ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Newcastle disease (ND) poses significant challenges within the poultry industry, leading to increased mortality rates, compromised growth, weakened immunity and elevated levels of inflammation. OBJECTIVE: This study explores the potential of dietary arginine supplementation to ameliorate these adverse effects of ND, leveraging arginine's well-documented benefits in enhancing growth and immune responses. METHODS: A total of 480 one-day-old male broiler chicks were meticulously categorised into eight groups, encompassing both infected and noninfected cohorts. These chicks received diets with arginine levels at 85%, 100%, 125% and 150% of recommended standards. The study entailed a comprehensive examination of clinical manifestations, growth performance metrics, haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test results, and serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol (CORT). RESULTS: The infection significantly curtailed feed consumption (p = 0.0001) and weight gain (p = 0.0001) while concurrently depressing HI titres. Additionally, infected chicks experienced an exacerbated feed conversion ratio (p = 0.0001), escalated mortality rates (p = 0.0001), and elevated serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (p = 0.0001), ACTH (p = 0.0001), and CORT (p = 0.0001). Remarkably, dietary arginine supplementation effectively mitigated the adverse impacts of ND infection on growth, immune responses and proinflammatory cytokine levels. In the context of ND infection, mortality rates and inflammation surge, while growth and immunity are significantly compromised. CONCLUSIONS: The strategic inclusion of arginine in the diet emerges as a potent strategy to counteract the deleterious effects of ND. Supplementation with arginine at levels exceeding the conventional dietary recommendations is recommended to alleviate the detrimental consequences of ND effectively.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed , Arginine , Chickens , Diet , Dietary Supplements , Newcastle Disease , Newcastle disease virus , Poultry Diseases , Animals , Arginine/administration & dosage , Dietary Supplements/analysis , Newcastle Disease/prevention & control , Diet/veterinary , Male , Animal Feed/analysis , Newcastle disease virus/immunology , Poultry Diseases/prevention & control , Poultry Diseases/virologyABSTRACT
In the absence of effective drugs, vaccines constitute the cornerstone for the prevention of Newcastle disease (ND). Different strategies have been implemented to increase vaccination, but uptake remains low, underscoring the need for novel vaccine delivery methods. We designed and assessed the effectiveness of a community-centered ND vaccine delivery model in southeastern Kenya. Under the model, we sensitized smallholder chicken farmers (SCFs) through structured training on chicken husbandry, biosecurity, ND, and its vaccination, among other aspects. We subsequently engaged trained community vaccinators (CVs) to deliver vaccines and/or provide vaccination services to SCFs at a cost on one hand and, at no cost on the other, in selected sites to address challenges of inadequate service providers, vaccine unavailability, and inaccessibility. We tested this model under paid and free vaccination frameworks over one year and assessed the model's effect on vaccine uptake, ND-related deaths, and vaccine accessibility, among other aspects. Overall, we vaccinated more chickens at free sites compared to paid sites. However, we vaccinated a significantly higher mean number of chickens per household at paid (49.4±38.5) compared to free (28.4±25.9) sites (t = 8.4, p<0.0001). We recorded a significant increase in the proportion of SCFs who vaccinated their chickens from 31.3% to 68.4% (χ2(1, N = 399) = 58.3, p<0.0001) in paid and from 19.9% to 74.9% (χ2(1, N = 403) = 115.7, p<0.0001) in free sites pre- and post-intervention, respectively. The mean number of ND-related deaths reported per household decreased from 18.1±31.6 pre-intervention to 7.5±22.3 post-intervention (t = 5.4, p = 0.000), with higher reductions recorded in paid sites (20.9±37.7 to 4.5±11.2) compared to free sites (15.0±22.6 to 10.7±29.7) pre- and post-intervention, respectively. Farmers with access to vaccines increased significantly from 61.1% to 85.4% (χ2(1, N = 399) = 31.7, p<0.0001) in paid and 43.6% to 74.9% (χ2(1, N = 403) = 38.4, p = 0.0001) in free sites pre- and post-intervention, respectively. We established that type of intervention framework, gender of household head, if the household head attended training on chicken production in the last 12 months, access to information on ND vaccination, and the number of chickens lost to the previous ND outbreak were significant predictors of ND vaccine uptake. Our findings indicate the model has a broader reach and benefits for SCFs. However, policies should be enacted to regulate the integration of CVs into the formal animal health sector.
