Occupational inequalities and gender differences: work accidents, Brazil, 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the distribution and association of sociodemographic and occupational factors with self-reported work accidents (WA) in a representative sample of the Brazilian population, with emphasis on occupational class, and to examine gender differences in this distribution. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study, using data from the 2019 National Health Survey (PNS), analyzed the responses of a sample of adults aged 18 or over. Factors associated with WA were investigated using binary logistic regression and hierarchical analysis using blocks (sociodemographic and occupational variables). The final model was adjusted by variables from all blocks, adopting a significance level of 5%. The values of odds ratios (OR) and respective confidence intervals were obtained. RESULTS: Among the participants, 2.69% reported having suffered a WA, with a higher prevalence in men (3.37%; 95%CI 2.97-3.82%) than in women (1.86%; 95%CI 1.55-2.23%). The analysis identified that age group, night work, working hours, and exposure to occupational risks were associated with WA, with emphasis on gender differences. The class of manual workers, both qualified (ORwomen = 2.87; 95%CI 1.33-6.21 and ORmen = 2.46; 95%CI 1.37-4.40) and unskilled (ORwomen = 2.55; 95%CI 1.44-4.50 and ORmen = 3.70; 95%CI 1.95-7.03), had a higher chance of WA than the class of managers/professionals. CONCLUSION: Occupational factors contributed significantly to the increase in the probability of WA for men and women, with greater magnitude among those positioned in the lower strata of the occupational structure. The results obtained are clues for working out WA prevention actions.

Occupational inequalities and gender differences: work accidents, Brazil, 2019 / Desigualdades ocupacionais e diferenças de gênero: acidentes de trabalho, Brasil, 2019

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the distribution and association of sociodemographic and occupational factors with self-reported work accidents (WA) in a representative sample of the Brazilian population, with emphasis on occupational class, and to examine gender differences in this distribution. METHODS A population-based cross-sectional study, using data from the 2019 National Health Survey (PNS), analyzed the responses of a sample of adults aged 18 or over. Factors associated with WA were investigated using binary logistic regression and hierarchical analysis using blocks (sociodemographic and occupational variables). The final model was adjusted by variables from all blocks, adopting a significance level of 5%. The values of odds ratios (OR) and respective confidence intervals were obtained. RESULTS Among the participants, 2.69% reported having suffered a WA, with a higher prevalence in men (3.37%; 95%CI 2.97-3.82%) than in women (1.86%; 95%CI 1.55-2.23%). The analysis identified that age group, night work, working hours, and exposure to occupational risks were associated with WA, with emphasis on gender differences. The class of manual workers, both qualified (ORwomen = 2.87; 95%CI 1.33-6.21 and ORmen = 2.46; 95%CI 1.37-4.40) and unskilled (ORwomen = 2.55; 95%CI 1.44-4.50 and ORmen = 3.70; 95%CI 1.95-7.03), had a higher chance of WA than the class of managers/professionals. CONCLUSION Occupational factors contributed significantly to the increase in the probability of WA for men and women, with greater magnitude among those positioned in the lower strata of the occupational structure. The results obtained are clues for working out WA prevention actions.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a distribuição e associação de fatores sociodemográficos e ocupacionais a acidentes de trabalho (AT) autorrelatados em uma amostra representativa da população brasileira, com ênfase na classe ocupacional, e examinar as diferenças de gênero nessa distribuição. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal de base populacional, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2019, analisou as respostas de uma amostra de adultos com 18 anos ou mais de idade. Fatores associados a AT foram investigados por regressão logística binária e análise hierarquizada por meio de blocos (variáveis sociodemográficas e ocupacionais). O modelo final foi ajustado pelas variáveis de todos os blocos, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Obtiveram-se os valores das razões de chance (RC) e respectivos intervalos de confiança. RESULTADOS Entre os participantes, 2,69% relataram ter sofrido AT, sendo mais alta a prevalência em homens (3,37%; IC95% 2,97-3,82%), se comparados às mulheres (1,86%; IC95% 1,55-2,23%). A análise identificou que faixa etária, trabalho noturno, jornada de trabalho e exposição a riscos laborais foram associados a AT, com destaque para as diferenças de gênero. A classe de trabalhadores manuais, tanto qualificados (RCmulheres = 2,87; IC95% 1,33-6,21 e RChomens = 2,46; IC95% 1,37-4,40) quanto não qualificados (RCmulheres = 2,55; IC95% 1,44-4,50 e RChomens = 3,70; IC95% 1,95-7,03), apresentaram maior chance de AT em comparação à classe de gerentes/profissionais. CONCLUSÃO Fatores ocupacionais contribuíram significativamente para o aumento na probabilidade de AT para homens e mulheres, com maior magnitude entre aqueles posicionados nos estratos inferiores da estrutura ocupacional. Os resultados obtidos são pistas para a elaboração de ações de prevenção de AT.

