Single nucleotide polymorphism associated with disease resistance in Penaeus vannamei.

Despite the considerable number of genetic markers published for Penaeus vannamei, the classification of these markers and their standardization in specific databases is still insufficient. As a consequence, access to these markers is difficult, hampering their application in genetic association studies. In this study, all previously described single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to resistance for P. vannamei were revised, and 512 SNPs were identified and classified in detail. We observed that most of the SNPs occurred in the proteins including Toll like receptors 1 and 3, hemocyanin large and small subunits, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factors 1 and 2, allowing to propose to use them as targets in association studies involving resistance in P. vannamei. Additionally, the potential effects of the most frequent non-synonymous coding SNPs in the secondary structure of the main target proteins were evaluated using an in silico approach. These data can serve as the starting point for the development of new genetic and computational tools as well as for the design of new association studies that involve resistance in P. vannamei.

Micobacteriose em camarão branco do pacífico, Litopenaeus vannamei / Mycobacteriosis white shrimp pacific Litopenaeus vannamei

A infecção por Mycobacterium spp. tem sido constatada em diversos vertebrados, ocasionando doenças em humanos e animais. As espécies responsáveis pela ocorrência de micobacteriose em peixes, a saber, Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum e M. chelonae, também são potencialmente infecciosas para os camarões peneídeos. A micobacteriose que afeta crustáceos corresponde a uma enfermidade sistêmica, granulomatosa, possuindo como agente etiológico bacilos Gram positivos ácido-álcool resistentes. Relata-se neste trabalho a ocorrência de micobacteriose em camarões da espécie Litopenaeus vannamei, sendo identificada a bactéria M. marinum nas amostras teciduais analisadas. Durante a manutenção de juvenis da espécie foram observadas lesões enegrecidas no sexto segmento abdominal de 20 espécimes. A partir das técnicas de Fite-Faraco e Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) foi identificado o patógeno, representando uma doença bacteriana com potencial zootécnico que ocorre em ambientes aquáticos, acarretando riscos de contaminação tópica em pessoas envolvidas na manipulação de camarões.(AU)

The Mycobacterium spp. infection they have been documented in many vertebrates, causing known diseases in man and animals. The species responsible for the occurrence of mycobacteriosis in fish, Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum and M. chelonae, are also potentially infectious for penaeid shrimp. The mycobacterial disease that affects shellfish corresponds to a systemic disease, granulomatous, having as an etiological agent Gram-positive bacilli resistant acid-alcohol. We report the occurrence of mycobacteriosis in shrimps of the species Litopenaeus vannamei, and identified the species M. marinum in tissue samples analyzed. During the maintenance of juvenile of the species, blackish lesions were observed in the sixth abdominal segment in 20 specimens. From techniques Fite-Faraco and hybridization in situ with fluorescence (FISH), has identified the pathogen in the analyzed tissue was observed, representing a bacterial disease of aquatic environments with zoonotic potential, causing risks of topical contamination on people involved in handling shrimp.(AU)

Micobacteriose em camarão branco do pacífico, Litopenaeus vannamei / Mycobacteriosis white shrimp pacific Litopenaeus vannamei

A infecção por Mycobacterium spp. tem sido constatada em diversos vertebrados, ocasionando doenças em humanos e animais. As espécies responsáveis pela ocorrência de micobacteriose em peixes, a saber, Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum e M. chelonae, também são potencialmente infecciosas para os camarões peneídeos. A micobacteriose que afeta crustáceos corresponde a uma enfermidade sistêmica, granulomatosa, possuindo como agente etiológico bacilos Gram positivos ácido-álcool resistentes. Relata-se neste trabalho a ocorrência de micobacteriose em camarões da espécie Litopenaeus vannamei, sendo identificada a bactéria M. marinum nas amostras teciduais analisadas. Durante a manutenção de juvenis da espécie foram observadas lesões enegrecidas no sexto segmento abdominal de 20 espécimes. A partir das técnicas de Fite-Faraco e Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) foi identificado o patógeno, representando uma doença bacteriana com potencial zootécnico que ocorre em ambientes aquáticos, acarretando riscos de contaminação tópica em pessoas envolvidas na manipulação de camarões.

The Mycobacterium spp. infection they have been documented in many vertebrates, causing known diseases in man and animals. The species responsible for the occurrence of mycobacteriosis in fish, Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum and M. chelonae, are also potentially infectious for penaeid shrimp. The mycobacterial disease that affects shellfish corresponds to a systemic disease, granulomatous, having as an etiological agent Gram-positive bacilli resistant acid-alcohol. We report the occurrence of mycobacteriosis in shrimps of the species Litopenaeus vannamei, and identified the species M. marinum in tissue samples analyzed. During the maintenance of juvenile of the species, blackish lesions were observed in the sixth abdominal segment in 20 specimens. From techniques Fite-Faraco and hybridization in situ with fluorescence (FISH), has identified the pathogen in the analyzed tissue was observed, representing a bacterial disease of aquatic environments with zoonotic potential, causing risks of topical contamination on people involved in handling shrimp.