Subject(s)
Chickens , Newcastle Disease , Vaccination , Kenya , Animals , Newcastle Disease/prevention & control , Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage , Viral Vaccines/economics , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Newcastle disease virus/immunology , Poultry Diseases/prevention & control , Humans , Animal Husbandry/methods , FarmersABSTRACT
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a widespread problem in the poultry industry, and vaccination is the primary preventive method. However, moderately virulent vaccines may damage the bursa, necessitating the development of a safe and effective vaccine. The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been explored as a vector for vaccine development. In this study, reverse genetic technology was used to obtain three recombinant viruses, namely, rClone30-VP2L (P/M)-chGM-CSF (NP), rClone30-chGM-CSF (P/M)-VP2L (NP), and rClone30-VP2L-chGM-CSF (P/M). Animal experiments showed that the three biological adjuvant bivalent vaccines effectively increased anti-NDV and anti-infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) titres, enhancing both humoral and cellular immune responses in chickens without leading to any harm. Amongst the three biological adjuvant bivalent vaccines, the rClone30-chGM-CSF (P/M)-VP2L (NP) group had higher levels of anti-NDV antibodies at 14 days after the first immunization and stimulated a greater humoral immune response in 7-10 days. While, the rClone30-VP2L (P/M)-chGM-CSF (NP) group was the most effective in producing a higher level of IBDV antibody response. In conclusion, these three vaccines can induce immune responses more rapidly and effectively, streamline production processes, be cost-effective, and provide a new avenue for the development of Newcastle disease (ND) and IBD bivalent vaccines.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral , Birnaviridae Infections , Chickens , Infectious bursal disease virus , Newcastle Disease , Newcastle disease virus , Poultry Diseases , Viral Vaccines , Animals , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Poultry Diseases/prevention & control , Poultry Diseases/virology , Poultry Diseases/immunology , Birnaviridae Infections/prevention & control , Birnaviridae Infections/immunology , Birnaviridae Infections/veterinary , Newcastle disease virus/immunology , Newcastle disease virus/genetics , Infectious bursal disease virus/immunology , Infectious bursal disease virus/genetics , Newcastle Disease/prevention & control , Newcastle Disease/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Immunity, Humoral , Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage , Adjuvants, Vaccine , Immunity, Cellular , VaccinationABSTRACT
Vacuum foam drying (VFD) has been shown to improve the thermostability and long-term shelf life of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). This study optimized the VFD process to improve the shelf life of NDV at laboratory-scale and then tested the optimized conditions at pilot-scale. The optimal NDV to T5 formulation ratio was determined to be 1:1 or 3:2. Using the 1:1 virus to formulation ratio, the optimal filling volumes were determined to be 13-17% of the vial capacity. The optimized VFD process conditions were determined to be at a shelf temperature of 25â with a minimum overall drying time of 44 h. The vaccine samples prepared using these optimized conditions at laboratory-scale exhibited virus titer losses of ≤ 1.0 log10 with residual moisture content (RMC) below 3%. Furthermore, these samples were transported for 97 days around China at ambient temperature without significant titer loss, thus demonstrating the thermostability of the NDV-VFD vaccine. Pilot-scale testing of the NDV-VFD vaccine at optimized conditions showed promising results for up-scaling the process as the RMC was below 3%. However, the virus titer loss was slightly above 1.0 log10 (approximately 1.1 log10). Therefore, the NDV-VFD process requires further optimization at pilot scale to obtain a titer loss of ≤ 1.0 log10. Results from this study provide important guidance for possible industrialization of NDV-VFD vaccine in the future. KEY POINTS: ⢠The process optimization and scale-up test of thermostable NDV vaccine prepared through VFD is reported for the first time in this study. ⢠The live attenuated NDV-VFD vaccine maintained thermostability for 97 days during long distance transportation in summer without cold chain conditions. ⢠The optimized NDV-VFD vaccine preparations evaluated at pilot-scale maintained acceptable levels of infectivity after preservation at 37â for 90 days, which demonstrated the feasibility of the vaccine for industrialization.
Subject(s)
Newcastle Disease , Newcastle disease virus , Temperature , Viral Vaccines , Newcastle disease virus/immunology , Newcastle disease virus/chemistry , Pilot Projects , Newcastle Disease/prevention & control , Newcastle Disease/virology , Viral Vaccines/chemistry , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Vacuum , Animals , Chickens , Desiccation , China , Drug Stability , Viral LoadABSTRACT
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian pathogen with an unsegmented negative-strand RNA genome that belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family. While primarily pathogenic in birds, NDV presents no threat to human health, rendering it a safe candidate for various biomedical applications. Extensive research has highlighted the potential of NDV as a vector for vaccine development and gene therapy, owing to its transcriptional modularity, low recombination rate, and lack of a DNA phase during replication. Furthermore, NDV exhibits oncolytic capabilities, efficiently eliciting antitumor immune responses, thereby positioning it as a promising therapeutic agent for cancer treatment. This article comprehensively reviews the biological characteristics of NDV, elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying its oncolytic properties, and discusses its applications in the fields of vaccine vector development and tumor therapy.