Gender-Based Pathways to Cognitive Aging in the Mexican-Origin Population in the United States: The Significance of Work and Family.

OBJECTIVES: This study uses the life course perspective to explore the role of key midlife factors (occupation and number of children) for gender- and nativity-based pathways to cognitive aging for older Mexican Americans. METHOD: Using the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (H-EPESE, 1993/1994-2016, n = 2,779), this study presents (a) cognitive impairment trajectories over 20 years of data and (b) multinomial logistic regression analyses of trajectory group membership by lifetime occupation and number of children, controlling for educational attainment. RESULTS: For older Mexican American men, lifetime employment in agricultural occupations is associated with elevated risk for late-life cognitive impairment. Delayed risk for impairment is observed for U.S.-born men who were employed in factory work (e.g., production and repair) and in Mexican-born men who were employed in occupations with skilled or supervisory requirements. For all women, labor force participation, especially in skilled occupations, is related to a delayed risk of cognitive impairment. Number of children is unrelated to impairment for men; however, women with five or more children (compared to women with two to four children) are at risk for consistent and rapid cognitive impairment in late life. DISCUSSION: Late-life cognitive health disparities that disproportionately impact the Mexican American population can be addressed by improving access to educational and occupational opportunities in early and midlife. This study points to key areas of intervention within work and the home for the Mexican-origin population.

Work, sport activities and factors associated with medial meniscal tears in nonathletic subjects.

BACKGROUND: It is known that late surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is associated with a medial meniscal (MM) tears. However, the association between factors relating to sports and work activities and joint instability, has not been examined in non-athletic subjects. OBJECTIVE: To compare sports and work activities and other factors associated with MM tears, in subjects with ACL rupture. METHOD: A case-control design study, of patients with ACL injury, 140 cases and 140 controls with and without a rupture of MM respectively, were included. Sociodemographic factors, sports and work activities were compared. RESULTS: The independent factors associated with MM ruptures were continuing sports activities after injury (odds ratio [OR]: 3.6; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.7-7.9), joint instability (OR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.8-2.6), time between injury and surgical intervention (time of evolution) (OR: 1.003; 95% CI: 1.0-1.01) and age (OR: 1.1; 95% CI: 1.03-1.1). CONCLUSIONS: Intense activities of daily life such as continuing sports activities, after an ACL injury in non-athletic factory workers subjects, without previous training, as well as, age, joint instability and surgical delay are risk factors for rupture of MM.

