ABSTRACT
Dream-reality confusion (DRC) is the consequence of hypnagogic content confusion with real events and memories. Narcoleptic subjects eventually have DRC and can be misdiagnosed as schizophrenic or with another disorder with delusional or hallucinatory symptoms. Although dream-related experiences and hallucinatory perception share neurophysiological pathways, they are phenomenologically distinct. The lack of phenomenological intentionality in Dreamrelated perceptions, the different cognitive pathways for delusion generation, and other differences between mental disorders psychopathology, and DRC-related phenomena are here discussed. The lived world and awake experience interpretation, and dream neurobiology in narcoleptic subjects related to DRC, might indicate some hints for the mind-brain gap issue that still exists in neurology and psychiatry.
A confusão entre realidade e sonho (CRS) é a consequência da confusão do conteúdo hipnagógico com eventos e memórias reais. Sujeitos narcolépticos eventualmente têm CRS e podem ser diagnosticados erroneamente como esquizofrênicos ou com outro transtorno com sintomas delirantes ou alucinatórios. Embora as experiências relacionadas ao sonho e à percepção alucinatória compartilhem vias neurofisiológicas, elas são fenomenologicamente distintas. A falta de intencionalidade fenomenológica nas percepções relacionadas ao sonho, as diferentes vias cognitivas para a geração do delírio e outras diferenças entre a psicopatologia dos transtornos mentais e os fenômenos relacionados à CRS são discutidos aqui. A interpretação do mundo vivido e da experiência de vigília, e a neurobiologia dos sonhos em sujeitos narcolépticos relacionados à CRS, podem indicar algumas dicas para a questão do gap mente-cérebro que ainda existe na neurologia e na psiquiatria.
Subject(s)
Humans , Confusion/psychology , Sleep Arousal Disorders , Dreams/psychology , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Narcolepsy/psychology , REM Sleep Parasomnias , Diagnosis, Differential , Hallucinations/psychologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the perception of Quality of Life (QL) in Brazilian patients with narcolepsy. METHOD: 40 adult patients aged between 20 and 72 years (mean=41.55; SD=14.50); (28 F; 12M), with the diagnosis of chronic narcolepsy were followed up at the outpatient clinic (Patient Group). The Control Group was composed of 40 adults. The instrument utilized was the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF). RESULTS: The two groups were homogeneous and no difference was found with regards to age, sex, and demographic characteristics. The perception of QL in physical, psychological and social domains showed lower scores in those patients with narcolepsy than in the control group (p<0.05). Concerning physical domain, all the aspects evaluated were significantly impaired, in patient group, including sleep satisfaction (p<0.001); energy for daily activities (p=0.039); capacity to perform activities (p=0.001); and capacity to work (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The perception of QL showed severe impairment in patients with narcolepsy for physical, psychological and social domains.
Subject(s)
Narcolepsy/psychology , Quality of Life/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Adult , Aged , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the perception of Quality of Life (QL) in Brazilian patients with narcolepsy. METHOD: 40 adult patients aged between 20 and 72 years (mean=41.55; SD=14.50); (28 F; 12M), with the diagnosis of chronic narcolepsy were followed up at the outpatient clinic (Patient Group). The Control Group was composed of 40 adults. The instrument utilized was the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF). RESULTS: The two groups were homogeneous and no difference was found with regards to age, sex, and demographic characteristics. The perception of QL in physical, psychological and social domains showed lower scores in those patients with narcolepsy than in the control group (p<0.05). Concerning physical domain, all the aspects evaluated were significantly impaired, in patient group, including sleep satisfaction (p<0.001); energy for daily activities (p=0.039); capacity to perform activities (p=0.001); and capacity to work (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The perception of QL showed severe impairment in patients with narcolepsy for physical, psychological and social domains.