Diagnóstico e incidencia de enfermedades bacterianas y parasitarias que afectan el cultivo de camarón marino en estanques del sector El Zompopero y Salinas del Potrero, municipio de Jiquilísco, departamento de Usulután: en vínculo con Cooperativas de San Hilario / Diagnosis and incidence of bacterial and parasitic diseases that affect the cultivation of marine shrimp in ponds of El Zompopero and Salinas del Potrero sectors, municipality of Jiquilísco, department of Usulután: in connection with cooperatives of San Hilario

Las enfermedades bacterianas y parasitarias pueden llegar a comprometer los niveles de sobrevivencia de un cultivo de camarón marino. La frecuencia de aparición de camarones muertos en las orillas de los estanques o que aparecen en las atarrayas, son solo un signo o señal de que algo marcha mal en el estanque. Cuando los camarones están sometidos a factores estresantes se reducen su actividad limpiadora, no mudan y por tanto, son altamente susceptibles a la invasión de ectoparásitos. En grados de severidad 3 y 4 de la infestación por ectoparásitos en la superficie corporal del camarón, trae como consecuencia dificultades en la locomoción, la alimentación, la respiración, y finalmente sobreviene la muerte. Por otra parte, las enfermedades de origen bacteriano reportados en los sistemas de cultivo causadas por el género Vibrio, ha llegado a ser la enfermedad económicamente más importante en el cultivo de organismos marinos, afectando un gran número de especies; es catalogada como la causa de serias pérdidas económicas en la producción de camarón de cultivo en diversos países.

Bacterial and parasitic diseases can compromise the survival levels of a marine shrimp culture. The frequency of the appearance of dead shrimp on the banks of the ponds or that appear on the cast nets, are just a sign that something is wrong in the pond. When shrimp are subjected to stress, their cleaning activity is reduced, they do not molt and therefore are highly susceptible to invasion by ectoparasites. In degrees of severity 3 and 4, the infestation by ectoparasites on the body surface of the shrimp, results in difficulties in locomotion, feeding, breathing, and finally, death ensues. On the other hand, the diseases of bacterial origin reported in culture systems caused by the Vibrio genus have become the most economically important disease in the cultivation of marine organisms, affecting a large number of species; It is classified as the cause of serious economic losses in the production of farmed shrimp in various countries.

The endemic copepod Calanus pacificus californicus as a potential vector of white spot syndrome virus.

The susceptibility of the endemic copepod Calanus pacificus californicus to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was established by the temporal analysis of WSSV VP28 transcripts by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The copepods were collected from a shrimp pond located in Bahia de Kino Sonora, Mexico, and challenged per os with WSSV by a virus-phytoplankton adhesion route. Samples were collected at 0, 24, 48 and 84 h postinoculation (hpi). The VP28 transcripts were not detected at early stages (0 and 24 hpi); however, some transcript accumulation was observed at 48 hpi and gradually increased until 84 hpi. Thus, these results clearly show that the copepod C. pacificus californicus is susceptible to WSSV infection and that it may be a potential vector for the dispersal of WSSV. However, further studies are still needed to correlate the epidemiological outbreaks of WSSV with the presence of copepods in shrimp ponds.

Detección de protozoos parásitos entéricos, bacteriófagos de E. coli y organismos indicadores de contaminación en camarones comercializados en el estado Zulia / Detection of enteric protozoa parasites, E. coli bacteriophages and fecal pollution Indicator organisms in shrimp sold in the state of Zulia

Se determinó la presencia de Giardia intestinalis y Cryptospodidium parvum, bacteriófagos de Escherichia coli y organismos indicadores de contaminación (OIC), en muestras de camarones para el consumo humano comercializados en el estado Zulia. Los parásitos se concentraron a partir de sistemas digestivos de pools de camarones por la técnica de formol-éter y se cuantificaron por inmunofluorescencia directa. La concentración de los bacteriófagos de E. coli F+ y los OIC se evaluó por técnicas estándar. En este trabajo se detectó la presencia de G. intestinalis, C. parvum, bacteriófagos y E. coli en camarones comercializados en el estado Zulia que cumplían los criterios de la normativa venezolana de calidad sanitaria e inocuidad. Del total de muestras analizadas el 91,5% fueron positivas para G. intestinalis (promedio: 36,6 quistes/100g), 95,3% para C. parvum (promedio: 32,8 ooquistes/100g), 100% para los bacteriófagos de E coli F+ (promedio de 2,8 x 103 UFP/100 g) y 71,5% para E. coli (promedio de 4,3 x 104 NMP/g). Los resultados obtenidos indican que los camarones pueden convertirse en un vehículo para la transmisión de patógenos al hombre y dejan en evidencia la necesidad de la inclusión de un parámetro parasitológico y viral en el control de la calidad microbiológica de estos productos alimenticios.