ANTECEDENTES: Se sabe que la reconstrucción tardía del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) se asocia a rotura del menisco medial (MM). Sin embargo, la asociación entre factores referentes a las actividades deportivas, laborales e inestabilidad articular no se ha examinado en sujetos no deportistas. OBJETIVO: Comparar las actividades laborales, deportivas y otros factores asociados a rotura del MM en sujetos con rotura del LCA. MÉTODO: Diseño de casos y controles, de sujetos con rotura del LCA; 140 casos y 140 controles con y sin rotura de MM, respectivamente. Se compararon factores sociodemográficos, actividades deportivas y laborales. RESULTADOS: Los factores independientes asociados a roturas del MM fueron el continuar con actividades deportivas después de la lesión (razón de momios [RM]: 3.6; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%]: 1.7-7.9), la inestabilidad articular (RM: 2.2; IC 95%: 1.8-2.6), el tiempo de evolución entre la lesión y la reconstrucción (RM: 1.003; IC 95%: 1.0-1.01) y la edad (RM: 1.1; IC 95%: 1.03-1.1). CONCLUSIONES: Actividades intensas de la vida diaria, como continuar con deportes, después de una lesión del LCA en sujetos obreros, no deportistas, sin entrenamiento previo, así como la edad, el retraso en la reconstrucción y la inestabilidad articular, son factores de riesgo para rotura del MM.

Is unemployment less important than expected for suicide attempted in developing regions? Occupational profile of suicide attempts in Jujuy, north westernmost Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Mental health practices consider unemployment as a suicide main risk factor, based on models built for populations of developed countries. AIM: This study assesses the association between the occupational risk factor and suicidal behaviors, by considering sex, age and temporal distribution, in a Latin American Andean population from north westernmost Argentina. METHODS: Data include 481 suicide attempt cases assisted by emergency service psychologists at a head hospital in the Jujuy Province, northern Argentina, during two biennials. General categories and specific types of occupational situation, sex, age and temporal distribution were analyzed. RESULTS: 83.58% of cases corresponded to the with occupation category, but without occupation characterized male cases (p-value = .01). The type no referred occupation (19.15%) mainly contributed to this association (p-value = .02). Unemployed only represented 1.6%. These features revealed independent from the biennial period of assistance (p-value = .96 (general), p-value = .86 (specific)). Associations by age ranges did not seem to be specific of suicidal attempts. CONCLUSION: The present contribution provides an occupational characterization of suicide attempts in an Andean population from north westernmost Argentina. Unemployment is not associated with suicidal behavior in this population, suggesting that dissimilar patterns underlie suicidal behavior of populations from developed and developing regions.

The Association of Occupational Psychosocial Factors with the Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in the Chilean Working Population.

BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a stress-related disease linked to psychosocial factors, though knowledge about its occupational psychosocial aspects is scarce. OBJECTIVE: A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of IBS and its association with occupational psychosocial factors in Chilean workers was conducted. METHODS: IBS prevalence, using the IBS-Rome IV criteria, in the working population was estimated using data from the National Health Survey of 2009. Data on occupational psychosocial aspects were drawn from the Chilean Survey of Employment, Health, and Work of 2009, and allocated to individual survey participants at the occupation-region level. Data on family and community stressors were available at the individual level. Prevalence ratios (PR) for IBS were computed using generalized linear mixed models to account for variability at the group level. RESULTS: The IBS prevalence in the overall working population (weighted n = 5 435 253) was 18.4%, but varied substantially by industry sector. Compared with 'professionals' (IBS prevalence = 7.3%), jobs with high prevalence of IBS included 'health and social work activities' [PR = 4.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4-16.7], 'household employment' (PR = 4.8; 95% CI = 1.5-15.9), and 'manufacturing' (PR = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.0-11.8). With Karasek Job Demand Control scores assigned to occupations within regions, high job demand doubled the prevalence of IBS (PR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.4-2.9), whereas high-skill discretion was associated with lower prevalence of IBS (PR = 0.6; 95% CI = 0.4-0.8). There was also evidence that these two factors were not independent; high-skill discretion appeared to buffer the effect of high job demand on IBS prevalence (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Occupational factors were associated with IBS prevalence, showing effects as important as those for non-occupational stresses such as civic insecurity or having health problems. High job skill discretion appeared to reduce the prevalence of IBS in the presence of high job demands. Given its high overall prevalence and poorly understood risk factors, further research on occupational psychosocial factors of IBS is warranted.

