Intrapleural nivolumab in cancer patients with pleural effusion.

ABSTRACT: We assessed the preliminary efficacy and toxicity of intrapleural instillation of nivolumab in patients with large pleural effusion. Patients with metastatic cancers who have a large volume of pleural effusion and required evacuation were eligible. Thoracentesis followed by nivolumab (40 mg, single intrapleural instillation) was performed. The primary endpoint was 3-month recurrence-free survival. A total of 13 patients were enrolled. The study was terminated after stage 1 as no efficacy was observed; 7 patients (54%) had a recurrence of pleural effusion at 3 months. Thirteen (100%) patients had no recurrence, dyspnea, or cough within 1 month, and the median time to recurrence was 1.9 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35-2.5). No adverse events were identified. We concluded that a single intrapleural instillation of the nivolumab at 40 mg was ineffective and well-tolerated in cancer patients with pleural effusion.

Investigation on the efficiency of lentinan for injection combining cisplatin on treating malignant pleural effusion based on systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a frequently observed complication in advanced malignant tumors. Clinical studies have shown that lentinan for injection (LNT) is beneficial for improving patients' quality of life and prolonging their survival. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of LNT combining cisplatin in the treatment of MPE. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of LNT combining cisplatin in the treatment of MPE were searched in 6 literature databases from the establishment time of each database by 2 researchers. According to the inclusion criteria, 2 researchers independently screened studies, assessed the risk of bias and conducted subgroup analyses for different outcome indicators according to the specific characteristics of the included literature. Analyzing the data by Revman software, and evaluating the stability of the results by Stata software. RESULTS: A total of 52 RCTs were included. The results showed that combined use of LNT and cisplatin could improve the treatment effect, and the difference between groups was statistically significant (RR = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.33 ~ 1.46, P < .001). And the combined use of LNT could increase the quality of life (RR = 1.45, 95%CI: 1.35 ~ 1.56, P < .001). The using of LNT could significantly decrease the incidence of gastrointestinal reactions (RR = 0.86, 95%CI: 0.78 ~ 0.94, P < .001). Sensitivity analysis results showed that there were no qualitative changes in the indicator, and suggested the possibility of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: Available evidence suggested the combined use of LNT and cisplatin showed better efficacy in treating MPE without increasing ADR incidence than using cisplatin alone. LNT is an ideal treatment for MPE, which has high clinical application value.

The future of chemical pleurodesis: A review of novel and investigational sclerosant agents.

Chemical pleurodesis is a technique in which an injurious and inflammatory substance is instilled into the pleural cavity to cause adhesion and fibrosis. It is commonly used in the management of recurrent malignant pleural effusions. Historically, many different types of sclerosants have been described, though only a few, including talc, the tetracycline derivatives, and anti-septic compounds such as silver nitrate and iodopovidone, have found their way into mainstream use. However, over the past several years, there has been increasing interest in alternative pleurodesis agents. In this review, we will explore future directions in the field, with an eye toward novel and investigational agents.

Myelomatous pleural effusion in multiple myeloma- A rare presentation.

Multiple myeloma is a malignant plasma cell condition that mostly affects the skeletal system and bone marrow. Pleural effusions are uncommon and typically result from other conditions coexisting with multiple myeloma. Malignant myelomatous pleural effusions are rare complications of multiple myeloma, occurring in less than 1% of patients and are associated with poor prognosis having mean survival of less than 4 months. The present case report is a 41-year-old multiple myeloma patient who developed bilateral pleural effusion at a disease relapse. Chemotherapeutic regimen of cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone given. Despite a positive response to treatment, the patient's condition worsened over the course of following month and he eventually passed away. Myelomatous pleural effusion indicates poor prognosis and early consideration helps in quick diagnosis and initiation of treatment which may help in improving prognosis.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer with malignant pleural effusion: a retrospective multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) combined with chemotherapy are efficacious for treating advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, the effectiveness of this approach in the malignant pleural effusion (MPE) population is unclear. This study evaluated ICI plus chemotherapy in NSCLC patients with MPE. METHODS: Patients from 3 centers in China with NSCLC and MPE who received ICI plus chemotherapy (ICI Plus Chemo) or chemotherapy alone (Chemo) between December 2014 and June 2023 were enrolled. Clinical outcomes and adverse events (AEs) were compared. RESULTS: Of 155 eligible patients, the median age was 61.0 years old. Males and never-smokers accounted for 73.5% and 39.4%, respectively. Fifty-seven and 98 patients received ICI Plus Chemo or Chemo, respectively. With a median study follow-up of 10.8 months, progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly longer with ICI Plus Chemo than with Chemo (median PFS: 7.4 versus 5.7 months; HR = 0.594 [95% CI: 0.403-0.874], P = 0.008). Median overall survival (OS) did not differ between groups (ICI Plus Chemo: 34.2 versus Chemo: 28.3 months; HR = 0.746 [95% CI: 0.420-1.325], P = 0.317). The most common grade 3 or worse AEs included decreased neutrophil count (3 [5.3%] patients in the ICI Plus Chemo group vs. 5 [5.1%] patients in the Chemo group) and decreased hemoglobin (3 [5.3%] versus 10 [10.2%]). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with untreated NSCLC with MPE, ICI plus chemotherapy resulted in significantly longer PFS than chemotherapy and had a manageable tolerability profile, but the effect on OS may be limited.

