da potência mínima preconizada para tal produto no momento da aplicaçäo. Verifica-se, deste modo, a necessidade de uma contínua avaliaçäo dos fatores que intervêm na cadeia de frio evitando-se, assim, que seja comprometida a qualidade das vacinas a serem utilizadas

Re-evaluation of the basic procedures involved in the storage of measles vaccine in public health units of the municipality of Niterói, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Four years after the first visit seventeen public health units were visited again and evaluated as to standards of storage recommended by the Brazilian Immunization Programme. In 100% of the units, refrigerators and proper inside location of vaccines in the refrigerator were adequately or regularly maintained and checked, respectively. However, when control of temperature was checked, only 64.7% presented adequate storage conditions. In 94.1% of the units, health workers complained of lack of immediate technical support in emergency situations. In 55.2% the titers vaccine samples of were under the minimal recommended potency. It is necessary that the factors concerning the cold chain be continually evaluated so that the quality of the vaccines that will be used is not affected.

[Titration and stability tests for antimeasles vaccine]. / Pruebas de titulación y estabilidad de la vacuna antisarampionosa.

Production and quality of the vaccines, are important activities in the prevention of measles disease. Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine is the main strain attenuated virus distributed in México. In order to evaluate the titer of Edmonston-Zagreb and Schwarz vaccines, 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50/0.5 mL) and plaque-forming units (PFU) are performed in the National Laboratory of Public Health. Furthermore PFU is a method used in the stability vaccine test. Validation criteria are described in this paper.

[Photosensitivity and stability of freeze-dried and/or reconstituted measles vaccines (Biken CAM-70 strain)]. / Fotossensibilidade e termoestabilidade de vacinas contra o sarampo (cepa Biken CAM-70) liofilizadas e/ou reconstituídas para administração.

Three different lots of measles vaccines produced with the Biken CAM-70 virus strain were requested from the central cold store of the Public Health Department of the State of S. Paulo, Brazil, and assays on photosensitivity at 2-8 degrees C, and on stability at 28, 36.5 and 45 degrees C were carried out to find out for how long these vaccines would maintain their minimum potency, established as being 3.70 log10 or 5000 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) per human dose. The analysis of the adjusted straight regression lines indicated that, with the passage of time, the potency of lyophilized or reconstituted vaccines, as well as of vaccines exposed to or protected from light decreased. Light-exposed vaccines, however, became less potent than vaccines protected from the light. None of the vaccine lots studied, reconstituted and stored at 2-8 degrees C, exhibited homogeneity as to sensitivity to light. When freeze-dried vaccines had their photosensitivity studied at 2-8 degrees C, lots 1 and 2 presented greater thermal degradation when exposed to light than when protected from it. However, in both instances, it was found that potency fell below that taken as minimum for the Biken CAM-70 virus strain. At all other temperatures considered, even when protected from light, lots 1 and 2 did not retain the minimum potency. Lot 3 kept the expected stability for 60 days at 2-8 degrees C when protected from light and for 40 days when unprotected, but its thermal degradation at other temperatures was more intense (28 degrees C: 5 days; 36.5 degrees C: 2 days; 45 degrees C: 0.5 day).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Fotossensibilidade e termoestabilidade de vacinas contra o sarampo (CEPA BIKEN CAM-70) liofilizadas e/ou reconstituídas para administraçäo / Photosensitivity and stability of freeze-dried and reconstituted measles vaccines (Biken CAM-70 strain)