Urban violence is the biggest cause of fatal work-related accidents in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the occurrence of deaths directly associated with urban violence among fatal work-related accidents. METHODS: Verbal autopsies were performed with the relatives and coworkers of residents of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil, who died from external causes in 2015. We have also analyzed police reports and reports of the Legal Medical Institute related to these deaths. RESULTS: We have identified 82 fatal work-related accidents in Campinas in 2015, of which 25 were murders, 35 were traffic accidents not directly related to work activities, and three were suicides at work. The proportional mortality rate for homicides, traffic accidents, and suicides among fatal work-related accidents was estimated at 30.5%, 42.7%, and 3.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Urban violence accounted for three-fourths of the fatal work-related accidents recorded in the period studied.

The job content questionnaire in various occupational contexts: applying a latent class model.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate Job Content Questionnaire(JCQ) performance using the latent class model. METHODS: We analysed cross-sectional studies conducted in Brazil and examined three occupational categories: petroleum industry workers (n=489), teachers (n=4392) and primary healthcare workers (3078)and 1552 urban workers from a representative sample of the city of Feira de Santana in Bahia, Brazil. An appropriate number of latent classes was extracted and described each occupational category using latent class analysis, a multivariate method that evaluates constructs and takes into accountthe latent characteristics underlying the structure of measurement scales. The conditional probabilities of workers belonging to each class were then analysed graphically. RESULTS: Initially, the latent class analysis extracted four classes corresponding to the four job types (active, passive, low strain and high strain) proposed by the Job-Strain model (JSM) and operationalised by the JCQ. However, after taking into consideration the adequacy criteria to evaluate the number of extracted classes, three classes (active, low strain and high strain) were extracted from the studies of urban workers and teachers and four classes (active, passive, low strain and high strain) from the study of primary healthcare and petroleum industry workers. CONCLUSION: The four job types proposed by the JSM were identified among primary healthcare and petroleum industry workers-groups with relatively high levels of skill discretion and decision authority. Three job types were identified for teachers and urban workers; however, passive job situations were not found within these groups. The latent class analysis enabled us to describe the conditional standard responses of the job types proposed by the model, particularly in relation to active jobs and high and low strain situations.

Oral paracoccidioidomycosis: Retrospective analysis of 55 Brazilian patients.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a rare fungal infection in the world, but endemic and acquired exclusively in Latin America, with the highest prevalence in South America and Brazil, particularly. Changes in oral cavity are common and constitute the first clinical manifestation in many patients. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of oral PCM and analyse the profile of the disease and patients. Retrospective research, consisting of information present in the medical records in the period 1998-2015, whose histopathological diagnosis was oral PCM. Fifty-five oral PCM cases were confirmed. Of these patients, 90.9% were males and 9.1% were females. The average age was 49.66 years and the most reported occupation was rural workers. The painful symptomatology was present in 61.82% of patients. Erythematous lesions were predominant in 73% of them. In single lesions (22 cases), the most common locations were jugal mucosa and tongue. In multiple involvement (30 cases), the most affected regions were lips, jugal mucosa and alveolar ridge. Epidemiology of PCM, was similar to several other studies, especially in Brazil. This is the most important fungal infection in Latin America and the recognition of oral lesions is extremely important, as is often the first and in many cases the only manifestation of the disease.