Efficacy of osimertinib in patients with EGFR-mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer with malignant pleural effusion.

BACKGROUND: As an epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), osimertinib has emerged as a standard EGFR-mutation positive treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the efficacy of osimertinib for malignant pleural effusion (MPE) remains understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of osimertinib on time to treatment failure (TTF) and overall survival (OS) in patients with EGFR-mutation positive NSCLC, comparing those with and without MPE. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included patients with advanced or recurrent NSCLC treated with osimertinib at our hospital between April 2016 and June 2021. TTF was defined as the duration from osimertinib initiation to discontinuation, and OS as the duration until death, irrespective of the reason. RESULTS: Among 229 patients receiving osimertinib, 84 had MPE before administration, 39 acquired EGFR exon20 T790M mutation following previous EGFR-TKI therapy, and 45 were EGFR-TKI-naive. Among EGFR-TKI-naive patients, median TTF was 14.8 and 19.8 months for those with and without MPE, respectively (hazard ratio [HR] 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90-2.18; p = 0.12). Median OS was 32.0 and 42.0 months for patients with and without MPE, respectively (HR 1.43; 95% CI: 0.86-2.38; p = 0.16). Among patients with T790M mutation, median TTF was 12.3 and 13.1 months for patients with and without MPE, respectively (HR 1.03; 95% CI: 0.69-1.55; p = 0.88). Median OS for patients with and without MPE was 23.2 and 24.7 months, respectively (HR 1.09; 95% CI: 0.72-1.67; p = 0.68). CONCLUSION: Among patients with EGFR-mutation positive NSCLC, the evidence of MPE has little effect on survival with osimertinib.

Outcomes of Pleural Space Infections in Patients With Indwelling Pleural Catheters for Active Malignancies.

BACKGROUND: Pleural infections related to indwelling pleural catheters (IPCs) are an uncommon clinical problem. However, management decisions can be complex for patients with active malignancies due to their comorbidities and limited life expectancies. There are limited studies on the management of IPC-related infections, including whether to remove the IPC or use intrapleural fibrinolytics. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with active malignancies and IPC-related empyemas at our institution between January 1, 2005 and May 31, 2021. The primary outcome was to evaluate clinical outcomes in patients with malignant pleural effusions and IPC-related empyemas treated with intrapleural tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and deoxyribonuclease (DNase) compared with those treated with tPA alone or no intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy. The secondary outcome evaluated was the incidence of bleeding complications. RESULTS: We identified 69 patients with a malignant pleural effusion and an IPC-related empyema. Twenty patients received tPA/DNase, 9 received tPA alone, and 40 were managed without fibrinolytics. Those treated with fibrinolytics were more likely to have their IPCs removed as part of the initial management strategy ( P =0.004). The rate of surgical intervention and mortality attributable to the empyema were not significantly different between treatment groups. There were no bleeding events in any group. CONCLUSION: In patients with IPC-related empyemas, we did not find significant differences in the rates of surgical intervention, empyema-related mortality, or bleeding complications in those treated with intrapleural tPA/DNase, tPA alone, or no fibrinolytics. More patients who received intrapleural fibrinolytics had their IPCs removed, which may have been due to selection bias.