Subject(s)
Genetic Vectors , Neoplasms , Newcastle disease virus , Oncolytic Virotherapy , Oncolytic Viruses , Newcastle disease virus/genetics , Newcastle disease virus/immunology , Animals , Humans , Genetic Vectors/genetics , Neoplasms/therapy , Neoplasms/immunology , Oncolytic Virotherapy/methods , Oncolytic Viruses/genetics , Oncolytic Viruses/immunology , Genetic Therapy/methods , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Viral Vaccines/genetics , Newcastle Disease/prevention & control , Newcastle Disease/therapy , Newcastle Disease/virology , Newcastle Disease/immunology , Vaccine Development/methodsABSTRACT
A Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-vectored vaccine expressing clade 2.3.4.4b H5 Hemagglutinin was developed and assessed for efficacy against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, broilers, and domestic ducks. In SPF chickens, the live recombinant NDV-vectored vaccine, rK148/22-H5, achieved complete survival against HPAI and NDV challenges and significantly reduced viral shedding. Notably, the live rK148/22-H5 vaccine conferred good clinical protection in broilers despite the presence of maternally derived antibodies. Good clinical protection was observed in domestic ducks, with decreased viral shedding. It demonstrated complete survival and reduced cloacal viral shedding when used as an inactivated vaccine from SPF chickens. The rK148/22-H5 vaccine is potentially a viable and supportive option for biosecurity measure, effectively protecting in chickens against the deadly clade 2.3.4.4b H5 HPAI and NDV infections. Furthermore, it aligns with the strategy of Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA).
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral , Chickens , Ducks , Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype , Influenza in Birds , Newcastle disease virus , Vaccines, Inactivated , Vaccines, Synthetic , Virus Shedding , Animals , Chickens/immunology , Influenza in Birds/prevention & control , Influenza in Birds/immunology , Newcastle disease virus/immunology , Newcastle disease virus/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity , Ducks/virology , Ducks/immunology , Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology , Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology , Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology , Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics , Influenza Vaccines/immunology , Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage , Influenza Vaccines/genetics , Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms , Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology , Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics , Poultry Diseases/prevention & control , Poultry Diseases/virology , Poultry Diseases/immunology , Newcastle Disease/prevention & control , Newcastle Disease/immunology , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage , Viral Vaccines/geneticsABSTRACT
Hatchery performance is often evaluated based on descriptors such as hatchability, 7-d mortality, and cost. In addition to these descriptors, it is useful to include in this analysis aspects of chick quality through post-hatch performance. Realizing the bird's complete genetic potential necessitates meeting various criteria, with effective support for the chick's immune system being among the pivotal factors. To be effective, in ovo vaccination systems must deliver the vaccines to specific sites in the egg, a circumstance that directly depends on when the injection is made. We examined production data to evaluate the impact of in ovo vaccination time on performance parameters of male Ross308AP chicks. A comprehensive survey was conducted examining records from 3,722 broiler flocks produced and raised by the same company under standard nutrition and management conditions. The selected data specifically pertained to flocks that underwent slaughter between 41 and 45 d. In our analysis, 4 different linear models were built, one for each response variable: mean weight (MW), body weight gain (BWG), corrected feeding conversion rate (cFCR), and total mortality (TM). The linear models used in the analyses included as main predictor the timing of in ovo vaccination (440, 444, 448, 452, 456, 458, and 460 h of incubation), and as additional predictors: age of the breeding flock (26-35, 36-55 and 56-66 wks old), slaughter age, identity of the hatchery, and the season at which the data was collected. Our results showed that the timing of in ovo vaccination significantly affected BWG and cFCR, with procedures performed at 460 h of incubation showing the best outcomes. Breeding flock age affected all response variables, with older breeding flocks delivering increased MW, BWG and TM, and middle-aged flocks increased cFCR. Increasing slaughter age reduced BWG while MW, cFCR and TM were all increased. These data emphasize the benefits of performing in ovo vaccination as close as possible to 460 h of incubation to extract the best BWG and cFCR from Ross308AP male broiler.
Subject(s)
Chickens , Vaccination , Animals , Chickens/physiology , Chickens/growth & development , Male , Vaccination/veterinary , Ovum/physiology , Time Factors , Poultry Diseases/prevention & control , Newcastle Disease/prevention & controlABSTRACT
The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreak was first reported in Java Island, Indonesia, in 1926, which was then reported further in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England. Nevertheless, the NDV is still endemic in Indonesia, with outbreaks occurring in free-range and commercial chicken farms. The dynamic evolution of the NDV has led to the further development of vaccines and diagnostic tools for more effective control of this virus. This paper discusses the history of the NDV occurrence, vaccines, the development of diagnostic tools, and the epidemiological condition of the NDV in Indonesia. Indonesia, which has the largest poultry population in the world after China, has challenges in preventing and controlling this virus that causes economic losses to the farmers and has an impact on the welfare of the poultry farming community in Indonesia.