Urban violence is the biggest cause of fatal work-related accidents in Brazil / A violência urbana é a maior causa de acidente de trabalho fatal no Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To quantify the occurrence of deaths directly associated with urban violence among fatal work-related accidents. METHODS Verbal autopsies were performed with the relatives and coworkers of residents of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil, who died from external causes in 2015. We have also analyzed police reports and reports of the Legal Medical Institute related to these deaths. RESULTS We have identified 82 fatal work-related accidents in Campinas in 2015, of which 25 were murders, 35 were traffic accidents not directly related to work activities, and three were suicides at work. The proportional mortality rate for homicides, traffic accidents, and suicides among fatal work-related accidents was estimated at 30.5%, 42.7%, and 3.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Urban violence accounted for three-fourths of the fatal work-related accidents recorded in the period studied.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Este estudo visou quantificar a ocorrência de mortes diretamente associadas à violência urbana dentre os acidentes de trabalho fatais. MÉTODOS Foram realizadas autópsias verbais com familiares e colegas de trabalho de moradores de Campinas, SP, falecidos por causas externas no ano 2015. Também foram analisados boletins de ocorrência e laudos do Instituto Médio Legal relativos a essas mortes. RESULTADOS Foram identificados 82 acidentes de trabalho fatais em Campinas em 2015, dos quais 25 foram assassinatos, 35 foram acidentes de trânsito não diretamente decorrentes de atividades laborais e três foram suicídios no trabalho. A mortalidade proporcional por homicídios, acidentes de trânsito e suicídios entre os acidentes de trabalho fatais foi estimada em 30,5%, 42,7% e 3,7%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES A violência urbana foi responsável por 3/4 dos acidentes de trabalho fatais contabilizados no período estudado.

Estrutura social e desigualdade de renda: uma comparação entre os municípios metropolitanos e os não metropolitanos do Brasil entre 2000 e 2010 / Social structure and income inequality: a comparison between the Brazil's metropolitan and non-metropolitan cities from 2000 to 2010 / La estructura social y la desigualdad de ingresos: una comparación entre los municipios metropolitanos y no metropolitanas de Brasil entre 2000 y 2010

Este trabalho pretende analisar as mudanças na estrutura social e das desigualdades de renda nas principais metrópoles brasileiras em comparação com os espaços não metropolitanos, de modo a refletir sobre a importância das metrópoles no contexto de alterações econômicas e sociais ocorridas na última década. No debate público e acadêmico, porém, o foco da análise tem recaído principalmente na redução das desigualdades de renda a partir da análise de estratos de renda. Nesse sentido, procuramos responder à seguinte questão: se a redução das desigualdades de renda, verificada na análise entre os estratos de renda, também está sendo observada entre os estratos sociais considerados a partir de uma estratificação sócio-ocupacional, como se deu essa relação entre os espaços metropolitanos e os não metropolitanos? Para tanto, foram utilizados dados dos Censos Demográficos do IBGE de 2000 e 2010, com o fim de comparar a estrutura de distribuição de renda entre os municípios brasileiros segundo seu porte populacional, considerando aqueles inseridos em espaços metropolitanos e não metropolitanos, e as desigualdades de renda entre os estratos sociais para os diferentes contextos espaciais por meio da razão da média da renda entre esses estratos. Constatou-se que, apesar de as metrópoles brasileiras continuarem mantendo sua centralidade referente à dinâmica do mercado de trabalho, pois apresentam médias de rendimento total de seus residentes e de rendimento do trabalho principal superiores àquelas encontradas para os espaços não metropolitanos, as maiores reduções das desigualdades de renda ocorreram nestes últimos, em especial nos menores municípios segundo seu porte populacional.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the changes in the social structure and income inequality of the main Brazilian metropolitan cities in comparison to non-metropolitan areas, in order to reflect on their importance in the context of economic and social changes that have taken place in the country over the last decade. Nevertheless, when it comes to public and academic debate based on the analysis of income groups, its focus has fallen mainly on the reduction of income inequalities, but not always considering social structure. In this sense, the attempt is to answer the following question: if the reduction of income inequality is observed in the analysis among income strata, is also being observed among socio-occupational stratification, and how did this take effect in the metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas? For this purpose were used data from the IBGE - 2000 and 2010 Demographic Censuses, aiming a comparison of the income distribution structure among municipalities according to their population size, but considering also those municipalities located in the metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas, as well as the income inequalities between social strata in the different spatial context by utilizing the ratio of average income among those strata. The results show that although the Brazilian metropolitan areas maintain its centrality regarding the labor market dynamics, since they present higher average of total income and labor income of its residents than the non-metropolitan areas, the biggest reductions in income inequality in the period occurred in non-metropolitan areas, especially in smaller municipalities according to their population size.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los cambios en la estructura social y en las desigualdades de ingresos de las principales metrópolis brasileñas en comparación con las áreas no metropolitanas, para reflexionar sobre la importancia de las metrópolis en el contexto de los cambios económicos y sociales ocurridos en la última década. Sin embargo, en el debate público y académico sobre estos cambios, el foco del análisis ha recaído principalmente en la reducción de la desigualdad de ingresos a partir del análisis de los estratos de ingresos. En ese sentido, se trata de contestar la pregunta: si la reducción de la desigualdad de ingresos, percibida en el análisis de los estratos de ingresos, también se observa entre los estratos sociales considerados desde una estratificación socio-ocupacional, y como ocurrió esta relación entre las áreas metropolitanas y no metropolitanas? Para este propósito, se utilizan los datos de los censos de población de 2000 y 2010 del IBGE con el fin de comparar la estructura de distribución del ingreso entre los municipios de acuerdo con el tamaño de su población, teniendo en cuenta aquellos municipios en las áreas metropolitanas y no metropolitanas, y las desigualdades de ingresos entre los estratos sociales en los diferentes contextos espaciales utilizando la razón de los promedios de ingresos entre esos estratos. Los resultados muestran que, a pesar de que las metrópolis brasileñas sigan manteniendo su centralidad con respecto a la dinámica del mercado de trabajo, debido a que tienen el promedio del total de ingresos y el ingreso de la ocupación principal de sus habitantes superior a los espacios que no son metropolitanos, las mayores reducciones en la desigualdad de ingresos se produjeron en áreas no metropolitanas, especialmente en los municipios más pequeños de acuerdo a su tamaño poblacional.