Intrapleural injection of brucea javanica oil emulsion provided a long-term benefits in patient with malignant pleural effusion from pleural mesothelioma: A case report.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a severe form of cancer that originates from mesothelium cells. Around 54-90% of mesotheliomas are associated with pleural effusions. Brucea Javanica Oil Emulsion (BJOE) is the processed oil derived from the seeds of Brucea javanica, which has shown potential as a treatment option for several types of cancer. Here, we present a case study of a MPM patient with malignant pleural effusion who received intrapleural injection of BJOE. The treatment resulted in the complete response of pleural effusion and chest tightness. While the precise mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of BJOE for pleural effusion are not yet fully understood, it has demonstrated a satisfactory clinical response without significant adverse effects.

Phenotyping EMT and MET cellular states in lung cancer patient liquid biopsies at a personalized level using mass cytometry.

Malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) can be utilized as liquid biopsy for phenotyping malignant cells and for precision immunotherapy, yet MPEs are inadequately studied at the single-cell proteomic level. Here we leverage mass cytometry to interrogate immune and epithelial cellular profiles of primary tumors and pleural effusions (PEs) from early and late-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, with the goal of assessing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) states in patient specimens. By using the EMT-MET reference map PHENOSTAMP, we observe a variety of EMT states in cytokeratin positive (CK+) cells, and report for the first time MET-enriched CK+ cells in MPEs. We show that these states may be relevant to disease stage and therapy response. Furthermore, we found that the fraction of CD33+ myeloid cells in PEs was positively correlated to the fraction of CK+ cells. Longitudinal analysis of MPEs drawn 2 months apart from a patient undergoing therapy, revealed that CK+ cells acquired heterogeneous EMT features during treatment. We present this work as a feasibility study that justifies deeper characterization of EMT and MET states in malignant cells found in PEs as a promising clinical platform to better evaluate disease progression and treatment response at a personalized level.

Development and validation of the CAIL prognostic score in non-small cell lung cancer patients with malignant pleural effusion.

BACKGROUND: Patients with malignant pleural effusion (MPE) typically have poor prognoses, and predicting survival is challenging. The present study aimed to identify prognostic factors of overall survival (OS) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with MPE in the time of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. METHODS: Data of 344 consecutive NSCLC patients with MPE on clinical, radiological, and molecular characteristics and treatment options were collected. The risk factors in the training cohort were assessed using univariate and multivariate proportional hazards analyses. A clinical prognostic score was established and validated. RESULTS: According to the results of the multivariable survival analysis, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance score (PS), antiangiogenic therapy, immunotherapy, and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in pleural fluid (CAIL) prognostic score was developed (n = 275) and subsequently validated (n = 69). Patients who underwent risk stratification into low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups had median OS of 46.1, 23.1, and 9.6 months, respectively (P < 0.0001). The area under the curve (AUC) analysis showed the CAIL score to be superior at predicting survival compared with the LENT score at 6 (0.84 vs. 0.77, P < 0.01), 12 (0.87 vs. 0.82, P < 0.01), and 36 months (0.80 vs. 0.77, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: For NSCLC patients with MPE, the validated CAIL prognostic score integrates clinical characteristics and therapeutic modalities to predict survival.

Hyperthermic intrathoracic/intraperitoneal chemotherapy versus conventional intrapleural/intraperitoneal chemotherapy for the malignant effusion: a multi-center randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of hyperthermic intrathoracic/intraperitoneal chemotherapy versus conventional intrapleural/intraperitoneal chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant pleural or peritoneal effusion. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was carried out in 8 cancer centers across China. Patients with malignant pleural or peritoneal effusion were randomly assigned to the study group or control group. Patients in the study group were treated with cisplatin-based hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy (HITHOC) or hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), while the control group was treated with conventional intrapleural or intraperitoneal chemotherapy using same chemotherapeutic regime as the study group. The objective response rate (ORR) was analyzed as primary outcome. Quality-of-life (QOL) score was recorded as secondary outcome using the questionnaire 30 (QLQ-C30) of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). The efficacy and safety of the two treatments were compared. RESULTS: Total 135 patients were recruited and randomized in this study, with 67 patients in the study group and 68 patients in the control group. The ORR in the study group (80.70%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (31.03%, p < 0.001). However, neither changes of QOL scores, nor incidence rates of adverse events were significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.076 and 0.197, respectively). CONCLUSION: Efficacy of HITHOC or HIPEC is superior to that of conventional modality for the treatment of malignant effusion with comparable side effects.