Subject(s)
Newcastle Disease , Poultry Diseases , Viral Vaccines , Animals , Newcastle disease virus , Newcastle Disease/epidemiology , Newcastle Disease/prevention & control , Indonesia/epidemiology , Chickens , Poultry Diseases/epidemiology , Poultry Diseases/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Oil-based inactivated ND vaccines are a commonly used control strategy for this endemic disease in Egypt. One of the major limitations of these inactivated vaccines is the time taken to develop a protective response in vaccinated birds. In the present study, we aimed to formulate an inactivated oil-based ND vaccine incorporated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that stimulates the early onset innate response to inactivated vaccines via proinflammatory cytokine production. Five groups of 21-day old SPF chicks were reared in isolators and were treated as follows: G1: Montanoid ISA71 adjuvanted NDV vaccinated group, G2: LPS and Montanoid ISA71 adjuvanted NDV vaccinated group, G3: LPS and Montanoid ISA71 with phosphate buffer saline received group and two non-vaccinated control groups. NDV specific antibodies and cell mediated immune responses were evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition and lymphocyte proliferation tests, respectively. Transcriptional responses of the TLR4, IFN-γ and IL-2 genes were analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) following vaccination by qRT-PCR. Protection % was determined after challenge with a lethal strain of NDV 106 EID50/0.5 ml. Viral shedding was assessed on oropharyngeal swabs by qRT-PCR and infectivity titration on SPF-ECE. The results revealed that the incorporation of LPS with ISA71 in the oil-based ND vaccine induced a synergistic response confirmed by significant humoral and lymphoproliferative responses with a significant increase in Th1 cytokine transcripts. The simultaneous use of both adjuvants in G2 demonstrated complete protection and a significant reduction in viral shedding compared to the ISA71-adjuvated ND vaccine in G1, which conferred 90 % protection.
Subject(s)
Newcastle Disease , Poultry Diseases , Viral Vaccines , Animals , Newcastle Disease/prevention & control , Newcastle disease virus/genetics , Lipopolysaccharides , Cytokines , Leukocytes, Mononuclear , Chickens , Adjuvants, Immunologic , Vaccines, Inactivated , Antibodies, Viral , Virus Shedding , Poultry Diseases/prevention & controlABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women, and its treatment has many side effects. Therefore, in this research, the effects of the LaSota strain of oncolytic Newcastle disease virus vaccine on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) patients were investigated. METHODS: 15 patients who met the inclusion criteria and diagnosed as CIN II and CIN III were included in the study. The vaccine was injected inside the cervix (neoplasia site) at increasing doses during 21 days, and they were evaluated for adverse events. NDV antibody titer was measured in 90 days and the levels of ki-67 and p16 proteins were studied by immunohistochemistry. Also, the levels of some important inflammatory cytokines in the serum of CIN patients were measured and finally the patients were evaluated according to the final outcomes and the reduction of tumor lesions. RESULTS: Only in the first dose of vaccine some patients showed flu-like symptoms. The accumulation of NDV antibodies started on the 7th day of the study and increased until the 90th day. Administration of LaSota vaccine had no significant effect on the expressions of Ki-67 and p16 proteins. Nevertheless, a decrease in the serum levels of Il-1ß was observed in patients after the administration of the vaccine, but the serum levels of both Il-2 and INF-γ upregulated significantly. Also, vaccine administration had no significant effect in reducing CIN grades and lesions. CONCLUSIONS: In general, we concluded that LaSota strain of NDV vaccine has no therapeutic effectiveness in CIN patients.
Subject(s)
Newcastle Disease , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia , Viral Vaccines , Animals , Humans , Female , Newcastle disease virus , Newcastle Disease/prevention & control , Ki-67 Antigen , Cohort Studies , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/metabolism , Antibodies, Viral , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/metabolismABSTRACT
Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) pose significant threats to the chicken industry, causing substantial economic losses. Currently, immunization through vaccination is the most effective strategy to prevent ND and IBD but currently used traditional vaccines, including inactivated or attenuated vaccines, face challenges in achieving a balance between immunogenicity and safety. To develop a green and efficient novel vaccine for ND and IBD, we developed a bivalent chimeric virus-like particle vaccine (ND-IBD cVLPs) displaying the ND virus (NDV) HN protein and the IBD virus (IBDV) VP2 protein based on the ND VLPs carrier platform and insect baculovirus expression system. This study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of ND-IBD cVLPs in specific pathogen-free chickens. Chickens were immunized with 50 µg of purified ND-IBD cVLPs at 7 days old, boosted at 21 days old, and challenged at 42 days old. The results demonstrated that ND-IBD cVLPs stimulated highly effective hemagglutination inhibition antibody levels against NDV HN protein and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody levels against the IBDV VP2 protein. Furthermore, ND-IBD cVLPs provided complete protection against virulent NDV and IBDV challenges and mitigated pathological damage to the lung caused by NDV infection and the bursa of Fabricius caused by IBDV infection. These findings suggest that ND-IBD cVLPs hold promise as a safe and efficient novel vaccine candidate for the effective prevention of ND and IBD, extending the development of a foreign protein delivery platform of ND VLPs.
