ABSTRACT
Western colonialism influenced the encounter between traditional and modern knowledge from the nineteenth century onwards, resulting in the overlapping of Western medicine as a privileged form of knowledge. In 1958 the hybridization between Chinese and Western medicines became official under the name of traditional Chinese medicine and, through the development of biomedical research on acupuncture, it distanced itself from traditional knowledge. This essay presents historical changes experienced by Chinese medicine/acupuncture and discusses the effects of its absorption by modern medical reasoning from a postcolonial standpoint. The conclusion was that the scientism of Chinese medicine did not broaden its therapeutic potential and resulted in the loss of its epistemological authority.
O colonialismo ocidental influenciou, a partir do século XIX, o encontro entre saberes tradicional e moderno, resultando na sobreposição da medicina ocidental como modo privilegiado de conhecimento. Em 1958 oficializou-se, sob o nome de medicina tradicional chinesa, a hibridização entre as medicinas chinesa e ocidental e, por meio do desenvolvimento da pesquisa biomédica sobre a acupuntura, cresceu o distanciamento do saber tradicional. Este ensaio aborda mudanças históricas sofridas pela medicina chinesa/acupuntura e discute, sob a óptica pós-colonial, os efeitos de sua absorção pela racionalidade médica moderna. Concluiu-se que o cientificismo na medicina chinesa não ampliou seu potencial terapêutico e resultou na perda de sua autoridade epistemológica.
Subject(s)
Acupuncture/history , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history , Colonialism/history , History, 20th Century , Knowledge , Politics , Western WorldABSTRACT
Resumo O colonialismo ocidental influenciou, a partir do século XIX, o encontro entre saberes tradicional e moderno, resultando na sobreposição da medicina ocidental como modo privilegiado de conhecimento. Em 1958 oficializou-se, sob o nome de medicina tradicional chinesa, a hibridização entre as medicinas chinesa e ocidental e, por meio do desenvolvimento da pesquisa biomédica sobre a acupuntura, cresceu o distanciamento do saber tradicional. Este ensaio aborda mudanças históricas sofridas pela medicina chinesa/acupuntura e discute, sob a óptica pós-colonial, os efeitos de sua absorção pela racionalidade médica moderna. Concluiu-se que o cientificismo na medicina chinesa não ampliou seu potencial terapêutico e resultou na perda de sua autoridade epistemológica.
Abstract Western colonialism influenced the encounter between traditional and modern knowledge from the nineteenth century onwards, resulting in the overlapping of Western medicine as a privileged form of knowledge. In 1958 the hybridization between Chinese and Western medicines became official under the name of traditional Chinese medicine and, through the development of biomedical research on acupuncture, it distanced itself from traditional knowledge. This essay presents historical changes experienced by Chinese medicine/acupuncture and discusses the effects of its absorption by modern medical reasoning from a postcolonial standpoint. The conclusion was that the scientism of Chinese medicine did not broaden its therapeutic potential and resulted in the loss of its epistemological authority.
Subject(s)
History, 20th Century , Politics , Acupuncture/history , Colonialism/history , Knowledge , Western World , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/historyABSTRACT
The massive waves of Chinese migrants arriving in California and Lima in the second half of the nineteenth century played a crucial role in expanding Chinese medicine in both settings. From the late 1860s on, herbalists expanded their healing system beyond their ethnic community, transforming Chinese medicine into one of the healing practices most widely adopted by the local population. This article uses a comparative approach to examine the diverging trajectories of Chinese healers in Peru and the USA, as well as the social and political factors that determined how this foreign medical knowledge adapted to its new environments.
Subject(s)
Emigrants and Immigrants/history , Herbal Medicine/history , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history , Advertising/history , California , China/ethnology , Dissent and Disputes/history , Herbal Medicine/legislation & jurisprudence , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Human Migration/history , Humans , Peru , Physicians/history , Yellow Fever/history , Yellow Fever/therapyABSTRACT
Resumen Las masivas olas de migrantes chinos que llegaron a California y Lima en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX jugaron un rol clave en la expansión de la medicina china en ambos contextos. Desde fines de la década de 1860, los herbolarios expandieron su sistema de sanación más allá de su comunidad étnica, transformando la medicina china en una de las prácticas de sanación más adoptada por la población local. Desde una perspectiva comparada, este artículo examina las divergentes trayectorias de los sanadores chinos en Perú y EEUU, así como los factores sociales y políticos que determinaron la adaptación de este conocimiento médico, foráneo, en su nuevo entorno.