Comparison between different treatment regimens of vascular targeting drug to malignant pleural effusion in patients with lung cancer: A Bayesian network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The presence of malignant pleural effusion in lung cancer patients often suggests a poor prognosis. We plan to investigate which regimen of vascular targeting drug is preferable to control the malignant pleural effusion in such patients. METHODS: Two investigators dependently searched and screened for randomized controlled trials in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from the database inception to August 2022. R software was applied to build a network model in Bayesian method. Objective response rate of malignant pleural effusion is the primary outcome measure. Besides, the incidence of 3 adverse events were compared, including gastrointestinal reaction, leukopenia and hypertension. Due to the disconnection of network, we analysis and discuss the short-term treatment (3-4 weeks) and long-term treatment (6-12 weeks) respectively. RESULTS: 31 studies with 2093 patients were identified. Four targeting drugs contain bevacizumab (Bev), anlotinib, apatinib and Endostar. Two administration routes include intracavity perfusion (icp) and intravenous injection. Based on the current evidence, for short-term treatments, compared with single-agent chemotherapy (CT), Bev_icp + CT, anlotinib + CT, Bev_icp and anlotinib + endorstar_icp present better objective response, and no statistical significance was found in objective response between Bev_icp + CT, anlotinib + CT and Bev_icp. For long-term treatments, compared with doublet or triplet chemotherapy (2CT or 3CT), Bev_icp + 2CT, apatinib + 2CT, Bev_icp + 3CT, and Bev_intravenous injection + 2CT are more effective option, but no statistical significance was found in objective response between the 4 combination regimens with chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that no statistical significance between above vascular targeting regimens. Pathological type of lung cancer may affect the effect of bevacizumab intracavity infusion plus chemotherapy. The influence of different administration routes of vascular targeting drugs on efficacy remains to be investigated. There are some concerns with the quality of the studies, and some limitations should be considered when interpreting these results, which includes limited geographical region and sample size of studies. Despite these limitations, this study may inform vascular targeting therapy choice in such a patient population.

Efficacy and safety of doxycycline versus iodopovidone for pleurodesis through an intercostal tube in malignant pleural effusions: a randomized trial.

PURPOSE: The search for an inexpensive agent for chemical pleurodesis in malignant pleural effusion (MPE) continues. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of iodopovidone versus doxycycline for pleurodesis in MPE. METHODS: We randomized consecutive subjects with recurrent symptomatic MPE (1:1) to undergo pleurodesis with either doxycycline or iodopovidone administered through an intercostal tube. The primary outcome was the success rate of pleurodesis at 30 days. The secondary outcomes were the time to pleurodesis, chest pain (assessed using visual analog scale [VAS]) after pleurodesis, and complications (hypotension, acute respiratory failure, empyema). RESULTS: We randomized 52 and 58 subjects to receive either doxycycline or iodopovidone. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of the study population (51% women) was 54.1 (13.6) years. Lung cancer (≥ 60%) was the most common underlying cause of MPE. We observed a similar frequency of success in the doxycycline vs. the iodopovidone group (complete response: 43 (82.7%) vs. 46 (79.3%) subjects; partial response: 7 (13.5%) vs. 10 (17.2%) subjects; p = 0.3). The mean (SD) time to pleurodesis was 1.5 (1.9) days and 1.9 (5.4) days in the doxycycline and iodopovidone groups, respectively. While the VAS for chest pain was significantly higher with iodopovidone (mean [SD] VAS: doxycycline, 31.9 [20.9]; iodopovidone, 41.3 [21.8]; p = 0.017), it did not reach the minimal clinically important difference. The complication rates were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Iodopovidone was not superior to doxycycline for pleurodesis in MPE. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER/DATE: clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02583282) / October 22, 2015.

Efficacy of hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy for initially diagnosed lung cancer with symptomatic malignant pleural effusion.