Subject(s)
Birnaviridae Infections , Infectious bursal disease virus , Newcastle Disease , Poultry Diseases , Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle , Viral Vaccines , Animals , Chickens , HN Protein , Antibodies, Viral , Newcastle disease virus/genetics , Newcastle Disease/prevention & control , Birnaviridae Infections/prevention & control , Birnaviridae Infections/veterinaryABSTRACT
Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) are two viral infectious diseases that are extremely damaging to the poultry industry and are widespread throughout the world. It is necessary to develop a safe and effective vaccine against IBD and ND because vaccination is an effective preventive measure. It has been discovered that recombinant proteins expressed by an expression system in which a fragment of mammalian Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fragment crystallizable (Fc) is linked to a segment of a gene have antibody-like properties that increase the exogenous protein's serum half-life. Heavy chain constant region 3 and heavy chain constant region 4 (CH3-CH4) of Avian Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is structurally very similar to mammalian Ig G Fc. In this study, a bivalent vaccine rClone30-VP2L-CH3-CH4-GMCSF was developed by using NDV rClone30-chGM-CSF vector to produce VP2L-CH3-CH4 fusion protein. The vaccine has been given to 14-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) free chickens to test whether it has the potential to prevent IBD and ND. Anti-IBDV and anti-NDV antibody levels in serum were evaluated using ELISA and HI, respectively, and the contents of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and B cells in leukocytes were determined via flow cytometry. The contents and mRNA transcription levels of four inflammatory factors, IL-1ß, IL-4, IFN-γ and chGM-CSF, were detected by ELISA and real-time PCR respectively. The results showed that after vaccination with the rClone30-VP2L-CH3-CH4-GMCSF vaccine, the levels of anti NDV and anti IBDV antibodies in chickens were significantly higher than those of the rClone30 vaccine and commercial vaccines. Meanwhile, the contents and transcription levels of inflammatory factors in chickens inoculated with rClone30-VP2L-CH3-CH4-GMCSF were significantly increased, and the proliferation response of B cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was also stronger. However, the rClone30-VP2L-CH3-CH4-GMCSF vaccine had no significant advantage over the rClone30-VP2L-GMCSF vaccine in any of the above-mentioned features. In summary, rClone30-VP2L-CH3-CH4-GMCSF can stimulate the body to produce a stronger immune response, showing its potential to be considered as vaccine against IBD and ND, but the addition of CH3-CH4 did not improve the vaccine's immune effect as expected. The research lays the foundation for developing vaccines for other infectious viral diseases and avoids a unrealistic vaccine optimization method.
Subject(s)
Birnaviridae Infections , Infectious bursal disease virus , Newcastle Disease , Poultry Diseases , Viral Vaccines , Animals , Chickens , Newcastle disease virus/genetics , Vaccines, Combined , Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes , Antibodies, Viral , Newcastle Disease/prevention & control , Birnaviridae Infections/prevention & control , Birnaviridae Infections/veterinary , MammalsABSTRACT
Although commercial vaccines against Newcastle Disease have been available for decades, outbreaks still occur in the face of vaccination Further vaccination may accelerate viral evolution resulting in a further reduction in vaccine efficacy. A key question is whether genotype-matched vaccines can confer better protection against contemporary type 1 Avian Paramyxoviruses. To assess this, an in vivo vaccine-challenge study was undertaken to assess protection afforded by 'genotype-matched' and commercial vaccine formulations. Groups of chickens were vaccinated twice (prime-boost) with an inactivated preparation of either La Sota Clone 30, AV632-chicken-Cyprus-13 (genotype VII.2), or mock vaccine, and later challenged with virulent AV632-chicken-Cyprus-13. Post vaccinal serological responses differed, although both vaccination/challenge groups showed similar levels of clinical protection compared to the unvaccinated group, where 100 % mortality was observed. Shedding was significantly reduced in the vaccinated groups compared to the unvaccinated group. Virus dissemination in the tissues of vaccinated birds was comparable, but onset of infection was delayed. Two mutations were observed in the HN gene of the heterologous vaccine group; H199N and I192M, the latter thought to be associated with increased fusogenic potential. These data demonstrate that existing vaccine formulations confer similar levels of clinical protection to contemporary strains and that the antigenic heterogeneity of circulating strains does not impact upon shedding profiles in immunised birds. In conclusion, the ability of virulent APMV-1 to cause disease in vaccinated flocks is unlikely to be the result of antigenic mismatch alone, and other factors likely contribute to vaccination failure and breakthrough.