OBJETIVO: Avaliar a percepção de qualidade de vida (QV) em pacientes com narcolepsia. MÉTODO: 40 pacientes com idades de 20 a 72 anos (média 41,55; desvio padrão=14,50); (28 F; 12 M), com diagnóstico de narcolepsia, crônica, seguidos em ambulatório (Grupo Paciente). O Grupo Controle foi composto de 40 adultos. O instrumento utilizado foi o Instrumento de Qualidade de Vida da Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHOQOL-BREF). RESULTADOS: Os dois grupos foram homogêneos e não foram encontradas diferenças de idade, sexo e características demográficas. A percepção da QV nos domínios físico, psicológico e social mostrou escores menores nos pacientes com narcolepsia do que no Grupo Controle (p<0,05). Quanto ao domínio físico, todos os aspectos avaliados foram significantemente comprometidos, no grupo paciente, como a satisfação com o sono (p<0,001); energia para as atividades diárias (p=0,039); capacidade de desempenhar atividades (p=0,001); e capacidade de trabalho (p=0,001). CONClUSÃO: A percepção de QV mostrou comprometimento acentuado nos pacientes com narcolepsia, nos domínios físico, psicológico e social.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Narcolepsy/psychology , Quality of Life/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Case-Control Studies , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
La presente investigación tiene como finalidad describir los rasgos de personalidad de un grupo de pacientes diagnosticados con narcolepsia siguiendo los criterios de la International Clasification Sleep Disorders (ICSD) y un grupo de control. La narcolepsia es un trastorno del sueño cuyos síntomas principales son excesiva somnolencia diurna, cataplejía, alucinaciones hipnagógicas y parálisis de sueño. El estudio es descriptivo y utiliza una metodología cuantitativa. Para la recolección de datos se aplicaron el Inventario Multifásico de Personalidad de Minnesota, el test de los Colores de Luscher y el Test de Rorschach. Los resultados apuntan a que los pacientes serían sujetos con una identidad personal difusa, presentan sensibilidad por lo estético, son personas sugestionables y que reaccionan de manera exagerada frente al estrés. Asimismo manifiestan una acentuada autoexigencia y perfeccionismo tanto frente a la realidad externa e interna y, por último, utilizan mecanismos defensivos preferentemente hipomaníacos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Narcolepsy/psychology , Personality Tests , MMPI , Epidemiology, DescriptiveABSTRACT
Narcolepsia, como patologia crônica e por vezes incapacitante, na qual há sonolência excessiva diurna, cataplexia, alucinaçäo hipnagógica e paralisia do sono, traz comprometimento psicossocial acentuado. O presente artigo relata comentários iniciais de um grupo terapêutico de pacientes narcolépticos. O objetivo do grupo inclui o melhor conhecimento de sua própria patologia, e das dificuldades psicossociais por ela propiciadas, e troca de experiência. Consequentemente, visa ampliar a integraçäo social e reestruturaçäo pessoal. O grupo consta de 8 pacientes, sendo 5 homens e 3 mulheres; a média de idade foi de 46,8 anos, variando de 19 a 66 anos. As sessöes do grupo ocorrem a cada 15 dias em um total de 8 sessöes. O trabalho com o grupo é realizado por uma psicóloga, como agente facilitador. Principais preocupaçöes apresentadas pelos pacientes foram relacionadas à sonolência no trabalho; acidentes pela sonolência e cataplexia; falta de compreensäo da doença no lar e no trabalho. Resultados iniciais sugerem melhora de auto-estima, e de desempenho no trabalho
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Cataplexy , Narcolepsy/psychologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study characterized objectively the hypersomnia frequently seen in the depressed phase of bipolar affective disorder. On the basis of previous work in sleep and affective disorders, it has been hypothesized that the hypersomnia is related to greater REM sleep. This hypothesis was tested by using a multiple sleep latency test to compare bipolar affective disorder with narcolepsy, a well-defined primary sleep disorder associated with known REM sleep dysfunction. METHOD: Twenty-five bipolar depressed patients were selected on the basis of complaints of hypersomnia. They underwent 2 nights of polysomnography followed by a multiple sleep latency test. Data on their nocturnal sleep and daytime naps were compared with similar data on 23 nondepressed narcoleptic patients referred for sleep evaluation. RESULTS: Despite their complaints of hypersomnia, no abnormalities were noted for the bipolar group in the results from the multiple sleep latency test. Contrary to the working hypothesis, REM sleep was notably absent during daytime naps in the depressed patients, in marked contrast to the findings for the narcoleptic group. CONCLUSIONS: The complaint of sleepiness in the hypersomnic bipolar depressed patient appears to be related to the lack of interest, withdrawal, decreased energy, or psychomotor retardation inherent in the anergic depressed condition, rather than an increase in true sleep propensity or REM sleep propensity.
Subject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis , Disorders of Excessive Somnolence/diagnosis , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Sleep/physiology , Adult , Bipolar Disorder/physiopathology , Bipolar Disorder/psychology , Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Disorders of Excessive Somnolence/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Male , Narcolepsy/physiopathology , Narcolepsy/psychology , Prospective Studies , Sleep, REM/physiologySubject(s)
Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Narcolepsy/diagnosis , Methylphenidate/therapeutic use , Narcolepsy/drug therapy , Narcolepsy/psychologyABSTRACT
Narcolepsy, was first described in 1880, is a chronic, disabling disease characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and abnormal REM manifestations. It is estimated that, in Brazil, 15,000 to 150,000 cases may exist, but is was only since the first sleep laboratories were installed in the country that the disease began to be recognized. It created a sudden increase in the number of diagnosis which actually simulates an epidemics in the medical records. The existence of a sleep laboratory, however, is not necessary for the diagnosis of the disease. An informed clinician can identify it during the interview. The goal of this paper is to inform about the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of the disease through the report of four selected cases.