Initially diagnosed malignant pleural effusion (MPE) has different systematic treatments, and defining the best drainage regimen according to the responsiveness of MPE to different systematic treatments is important. This study compared the efficacy of hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy (HITHOC) and pleural catheter drainage (IPCD) for initially diagnosed lung cancer with symptomatic MPE. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of initially diagnosed lung cancer patients with symptomatic MPE between January 2018 and May 2022. The patients were treated with IPCD or HITHOC for local control of MPE after diagnosis. Systematic regimens were conducted during 1 month according to guidelines after local treatment. Intrathoracic MPE progression-free survival (iPFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated, Univariate and multivariable Cox-regression were used to identify factors associated with iPFS and OS. A total of 33 patients were evaluated; 10 (30.3%) patients received IPCD, and 23 (69.7%) patients received HITHOC. No difference in the MPE control rate at 1 month was found between the IPCD group (90%) and HITHOC group (95.7%). However, this control rate was significantly higher in the HITHOC group (69.6%) than in the IPCD group (30%) at 3 months (P = 0.035). Multivariate analysis showed that receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) or chemotherapy was a significant protective factor for iPFS (HR = 0.376, 95% CI 0.214-0.659, P = 0.007) and OS (HR = 0.321, 95% CI 0.174-0.594, P < 0.001). According to subgroup analysis, among patients treated with TKIs, those who received HITHOC had longer iPFS and OS than those who received IPCD (P = 0.011 and P = 0.002, respectively), but this difference was not found in the palliative care subgroup. Moreover, no patients treated with chemotherapy showed reaccumulation of MPE. Systematic TKIs or chemotherapy prolonged iPFS and OS for those initially diagnosed with lung cancer with symptomatic MPE. HITHOC prolonged iPFS and OS for those treated with systematic TKIs.

Impact of thoracic tumor radiotherapy on survival in non-small-cell lung cancer with malignant pleural effusion treated with targeted therapy: Propensity score matching study.

BACKGROUND: EGFR-mutant (EGFR-M) and ALK-positive (ALK-P)are common in malignant pleural effusion (MPE) with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (MPE-NSCLC). The impact of thoracic tumor radiotherapy on survival in such patients remains unclear. We aimed to investigate whether thoracic tumor radiotherapy could improve overall survival (OS) in such patients. METHODS: According to whether or not patients accepted thoracic tumor radiotherapy, 148 patients with EGFR-M or ALK-P MPE-NSCLC treated with targeted therapy were classified into two groups: DT group without thoracic tumor radiotherapy and DRT group with thoracic tumor radiotherapy. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to balance clinical baseline characteristics. Overall survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier, compared by log-rank test, and evaluated using Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Median survival time (MST) was 25 months versus 17 months in the DRT group and DT group. The OS rates at 1, 2, 3, 5 years in the DRT group and DT group were 75.0%, 52.8%, 26.8%, 11.1% and 64.5%, 28.4%, 9.2%, 1.8%, respectively (χ2 = 12.028, p = 0.001). Compared with DT group, the DRT group still had better survival after PSM (p = 0.007). Before and after PSM, factors associated with better OS through multivariable analysis were that thoracic tumor radiotherapy, radiotherapy, N0-2 , and ALK-TKIs. Grades 4-5 radiation toxicities were not observed in patients; 8 (11.6%) and 7 (10.1%) out of the DRT group suffered from Grade 3 radiation esophagitis and radiation pneumonitis, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results for EGFR-M or ALK-P MPE-NSCLC showed that thoracic tumor radiotherapy may be crucial factor in improving OS with acceptable toxicities. Potential biases should not be neglected: Further randomized controlled trials are necessary to confirm this result.

Malignant Pleural Effusions in the Era of Immunotherapy and Antiangiogenic Therapy.

Malignant pleural effusions (MPE) have historically been associated with a poor prognosis, and patients often require a series of invasive procedures and hospitalizations that significantly reduce quality of life at the terminus of life. However, advances in the management of MPE have coincided with the era of immunotherapies, and to a lesser extent, antiangiogenic therapies for the treatment of lung cancer. Landmark studies have shown these drugs to improve overall survival and progression-free survival in patients with lung cancer, but a paucity of phase III trial data exists for the impact of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) on lung cancers associated with MPE. This review will focus on the leading studies investigating the impact of ICI and antiangiogenic therapies in patients with lung cancer and MPE. The diagnostic and prognostic values of vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin expression levels in malignancy will also be discussed. These advancements are changing the paradigm of MPE management from palliation to treatment for the first time since 1767 when MPE was first reported. The future holds the promise of durable response and extended survival in patients with MPE.