The presence of G. intestinalis and C. parvum, E. coli F+ bacteriophages and fecal pollution indicator organisms was determined in shrimp for human consumption marketed in the State of Zulia. Parasites were concentrated from the digestive systems of shrimp pools, detected by formalin-ether and quantified by direct immunofluorescence. E. coli F + bacteriophage and pollution indicator organism concentrations were determined by standard techniques. In this work, G. intestinalis, C. parvum, E. coli F + bacteriophages and E. coli were detected in shrimp for human consumption marketed in the State of Zulia that met the quality criteria of Venezuelan health and safety regulations. 91.5% of the samples analyzed were positive for G. intestinalis (average: 36.6 cyst/100g), 95.3% for C parvum (average: 32.8 oocyst/100g), 100% for E coli F + bacteriophages (average: 2.8 x 103 FPFU/100g) and 71.5% for E. coli (average: 4.3 x 104 MPN/g). Results of this research indicate that shrimp can become a vehicle for transmitting pathogens to humans and demonstrate the need for including a parasitic and viral parameter in microbiological quality control for seafood.

Survey of protozoan, helminth and viral infections in shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus and prawn Macrobrachium acanthurus native to the Jamapa River region, Mexico.

We surveyed protozoan and metazoan parasites as well as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and infectious hypodermal hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) in white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus and the palaemonid prawn Macrobrachium acanthurus native to the lower Jamapa River region of Veracruz, Mexico. The presence of parasites and the infection parameters were evaluated in 113 palaemonid prawns collected during the northwind (n = 45), rainy (n = 38) and dry seasons (n = 30) between October 2007 and July 2008, and in 91 shrimp collected in the rainy season between May and June 2008. In L. setiferus, ciliates of the subclass Apostomatia (Ascophrys sp.) were evident in gills, and third-stage larvae of the nematode Physocephalus sexalatus were evident in the stomach. Cestodes of the genus Prochristianella were evident in the hepatopancreas, while some gregarines of the genus Nematopsis, as well as unidentified larval cestodes, were observed in the intestine. Histology identified Ascophrys sp. in association with gill necrosis and tissue melanization. Slight inflammation was observed in intestinal epithelium near cestode larvae. In M. acanthurus, epibionts of the protozoans Epistylis sp., Acineta sp. and Lagenophrys sp. were observed under uropods, periopods and pleopods. An unidentified ciliate of the Apostomatia was also found in the gills, and Nematopsis was identified in the intestine. No histopathology was observed in association with these parasites. Moreover, neither WSSV nor IHHNV were detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in any of the L. setiferus or M. acanthurus analysed.

Superoxide dismutase activity in juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei and Nodipecten subnodosus exposed to the toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima.

The toxic effect of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima on juvenile American whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and giant lion-paw scallop Nodipecten subnodosus was evaluated. Organisms were exposed to three densities (500, 2000, or 5000 cells mL(-1)), superoxide dismutase activity and soluble protein in the hepatopancreas and muscle were determined at 1, 6, 24 and 48 h after challenge. Shrimp exposed at 5000 cells mL(-1) significantly increased SOD activity in the hepatopancreas at 1 h post-challenge, whereas enzymatic activity in muscle significantly increased at 24 h at all densities. Scallops exposed to 500 and 2000 cells mL(-1) showed significant SOD activity increase in hepatopancreas at 24 and 12 h, respectively. Mortality at 48 h was 100% in scallops exposed to 5000 cells mL(-1). Shrimp showed higher levels of SOD activity than scallops. Soluble protein content in the shrimp hepatopancreas was significantly higher at densities of 500 and 2000 cells mL(-1) at 6 and 1 h, respectively. Soluble protein content in the scallop hepatopancreas was higher than control values at 1 h after challenge. In this study, 500 cells mL(-1) was enough to trigger SOD activity in two benthic species exposed to the toxic dinoflagellate P. lima.

The pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum, its symbionts and helminths as bioindicators of chemical pollution in Campeche Sound, Mexico.

The pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum may acquire pollutants, helminths and symbionts from their environment. Statistical associations were studied between the symbionts and helminths of F. duorarum and pollutants in sediments, water and shrimps in Campeche Sound, Mexico. The study area spatially overlapped between offshore oil platforms and natural shrimp mating grounds. Spatial autocorrelation of data was controlled with spatial analysis using distance indices (SADIE) which identifies parasite or pollutant patches (high levels) and gaps (low levels), expressing them as clustering indices compared at each point to produce a measure of spatial association. Symbionts included the peritrich ciliates Epistylis sp. and Zoothamnium penaei and all symbionts were pooled. Helminths included Hysterothylacium sp., Opecoeloides fimbriatus, Prochristianella penaei and an unidentified cestode. Thirty-five pollutants were identified, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides and heavy metals. The PAHs (2-3 ring) in water, unresolved complex mixture (UCM), Ni and V in sediments, and Zn, Cr and heptachlor in shrimps were significantly clustered. The remaining pollutants were randomly distributed in the study area. Juvenile shrimps acquired pesticides, PAHs (2-3 rings) and Zn, while adults acquired PAHs (4-5 rings), Cu and V. Results suggest natural PAH spillovers, and continental runoff of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), PCBs and PAHs (2-3 ring). There were no significant associations between pollutants and helminths. However, there were significant negative associations of pesticides, UCM and PCBs with symbiont numbers after controlling shrimp size and spatial autocorrelation. Shrimps and their symbionts appear to be promising bioindicators of organic chemical pollution in Campeche Sound.