Subject(s)
Newcastle Disease , Poultry Diseases , Viral Vaccines , Animals , Chickens , Newcastle disease virus/genetics , Newcastle Disease/prevention & control , Vaccination/veterinary , Genotype , Research Design , Virus Shedding , Antibodies, Viral , Poultry Diseases/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Newcastle disease is a highly contagious viral infection primarily affecting poultry, leading to significant economic losses worldwide due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Given the severity of the disease and its impact on the poultry industry, there is an urgent need for a preventative approach to tackle this issue. Developing an efficient and effective vaccine is a valuable step toward reducing the burden of this virus. Consequently, investing in preventive measures, such as vaccination programs, is a top priority to mitigate the economic losses associated with Newcastle disease and protect the livelihoods of those relying on the poultry industry. Despite many vaccines against this viral disease, it still infects many wild and domestic birds worldwide. In this work, chimeric proteins, composed of the recombinant B subunit of Enterotoxigenic E. coli with one or two HN (Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase) subunits of NDV (LHN and LHN2, respectively), expressed using E.coli host. In-silico, in-vitro, and In-vivo procedures were performed to evaluate the immunogenicity of these proteins. The sera from immunized mice were analyzed using Western Blotting and ELISA. The LHN2 protein with an extra HN subunit elicited a higher antibody titer than the LHN protein (P<0.05). Both products could effectively elicit an immune response against NDV and can be considered a component of Newcastle disease vaccine candidates.
Subject(s)
Newcastle Disease , Vaccines , Viral Vaccines , Animals , Mice , Newcastle disease virus/genetics , Newcastle disease virus/metabolism , Newcastle Disease/prevention & control , Hemagglutinins/metabolism , Neuraminidase/metabolism , Immunity, Humoral , Chickens , Escherichia coli/genetics , Hot Temperature , Vaccines/metabolism , Models, Animal , Viral Vaccines/metabolism , Antibodies, Viral/metabolismABSTRACT
Newcastle disease (ND) is an endemic viral disease affecting poultry and causing massive economic losses. This cross-sectional purposive study detected coinfections that are associated with the Newcastle disease virus among poultry from selected regions in Kenya. Cloacal (n = 599) and oral-pharyngeal (n = 435) swab samples were collected and pooled into 17 and 15 samples, respectively. A total of 17,034,948 and 7,751,974 paired-end reads with an average of 200 nucleotides were generated from the cloacal and oral-pharyngeal swab samples, respectively. Analysis of the de novo assembled contigs identified 177 and 18 cloacal and oral-pharyngeal contigs, respectively with hits to viral sequences, as determined by BLASTx and BLASTn analyses. Several known and unknown representatives of Coronaviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Reoviridae, Retroviridae, and unclassified Deltavirus were identified in the cloacal swab samples. However, no Newcastle disease virus (family Paramyxoviridae) was detected in the cloacal swabs, although they were detected in the oropharyngeal swabs of chickens sampled in Nairobi, Busia, and Trans Nzoia. Additionally, sequences representative of Paramyxoviridae, Coronaviridae, and Retroviridae were identified in the oral-pharyngeal swab samples. Infectious bronchitis virus and rotavirus were chickens' most prevalent coinfections associated with the Newcastle disease virus. The detection of these coinfections suggests that these viruses are significant threats to the control of Newcastle disease as the Newcastle disease virus vaccines are known to fail because of these coinfections. Therefore, this study provides important information that will help improve disease diagnosis and vaccine development for coinfections associated with the Newcastle disease virus.
Subject(s)
Coinfection , Newcastle Disease , Poultry Diseases , Animals , Newcastle disease virus/genetics , Newcastle Disease/diagnosis , Newcastle Disease/epidemiology , Newcastle Disease/prevention & control , Poultry , Chickens , Coinfection/epidemiology , Coinfection/veterinary , Kenya/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Poultry Diseases/epidemiology , Poultry Diseases/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by the virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is an acute, highly contagious, and economically significant avian disease worldwide. Vaccination is the most effective measure for controlling ND. In recent years, vaccines matched with the prevalent strains of genotype VII have been developed and are now commercially available. These vaccines can provide full protection for chickens against clinical disease and mortality after challenges with genotype VII viruses and significantly decrease virus shedding compared to conventional vaccines belonging to genotypes I and II. Vaccinated hens can transfer antibodies to their offspring through the egg yolk. Maternally derived antibodies can provide passive protection against diseases but can also interfere with vaccination efficacy early in life. This study was conducted on chicks hatched from hens vaccinated with a commercial genotype VII NDV-matched vaccine to investigate the correlation between hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody levels in chicks and hens and the decaying pattern of maternally derived HI antibodies, and to evaluate the protective efficacy of different levels of maternally derived HI antibodies against challenge with a virulent NDV strain of genotype VII based on survivability and virus shedding. The HI antibody titers in chicks at hatching were about 1.3 log2 lower than those in hens, indicating an antibody transfer rate of approximately 41.52%. The estimated half-life of these antibodies was about 3.2 days. The protective efficacy of maternally derived HI antibodies was positively correlated with the titer. These antibodies could effectively protect chicks against mortality when the titer was 7 log2 or higher, but they were unable to prevent virus shedding or infection even at a high titer of 11 log2. The obtained results will greatly assist producers in determining the immune status of chicks and formulating appropriate vaccination schedules against ND.