Abstract The massive waves of Chinese migrants arriving in California and Lima in the second half of the nineteenth century played a crucial role in expanding Chinese medicine in both settings. From the late 1860s on, herbalists expanded their healing system beyond their ethnic community, transforming Chinese medicine into one of the healing practices most widely adopted by the local population. This article uses a comparative approach to examine the diverging trajectories of Chinese healers in Peru and the USA, as well as the social and political factors that determined how this foreign medical knowledge adapted to its new environments.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Herbal Medicine/history , Emigrants and Immigrants/history , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history , Peru , Physicians/history , Yellow Fever/history , Yellow Fever/therapy , China/ethnology , California , Advertising/history , Herbal Medicine/legislation & jurisprudence , Dissent and Disputes/history , Human Migration/historyABSTRACT
In Puerto Rico and Cuba, the phrase "can't be saved even by the Chinese physician" ("no lo salva ni el médico chino") indicates a person with an incurable disease. The documents at the Archivo General de Puerto Rico include three requests for a medical license from a Chinese immigrant, Juan de Dios Sian (Lin Hua Cheng). Despite lacking legal credentials, he used herbal therapies to treat chronically ill persons in Ponce, San Juan and Mayaguez from 1851 to 1853. Before arriving in Ponce he had spent four years in Cuba, where he is again found by 1865. Sian's petitions show that Puerto Rico, like Cuba, experienced a widely known "médico chino." The anecdote reminds us of important issues in our medical and social history: Asiatic immigration (earlier, larger and more diverse than usually considered), access to care (and its limitations), and the long history of herbal medicine in Oriental and Western cultures. Elements of this story, such as the eagerness for new treatments among patients who have derived no benefit from standard therapy, the ethics of medical licensing, the impotence of licensing agencies and the toleration of authorities regarding an unorthodox but popular healer, exemplify dilemmas that accompany medical practice at all times.
Subject(s)
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/history , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history , Phytotherapy/history , Emigrants and Immigrants/history , History, 19th Century , Humans , Puerto RicoABSTRACT
Estuda-se a produção ensaística do médico Geraldo Horácio de Paula Souza em Eugenia e imigração (1928), e após viagem oficial ao Oriente, em Digressões sobre a medicina chinesa clássica (1942) e A sabedoria chinesa diante da ciência ocidental e a Escola Médica de Pequim (1943). Os documentos analisados por meio das matrizes conceituais de Carlo Ginzburg indicam uma mudança na visão do sanitarista sobre os chineses. Formado segundo o modelo de medicina experimental difundido pela Fundação Rockefeller, Paula Souza pautou sua prática profissional pelo rigor científico e valorização do registro imagético. Após sua viagem à China, a linha de pensamento defendida na juventude, de estagnação da civilização chinesa, mudou, diante daquilo que considerou capacidade modernizadora da China republicana.
This essay is on the writings of sanitary doctor Geraldo Horácio de Paula Souza in Eugenia e Imigração (1928) and, after an official trip to the Orient, in Digressões sobre a medicina chinesa clássica (1942) and A sabedoria chinesa diante da ciência ocidental e a Escola Médica de Pequim (1943). The documents, analyzed according to the conceptual approach of Carlo Ginzburg, indicate a change in his view of the Chinese. Trained according to the Rockefeller Foundation's model of experimental medicine, Geraldo de Paula Souza was guided in his work by scientific rigor and record imagery. In his youth he was of the opinion that the Chinese civilization was stagnated, but this view changed after his visit, when he perceived the Chinese republic's capacity to modernize.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acupuncture , Education, Medical/history , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history , Physicians/history , Brazil , ChinaABSTRACT
Acupuncture has had a successful story in Brazil. With its use in the public health system supported by legislation since 1988, its recognition as a medical specialty in 1995 enabled the introduction of an annual board examination and the creation of an official Medical Residency Programme. Since then, medical acupuncture has developed considerably, mostly through its massive spread into the Brazilian public health system. Brazil is the only country outside China that has created a Medical Residency Programme on Acupuncture. The 2-year programme consists of 5760 training hours, beginning with major clinical areas (internal medicine, neurology, orthopaedics and gynaecology) during 24 weeks in the first year. The residents study and practice acupuncture using the traditional Chinese Medicine approach and also the biomedical model. Specialists educated by this programme are therefore expected to have an optimum knowledge of both Western and Eastern medicine. Since it was first created, nine public health institutions have adopted the residency programme on acupuncture so, rather than being an alternative therapy, acupuncture has become an easily accessible and well-accepted conventional medical resource in Brazil.