The evidence framework of traditional Chinese medicine injection (Aidi injection) in controlling malignant pleural effusion: A clustered systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Aidi injection (Aidi), a traditional Chinese medicine injection, is often practiced to control malignant pleural effusion (MPE). OBJECTIVES: We performed a registered systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO: CRD42022337611) to clarify the clinical role of Aidi in MPE, reveal optimal combinations of Aidi and chemical agents, their indications, therapeutic route and usage, and demonstrate their clinical effectiveness and safety. METHODOLOGY: All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about Aidi in controlling MPE were collected from Chinese and English databases (up to October 2022). We clustered them into multiple homogenous regimens, evaluated the risk-of-bias at outcome level using a RoB 2, extracted and pooled the data using meta-analysis or descriptive analysis, and finally summarized their evidence quality. RESULTS: All 56 studies were clustered into intrapleural administration with Aidi alone or plus chemical agents, and intravenous administration with Aidi for MPE. Intrapleural administration with Aidi alone displayed similar clinical responses on Cisplatin (DDP) alone. Only administration with Aidi plus DDP significantly improved complete response and quality of life, and displayed a low pleurodesis failure, disease progression, hematotoxicity, gastrointestinal and hepatorenal toxicity. For patients with moderate to massive effusion, Karnofsky Performance Status score ≥ 50 or anticipated survival time ≥3 months, Aidi (50 ml to 80 ml each time, one time each week and three to eight times) plus DDP (20 to 30 mg, 40 to 50 mg, or 60 to 80 mg each time) significantly improved clinical responses. Most results had moderate to low quality. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidences indicate that Aidi, a pleurodesis agent, plays an interesting clinical role in controlling MPE. Aidi plus DDP perfusion is a most commonly used regimen, which shows a significant improvement in clinical responses. These findings also provide an indication and possible optimal usage for rational drug use.

Role of molecular testing for malignant pleural effusion in targeted therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To confirm the predictive value of targeted therapies for oncogenic driver gene mutations detected in malignant pleural effusion (MPE) cell blocks from patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: For patients with NSCLC whose tumor tissues could not be used to detect oncogenic driver gene status, molecular mutation status in 101 MPE cell blocks was tested using amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction prior to treatment. Corresponding targeted therapies were adopted based on the detection results. RESULTS: Mutations observed in MPE cell blocks included epidermal growth factor receptor mutation (EGFR) (60.4% [61/101]), anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion (6.3% [5/80]), and ROS proto-oncogene 1 receptor tyrosine kinase fusion (3% [2/70]). Other mutations that were found in <5% of patients included epidermal growth factor receptor-2, rat sarcoma-filtered germ carcinogenic homologous B1, neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog, and mesenchymal epithelial transition factor exon 14. The median follow-up time was 23.5 months for the 41 patients with a single EGFR mutation and who received tyrosine kinase inhibitor monotherapy as the first-line treatment; in these patients, the objective response rate was 78% (95% confidence intervals (CI), 62% to 89%), progression-free survival was 10.8 months (95% CI, 8.7 to 13.0 months), and overall survival was 31.7 months (95% CI, 13.9 to 49.4 months). CONCLUSIONS: Malignant pleural effusion cell blocks are recommended for mutation testing for targeted therapies in patients with NSCLC.

Dihydroartemisinin Induced Apoptosis and Synergized With Chemotherapy in Pleural Effusion Lymphoma Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare aggressive B-cell lymphoma associated with HHV-8. With a median survival of fewer than six months, the prognosis of the disease with current standard therapies is usually dismal. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is a derivative of artemisinin, originally designed as an antimalarial drug. Several studies have shown that this compound also demonstrates anti-cancer activity in various types of cancer, including hematologic malignancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anti-proliferation activity of DHA on 5 PEL cell lines was assessed by MTT assay. Cell cycle arrest was determined by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry analysis. DHA-induced PEL apoptosis was shown by annexin V/PI staining and western blotting for cleaved caspases 3, 8, and 9. An inhibitory effect on PEL growth was evaluated in a PEL-xenograft mouse model. A synergistic effect of DHA and doxorubicin combination treatment was shown in vitro. RESULTS: DHA showed anti-proliferative activity on PEL and induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. DHA-induced cell death appeared to be triggered by increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). N-acetylcysteine treatment inhibited DHA-induced ROS elevation and suppressed expression of cleaved caspases leading to significantly reduced PEL apoptosis. DHA treatment also demonstrated an inhibitory effect on PEL cell growth in an in-vivo xenograft model. Moreover, we found that a combination treatment of DHA and doxorubicin, the standard chemotherapy drug for PEL, demonstrated a synergistic effect on PEL cell lines. CONCLUSION: DHA is a potentially effective candidate drug for PEL treatment.