Subject(s)
Chickens , Newcastle Disease , Animals , Female , Newcastle disease virus/genetics , Hemagglutination , Antibodies, Viral , Genotype , Newcastle Disease/prevention & controlABSTRACT
This study investigated the efficacy of co-administration of Spirulina platensis (SP) with vaccines on the immune response to Avian influenza (AI), Infectious bronchitis (IB), and Newcastle disease (ND), along with I/M challenging by virulent ND virus (vNDV) genotype VII. 126 one-day-old broiler chicks were allocated into six groups (21 birds/group with three replicates): G1: negative control; G2: positive control; G3: vaccinated, non-SP-supplemented; G4: vaccinated, SP-supplemented (0.1%); G5: vaccinated, SP-supplemented (0.3%); and G6: vaccinated, SP-supplemented (0.5%). G2-6 were challenged with a velogenic NDV genotype VII virus. Dietary SP administration prevented the ND-induced mortality compared to G2 (52.4%) and G3 (14.3%), in addition to alleviating the clinical disease. G3-6 showed significant improvement in body weight loss% and FCR during two weeks post vNDV challenge (pc), and the overall FCR (2.64 ± 0.28, 1.56 ± 0.03, 1.60 ± 0.05, 1.53 ± 0.04, and 1.54 ± 0.03 for G2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) (P<0.05). On the challenging day, the ND-HI titer (log2) of G3 (5.44 ± 0.24) was numerically higher than G6 (4.20 ± 0.55) and lower than G4 (6.10 ± 0.34) and G5 (6.00 ± 0.28). On the 10th day pc, ND-HI titer in G4-6 was numerically lower in a dose-dependent manner than that of G3, suggesting an antiviral efficacy of SP. G4-6 had lower viral shedding titer than G2 and G3 (P<0.05). In G3-6, viral shedding was reduced by 15, 27, 24, and 33.6%, respectively. In addition, the histopathological lesions in the trachea, lung, and spleen were severe in G2, moderately reduced in G3, and more relieved in G4-6. At three weeks after vaccination, the HI antibody titer of AIH5 was significantly higher after SP administration, especially at the 0.3% level, compared to the vaccine alone (P<0.05), demonstrating an immune-stimulating effect. In conclusion, dietary administration of SP, particularly a dose of 0.3%, for vaccinated chickens against NDV exerted an antiinflammatory and antiviral effects by preventing deaths, alleviating clinical disease and weight loss, and decreasing viral shedding post heterologous NDV challenge.
Subject(s)
Newcastle Disease , Poultry Diseases , Viral Vaccines , Animals , Newcastle disease virus , Chickens , Newcastle Disease/prevention & control , Immunity , Antiviral Agents , Antibodies, Viral , Poultry Diseases/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are respiratory illness syndromes that have recently been detected in vaccinated flocks and are causing major financial losses in the chicken farming industry. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine in protecting chickens against the H5N8 and NDV strains that have recently been circulating in comparison with the efficacy of the commercially available bivalent H5+ND7 vaccine. In contrast to the H5+ND7 vaccine, which was made of genetically distinct H5N8/2018 clade 2.3.4.4b genotype group (G5), H9N2/2016, H5N1/2017, and genetically comparable NDV genotype VII 1.1/2019 of the recently circulating challenge viruses, the Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine consisted of the recently isolated (RG HPAI H5N1 AIV/2015 Clade 2.2.1.2, RG HPAIV H5N8/2020 Clade 2.3.4.4b genotype group 6 (G6), and NDV genotype VII 1.1/2012) which were genetically similar to challenged strains. To determine the effectiveness of the Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine, a total of 70-day-old commercial chicks were divided into 7 groups of 10 birds each. Groups (G1 and G4) received Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine. Groups (G2 and G5) groups received commercial H5+ND7 vaccine. While groups (G3 and G6) were kept nonvaccinated, and group (G7) was kept as a nonchallenged and nonvaccinated. After 3-wk post vaccination (WPV), groups G1, G2, and G3 were challenged with A/Duck/ Egypt/SMG4/2019(H5N8) genotype G6. On the other hand, groups G4, G5, G6 were challenged with NDV/EGYPT/18629F/2018 genotype VII 1.1 with an intranasal injection of 0.1 mL. Antibody titer was calculated at the first 3 wk after vaccination, and the viral shedding titer was calculated at 3-, 5-, and 7-days post challenge. Mortality and morbidity rates were monitored daily during the experiment, and for the first 10 d after the challenge, to provide an estimate of the protection rate. The results showed that a single dosage of 0.5 mL per bird of Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine provides 80% protection against both H5N8 and NDV, compared to the bivalent H5+ND7 vaccine, which provided 20 and 80% protection against H5N8 and NDV, respectively. In addition, 0.5 mL per bird of Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine produced a greater immune response against both viruses than commercial vaccination at 1 to 3 WPV