Occupational Deprivation or Occupational Adaptation of Mexican Americans on Renal Dialysis.

The aim of this study was to explore the occupational changes and perceptions experienced by Mexican Americans with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and their families living with dialysis. In-depth interviews were conducted with 17 Mexican Americans with ESRD and 17 family members. The participants with ESRD described altered or lost activity patterns, capacities and freedoms. With a heightened awareness of death, the family members made altered occupational choices, which were consistent with their cultural values. Changes in the physical body, adhering to the dialysis regimen and environmental restrictions created barriers to occupational participation. These findings suggest that living with dialysis facilitate occupational deprivation among individuals with ESRD and adaption among the family members within cultural alignments. This phenomenon could affect the design of occupational therapy intervention and call for research on the role of occupation therapy services with this population.

[Social class, psychosocial occupational risk factors, and the association with self-rated health and mental health in Chile]. / Clase social, factores de riesgo psicosocial en el trabajo y su asociación con la salud autopercibida y mental en Chile.

The objective of this study was to analyze the association between social class and psychosocial occupational risk factors and self-rated health and mental health in a Chilean population. A cross-sectional study analyzed data from the First National Survey on Employment, Work, Quality of Life, and Male and Female Workers in Chile (N = 9,503). The dependent variables were self-rated health status and mental health. The independent variables were social class (neo-Marxist), psychosocial occupational risk factors, and material deprivation. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed. There were inequalities in the distribution of psychosocial occupational risk factors by social class and sex. Furthermore, social class and psychosocial occupational risk factors were associated with unequal distribution of self-rated health and mental health among the working population in Chile. Occupational health interventions should consider workers' exposure to socioeconomic and psychosocial risk factors.