Três lotes de vacinas contra o sarampo, produzidos com a cepa de vírus Biken CAM-70, sob as formas liofilizada e reconstituída, pertencentes ao estoque da rede de vacinaçäo da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Säo Paulo, Brasil, foram submetidos a testes de sensibilidade a luz, a temperatura de 2 a 8§C, e de termoestabilidade (protegidos da luz) as temperaturas de 28, 36,5 e 45§C, objetivando verificar por quanto tempo retinham sua potência, isto é, a concentraçäo ideal recomendada para a cepa de vírus presente. A análise de retas de regressäo ajustadas demonstrou que, de modo geral, tanto os lotes de vacinas liofilizados como de potência no decorrer do experimento, a qual foi mais acentuada para vacinas expostas a luz. Reconstituídos e mantidos a 2 a 8§C, os lotes näo apresentaram homogeneidade no referente a sensibilidade a luz. Quando a fotossensibilidade de lotes de vacinas liofilizadas foi testada a 2 a 8§C eles mostraram-se mais sensíveis a degradaçäo térmica quando expostos a luz do que quando protegidos dela. Entretanto, expostos ou protegidos, a potência foi inferior a mínima aceita para a cepa Bikien CAM-70. As demais temperaturas, mesmo ao abrigo da luz, os dois lotes näo retiveram potência mínima. Quanto as vacinas do lote 3, conservadas a 2 a 8§C, mantiveram-se de acordo com os requerimentos mínimos de potência durante 60 dias quando protegidas da luz, e durante 40 dias quando expostas a ela. A degradaçäo térmica as demais temperaturas foi mais acentuada (28§C: 5 dias...

Análisis estadístico de la potencia de 7 lotes de vacuna antisarampionosa / Statistical analysis of potency of seven lots of measles vaccine

Se tomaron 7 lotes de vacuna antisarampionosa de diferentes centros de salud que prestan servicios de vacunación. Estos se analizaron para determinar si mantenían la potencia establecida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud después de un tiempo en nuestro país; la misma se determinó mediante el método cuantitativo de conteo de placas líticas en células Vero. Estos resultados y los obtenidos en 2 laboratorios de control de la URSS fueron comparados mediante análisis estadístico de Varianza de Clasificación Simple. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los mismos

The cold chain and the expanded program on immunization in Chile: an evaluation exercise.

PIP: It was decided that a study of the cold chain should be conducted in Chile in an effort to identify situations that could be corrected and to improve the technical and administrative development of the program. Specifically, study objectives were as follows: to determine the degree to which the EPI standards for procurement, receipt, transfer, control, maintenance, and distribution of vaccines were being met; to assess the turnover, knowledge, and training of auxiliary vaccination personnel against the relevant standards established for vaccine and cold chain management; to determine the antigenic potency of measles vaccine samples available at the time visits were made to local clinics, regional health storage sites, and the central supply facility; and to test a written instrument designed for the express purpose of assessing achievement of the first 2 objectives cited. The study sought to provide a descriptive assessment of work being performed at the central, regional, and local levels in the Metropolitan Region. The operating units involved included the airport and main supply center at the central level; the 7 storage facilities of the Metropolitan Region's 78 local clinics providing maternal and child health care. 40 clinics, selected by lot, represented 51% of the region's 78 clinics and provided coverage for 49% of the population assigned to the region's health services. The units studied failed to satisfy half the investigated Expanded Program for Immunization (EPI) standards, i.e., the average achievement rating of the 3 levels combined (49.3%) fell short of half the desired 100%. The airport unit met very few of the EPI implementation standards, scoring only 20% in this area. Deficiencies were found in systems for shipping vaccine in cold boxes, for making cold rooms permanently available, and for providing adequate vaccine transportation. The central supply facility, responsible for the purchase, storage, distribution, and maintenance of an adequate vaccine stock, had an achievement score of only 41%. The regional level, represented by the 7 storage facilities studied, obtained a lower overall achievement score than the other 2 levels and appears to be a high-risk link in the cold chain. The local level, represented by the 40 clinics studied, attained the highest average achievement score of any level (57%). Yet, serious deficiencies also emerged at this level, particularly regarding implementation and control activities. These deficiencies were aggravated by the fact that vaccines undoubtedly encounter a larger number of potentially damaging contingencies at the local level than they do elsewhere. Suggestions are made for overcoming these difficulties.^ieng