with a significant difference at 1 WPV for H5N8 and a comparatively higher immune response for NDV. Furthermore, it reduced virus shedding of H5N8 on the third, fifth, seventh, and tenth days lower than H5+ND7 vaccine with a significant difference on the third day for H5N8 and relatively lower than bivalent H5+ND7 vaccine for NDV with a significant difference on the fifth day. The Valley vaccinated group demonstrated more tissue intactness compared to the commercially vaccinated group against the H5N8 challenge, however the bivalent commercially vaccinated group showed the similar level of tissue integrity against NDV. In conclusion, Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 that contains the genetically similar strain to recently circulating challenged virus (H5N8 genotype G6) provided better protection with greater immune response and decreased the amount of virus shed against H5N8 genotype G6 and showed less histopathological alteration than the commercial bivalent H5+ND7 vaccine that contain genetically distinct (H5N8 genotype G5). However the Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 provided the same protection with relatively high immune response and relatively decreased the amount of virus shed and showed equal tissue integrity than the commercial bivalent H5+ND7 vaccine against NDV genotype VII 1.1 that contain the same genotype of NDV genotype VII 1.1.
Subject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype , Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype , Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype , Influenza Vaccines , Influenza in Birds , Newcastle Disease , Viral Vaccines , Animals , Newcastle disease virus , Chickens , Vaccination/veterinary , Vaccines, Combined , Newcastle Disease/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Background: Infectious diseases of young and adult birds with respiratory syndrome are a significant deterrent to the development of industrial poultry farming due to decreased productivity and significant mortality. The only effective method of combating viral diseases is timely and targeted vaccination, which largely depends on laboratory diagnostic results. Aim: This article aims to study the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, (RT-PCR) which has the prospect of more effective diagnosis of vaccine strains of chicken infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease. Methods: The fastest and most accurate method for the differential diagnosis of pathogens in an associative viral infection is RT-PCR. The method proposed in the article for selecting primers for amplification made it possible to use this method for the simultaneous interspecies differential diagnosis of two or more viral agents, significantly accelerating their diagnosis. Results: The correlation of the nucleotide sequence obtained from sequencing to a specific virus strain is complicated by the lack of a single nomenclature mechanism for separating genetic groups. Conclusion: The results of this study will allow easy and fast typing of sequences into known and databased virus strains and avoid further confusion in the nomenclature of genetic groups in the future.
Subject(s)
Bronchitis , Communicable Diseases , Coronavirus Infections , Newcastle Disease , Poultry Diseases , Vaccines , Animals , Chickens , Newcastle Disease/diagnosis , Newcastle Disease/prevention & control , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Poultry Diseases/diagnosis , Poultry Diseases/prevention & control , Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Coronavirus Infections/veterinary , Communicable Diseases/veterinary , Bronchitis/veterinaryABSTRACT
Genotype VII Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) are still epidemic in many countries in chicken and waterfowl despite intensive vaccination with conventional live and inactivated vaccines. Here, we developed an effective mucosal subunit vaccine based on a bacterium-like particles (BLPs) delivery platform derived from Lactococcus lactis. The NDV protective antigen F or HN fused protein anchor (PA) was expressed by recombinant baculovirus and loaded on the surface of BLPs, resulting in BLPs-F and BLPs-HN, respectively. Efficient uptake of BLPs-F/HN by antigen-presenting cells activated the innate immune system depending mainly on the combination of chicken TLR2 type 1 (chTLR2t1) and chicken TLR1 type 1 (chTLR1t1) was observed. Delivered intranasally, BLPs-F, BLPs-HN, or BLPs-F/HN (a mixture containing equal amounts of BLPs-F and BLPs-HN) elicited robust local NDV-specific SIgA in the trachea as well as systemic neutralizing antibody and a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response in chickens. Notably, BLPs-F/HN provided as high as 90 % protection rate against intranasal challenge with a lethal dose of virulent genotype VII NDV NA-1 strain. These data indicate that this BLP-based subunit vaccine has the potential to be a novel mucosal vaccine against genotype VII NDV infection.