Clase social, factores de riesgo psicosocial en el trabajo y su asociación con la salud autopercibida y mental en Chile / Social class, psychosocial occupational risk factors, and the association with self-rated health and mental health in Chile / Classe social, fatores psicossociais de risco ocupacional e sua associação com saúde autopercebida e mental no Chile

El objetivo fue examinar la relación entre clase social, riesgo psicosocial laboral y la salud autopercibida y mental en Chile. Se trata de un estudio transversal con los datos de la Primera Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Empleo, Trabajo, Calidad de Vida y Salud de los Trabajadores y Trabajadoras en Chile (N = 9.503). Las variables dependientes son: salud mental y salud autopercibida. Las variables explicativas son: clase social neo-marxista, factores de riesgo psicosocial y privación material. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y de regresión logística. Existen desigualdades en la distribución de los factores exposición laboral a riesgos psicosociales, según clase social y sexo. Además, la clase social y los factores de riesgo psicosocial en el trabajo están asociados a una distribución desigual de la salud autopercibida y salud mental entre la población trabajadora en Chile. Las intervenciones en el área de la salud de los trabajadores deben considerar la clase social y los factores de riesgo psicosocial a que están expuestos los trabajadores.

The objective of this study was to analyze the association between social class and psychosocial occupational risk factors and self-rated health and mental health in a Chilean population. A cross-sectional study analyzed data from the First National Survey on Employment, Work, Quality of Life, and Male and Female Workers in Chile (N = 9,503). The dependent variables were self-rated health status and mental health. The independent variables were social class (neo-Marxist), psychosocial occupational risk factors, and material deprivation. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed. There were inequalities in the distribution of psychosocial occupational risk factors by social class and sex. Furthermore, social class and psychosocial occupational risk factors were associated with unequal distribution of self-rated health and mental health among the working population in Chile. Occupational health interventions should consider workers’ exposure to socioeconomic and psychosocial risk factors.

O objetivo foi analisar a associação entre classe social, fatores psicossociais de risco laboral e saúde autopercebida e saúde mental entre a população trabalhadora chilena. Estudo transversal com os dados da Primera Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Empleo, Trabajo, Calidad de Vida y Salud de los trabajadores y trabajadoras en Chile (N = 9.503). As variáveis dependentes são: saúde autopercebida e saúde mental. As variáveis explicativas são a classe social (neo-marxista), os fatores psicossociais de risco laboral e privação material. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e de regressão logística. Existem desigualdades na distribuição dos fatores psicossociais de risco laboral segundo classe social e sexo. Além disso, a classe social e os fatores de risco psicossociais no trabalho estão associados a uma distribuição desigual da saúde autopercebida e saúde mental. As intervenções na área da saúde dos trabalhadores devem considerar a classe social e fatores de risco psicossociais a que os trabalhadores estão expostos.

Longitudinal and cross-sectional associations of physical activity with triglyceride and HDLc levels in young male adults.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between physical activity and triglyceride and HDLc levels in young male adults. METHODS: We used information about males belonging 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort. Physical activity in 4 domains (leisure time, transportation, household, and occupation) was assessed by self-report in participants of the cohort at ages of 18 and 23 years. Subjects were active if reached the recommendation of 150 min/week of moderate to vigorous physical activity. At 23 years of age, blood sample was collected, and triglycerides and HDLc levels estimated. Multivariate linear and Poisson regression were used to adjust the estimates for confounders. RESULTS: Males who were inactive at 18 and active at 23 years had 41% lower risk (ß = 0.59; 95% confidence interval: 0.40; 0.89) for borderline-high triglycerides (≥ 150 mg/dL) as compared with those who were inactive at both follow-ups. No association was found between changes of physical activity and HDLc level. In cross-sectional analyses, greater HDLc levels were found in active subjects in 4 domains, whereas there was no difference in HDL levels according physical activity during leisure time. CONCLUSION: Becoming active from adolescence to early adulthood reduced the risk for high triglycerides. Current physical activity was associated with greater HDLc levels.

Study of the noise spectrum on high frequency thresholds in workers exposed to noise.