Subject(s)
Acupuncture/education , Internship and Residency , Acupuncture/history , Acupuncture Therapy , Brazil , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history , Physicians/history , Teaching/historySubject(s)
Acupuncture , Health Promotion , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history , Research , Science , ChinaSubject(s)
Herbal Medicine/history , Plants, Medicinal , Antineoplastic Agents/history , Arabia , China , Drug Discovery/history , Europe , Female , History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Humans , Male , Medicine, Arabic/history , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history , Neoplasms/diet therapy , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasms/prevention & control , Phytotherapy/history , United StatesABSTRACT
Nas últimas quatro décadas a Medicina Chinesa estabeleceu raízes estáveis nos países ocidentais. Durante o processo de aculturação, a escola de pensamento denominada Medicina Tradicional Chinesa (ZHŌNG GUÓ YĪ) alcançou uma posição hegemônica nestes países e também na República Popular da China (1949- ). Esta escola foi inicialmente concebida como um projeto para reconstrução da Medicina Chinesa dentro do território da China continental após a revolução de 1949. Um dos propósitos deste projeto foi construir uma síntese entre a MedicinaClássica Chinesa (GǓ DÀI ZHŌNG YĪ) e a ciência ocidental, adequando-se aos valores e ideologia da China comunista. Neste processo foram excluídas ou modificadas, por razões políticas, ideológicas ou paradigmáticas, concepções fundamentais da Medicina Clássica que constituíam um modelo de prevenção e promoção de saúde. Em contrapartida, foram enfatizados seus aspectos diretamente relacionados ao paradigma biomédico, essencialmentevoltados para a cura de doenças.Neste trabalho apreendemos e analisamos as concepções, valores e pressupostos que estruturam a proposta terapêutica da Medicina Clássica Chinesa, enfatizando os aspectos econcepções que constituem um modelo de prevenção e promoção de saúde (YǍNG SHĒNG), reintegrando as concepções modificadas ou excluídas dentro de seu contexto original. Assumindo que durante seu período de formação na dinastia HÀN (206 B.C. - 220 A.D.) a Medicina Clássica Chinesa era um corpo de conhecimento interligado aos saberes e práticasDaoístas, efetuamos a apreensão e análise das concepções inseridas no contexto do modelo cosmológico Daoísta que constituiu os fundamentos para o desenvolvimento dos saberes médicos nesta época.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Diagnosis , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/trends , Health Promotion/trends , Therapeutics/history , Therapeutics/trends , Acupuncture/history , Acupuncture/methods , Disease Prevention , Public Policy , Pharmaceutical Preparations/history , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Psychophysiology/ethics , Psychophysiology/methodsABSTRACT
Este artigo apresenta a evolução histórica, política e teórica da acupuntura em nossa sociedade. Explora o modelo teórico proposto pela Medicina tradicional chinesa, que tem como base o conhecimento adquirido através de observações sistemáticas que ocorreram em milhares de anos e que, quando aceitos como verdades por todos os observadores, são integrados ao conjunto de conhecimentos que os orientais chamam de As Tradições. Esses conhecimentos são transmitidos de geração a geração, até o presente. Com a aproximação entre as ciências ocidentais e as tradições orientais, resultado dos esforços das Nações Unidas que culminou com a declaração de Veneza, em 1986, buscou-se apresentar, neste trabalho, como essas tradições percebem o ser humano, em particular, a psique.
This article presents the historical, political and theoretical acupuncture evolution in our society. It explores the theoretical model proposed by the traditional Chinese Medicine whose support is the knowledge acquired by the systematic observations that occurred in millennia; if it is accepted as true for all the observers, it is integrated in the kind of knowledge that easterns entitle The Traditions. This knowledge is transmitted from generation to generation up to the present time. With the approximation of the western science and the eastern traditions, due to the United Nation's efforts that resulted in the 1986 Veneza's declaration, in this paper we explain how these traditions consider the human being, specially the psyche.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acupuncture/history , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/psychology , Acupuncture Therapy/psychologyABSTRACT
A medicina chinesa originalmente era parte de um conjunto mágico-religioso, fundamentava-se na cosmologia taoísta e sofreu influências do confucionismo e budismo. Passou por diversas modificações durante a milenar história chinesa, foi secularizada após a Revolução Cultural e na atualidade adquiriu características ocidentais. A aplicação de agulhas é um dos seus métodos terapêuticos, que vem sendo traduzido como acupuntura para o Ocidente desde o século XVII. A ampla difusão da acupuntura nas últimas décadas foi acompanhada por transformações sócio-históricas que permitiram sua assimilação em novos contextos culturais. As medicinas orientais foram valorizadas no Ocidente a partir da contracultura, que contestava o conhecimento racional científico como único produtor da verdade e a separação cartesiana entre corpo, mente e espírito. Paralelamente à importação de tratamentos medicinais, ocorreram modificações nas concepções religiosas ocidentais e emergiram novas corporeidades que favoreceram a adoção de práticas orientais de saúde. Como resultado do processo de inclusão da acupuntura em contextos ocidentais, surgiram novos jeitos de praticar a terapêutica chinesa, várias reinvenções da arte de aplicação das agulhas para adaptação à cosmovisão ocidental e ao modo de vida moderno. O objetivo dessa dissertação é apresentar uma reconstrução histórica das transformações da medicina na China e no Ocidente, da transplantação da acupuntura como elemento desvinculado do conjunto simbólico original para países ocidentais, e do processo de adoção da acupuntura na sociedade brasileira, delineando os possíveis modos de praticar acupuntura no Brasil contemporâneo.(AU)
The chinese medicine originally was the part of magic-religious universe, fundamented on the taoist cosmology and later suffered due to the influence of confucionism and budism. It passed through several modifications during the history of milleniums of China; was secularized after the Cultural Revolution and assimilated western characteristics in the recent times. The application of needles is one of its teraphic tecniques, which has been translated as acupuncture to the western culture since XVII century. The ample diffusion of acupuncture in the last decades which was accompanied by the socio-historical transformations permitted its assimilation to the new cultural contexts. The eastern medicinal techniques were valued in the west during the period of counter culture, which contested the rational cientific knowledge as unique producer of the truth e cartesian separation between body, mind and spirit. Parallelly the imporation of medicinal treatments, paved the way in the modification in the western religious conceptions and emerged new corporities which favoured the adoption of eastern practices of health. With the result of the process of inclusion of acunpuncture in the western contexts, new ways of practicing the chinese therapy have emerged, several reinventions of the art of application of needles have taken place in order to adapt to the western cosmovision and to the life in modern times. The objective of this dissertation is to present the historical reconstruction of transformation of medicine in China and in the West; the transplantation of acupuncture as an element desconnected to the original simbolic universe to the western countries, and the process of adoption of acupuncture in the brazilian society, delienating the possible modes of practing acupuncture in contemporary Brasil.(AU)
Subject(s)
History, Ancient , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Acculturation/history , Acupuncture/history , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Culturally Appropriate Technology/history , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history , Western World , Acupuncture/trends , Brazil , China , Culturally Appropriate Technology/organization & administration , Education, Medical/organization & administration , Holistic Health/history , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/trendsABSTRACT
Este artigo apresenta a evolução histórica, política e teórica da acupuntura em nossa sociedade. Explora o modelo teórico proposto pela Medicina tradicional chinesa, que tem como base o conhecimento adquirido através de observações sistemáticas que ocorreram em milhares de anos e que, quando aceitos como verdades por todos os observadores, são integrados ao conjunto de conhecimentos que os orientais chamam de As Tradições. Esses conhecimentos são transmitidos de geração a geração, até o presente. Com a aproximação entre as ciências ocidentais e as tradições orientais, resultado dos esforços das Nações Unidas que culminou com a declaração de Veneza, em 1986, buscou-se apresentar, neste trabalho, como essas tradições percebem o ser humano, em particular, a psique.(AU)
This article presents the historical, political and theoretical acupuncture evolution in our society. It explores the theoretical model proposed by the traditional Chinese Medicine whose support is the knowledge acquired by the systematic observations that occurred in millennia; if it is accepted as true for all the observers, it is integrated in the kind of knowledge that easterns entitle The Traditions. This knowledge is transmitted from generation to generation up to the present time. With the approximation of the western science and the eastern traditions, due to the United Nation's efforts that resulted in the 1986 Veneza's declaration, in this paper we explain how these traditions consider the human being, specially the psyche.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Acupuncture/history , Acupuncture Therapy/psychology , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/psychologyABSTRACT
Uma das mais antigas modalidades de terapêutica, acupuntura faz parte da Medicina Tradicional Chinesa. Baseada principalmente em um antigo pensamento filosófico chinês e na observação da ocorrência de fenômenos da natureza. Medicina Tradicional Chinesa possui uma fisiopatologia peculiar, um sistema de diagnóstico complicado baseado em exame de uma fisiopatologia peculiar...
One of the most ancient therapeutic maneuvers, acupuncture is part of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Based in ancient philosophic thinking and observation of naturally complicated diagnosis system based on examination of pulse, tongue and observation of patients'behavior and attitudes...
Subject(s)
Acupuncture/history , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history , Acupuncture Therapy , Acupuncture/educationABSTRACT
Se presenta una reseña de cómo se trataba y combatía el dolor en tiempos antiguos