UNLABELLED: Noise level can be quantified and qualified based on sound characteristics such as intensity, type of spectrum, duration and distribution of the noise exposure during one's working hours. OBJECTIVE: To assess noise spectrum and the audiometric configuration of workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Contemporary cross-sectional cohort carried out in the Federal District - Brazil. We did an environmental analysis (spectral analysis) of the noise in companies from different industries, with audiological assessment of 347 workers. RESULTS: The spectral analysis revealed peaks at different frequencies for each industry investigated (8 kHz-metallurgical, 4 kHz-stone Works and 2 kHz-wood works). We noticed that the frequencies of 14 kHz and 16 kHz had significant differences between the various industries, with a greater prevalence of the metallurgical. CONCLUSION: The use of noise pressure measuring device, coupled to a frequency analyzer and high frequency audiometric assessment yielded an early detection of hearing damage, helping better organize preventive measures.

Estudo do espectro sonoro nos limiares de altas frequências em trabalhadores expostos ao ruído / Study of the noise spectrum on high frequency thresholds in workers exposed to noise

O grau de nocividade do ruído pode ser quantificado e qualificado com base em algumas características do som como sua intensidade, o tipo de espectro, duração e a distribuição da exposição ao ruído durante a jornada de trabalho. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o espectro de ruído e a configuração audiométrica em trabalhadores. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte contemporânea com corte transversal, realizado no Distrito Federal. Realizou-se avaliação ambiental (análise espectral) do ruído em empresas de diferentes ramos de atividade econômica e avaliação audiológica em 347 trabalhadores. RESULTADOS: A análise espectral revelou picos em diferentes frequências em cada ramo de atividade (8 kHz-metalúrgico, 4 kHz-marmoraria e 2 kHz-madeireira). Verificou-se que as frequências de 14 kHz e 16 kHz apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os ramos de atividade, com maior prevalência no metalúrgico. CONCLUSÃO: A utilização de medidor de nível de pressão sonora, acoplado a analisador de frequência e a avaliação audiométrica de altas frequências possibilitam a detecção precoce de danos auditivos que, por sua vez, viabiliza melhor direcionamento das ações preventivas.

Noise level can be quantified and qualified based on sound characteristics such as intensity, type of spectrum, duration and distribution of the noise exposure during one's working hours. OBJECTIVE: To assess noise spectrum and the audiometric configuration of workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Contemporary cross-sectional cohort carried out in the Federal District - Brazil. We did an environmental analysis (spectral analysis) of the noise in companies from different industries, with audiological assessment of 347 workers. RESULTS: The spectral analysis revealed peaks at different frequencies for each industry investigated (8 kHz-metallurgical, 4 kHz-stone Works and 2 kHz-wood works). We noticed that the frequencies of 14 kHz and 16 kHz had significant differences between the various industries, with a greater prevalence of the metallurgical. CONCLUSION: The use of noise pressure measuring device, coupled to a frequency analyzer and high frequency audiometric assessment yielded an early detection of hearing damage, helping better organize preventive measures.

Profesionalización, vocación y ética de enfermería / Professionalism, dedication and motivation, and ethics in nursing

La profesionalización, en enfermería, es un proceso social complejo; proviene del latín professio; significa profesar, es decir, ejercer una ciencia o un arte de forma voluntaria; se refiere también a una ideología o actividad asociada que se encuentra en diversos grupos de profesionales en los que sus integrantes aspiran a un estatus social. El estatus facilita el desarrollo, el crecimiento y la evolución de la profesión, consolidando el concepto de profesionalización o de ocupación, según cada contexto. El crecimiento de la enfermería, en este proceso, presenta factores económicos, políticos y culturales, en los que existe un nivel de crecimiento de acuerdo a criterios generales como el estatus, la vocación y la ética de cada profesional de enfermería.

Professionalisation in nursing, is a complex social process ; It comes from the Latin professio ; means profess , that is, exercise science or an art voluntarily ; also it refers to an ideology or associated activity found in various professional groups in which its members aspire to a social status. The status facilitates the development , growth and evolution of the profession , consolidating the concept of professional or occupation , depending on the context. The growth of nursing, in this process, has economic, political and cultural factors , in which there is a level of growth according to general criteria such as status , vocation and ethics of each nurse .