Anconeus and pronation: a palpatory and ultrasonographic study.

PURPOSE: Depending on its axis, pronation varies from the radius rotation around the steady ulna to the reciprocal adduction of the radius and abduction of the ulna. While there is no question that pronator teres is a central pronation agonist, anconeus's role is not settled. The current investigation comparing palpation and ultrasonography in these two muscles during pronation along the axis capitulum-second digit evolved from a serendipitous finding in a clinical anatomy seminar. METHODS: Single-hand palpation and two-transducer ultrasonography over anconeus and pronator teres were used on ten normal subjects to investigate their contraction during pronation around the capitulum-second digit axis. These studies were done independently and blind to the results of the other. The statistical analysis between palpation and ultrasonography was performed with Cohen's kappa coefficient and the χ2 test. RESULTS: On palpation, on resisted full pronation, anconeus contracted in 8/10 subjects and pronator teres in 10/10 subjects. Without resistance, the corresponding ratios were 5/10 and 9/10. On two-transducer ultrasonography, the comparable ratios were 7/10 and 10/10, and 3/10 and 10/10. A fair concordance (Cohen's kappa = 0.21) between palpation and ultrasonography in detecting the simultaneous status of anconeus and pronator teres during resisted full pronation. Anatomic dissection illustrated the elements involved. CONCLUSIONS: Plain palpation confirmed by ultrasonography showed the simultaneous contraction of anconeus and pronator teres during resisted pronation in most of the studied subjects. The study suggests that palpation can be helpful in directly studying muscle activity during movement.

Lesiones por presión: la incidencia en el paciente crítico con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2, en respuesta a la estrategia del decúbito prono durante la pandemia COVID-19 / Pressure lesions: incidence in critical patient with pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2, in response to decubitus prone position during COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: Se suele aplicar en pacientes con SARS-CoV-2 el decúbito prono (DP) prolongadamente, pues ha demostrado beneficios para solventar la falta de equipos de ventilación mecánica; sin embargo, también tiende a producir lesiones por presión (LPP) en regiones anatómicas no experimentadas en otras prácticas. Objetivo: Calcular la incidencia de LPP en el paciente crítico de COVID-19 en DP, describir características de los pacientes y las lesiones. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de carácter transversal con enfoque retrospectivo. La recolección de datos se realizó en un hospital de tercer nivel de la Ciudad de México, incluyó 230 pacientes que desarrollaron LPP posterior a su ingreso. Se analizó el expediente electrónico y los registros de la clínica de heridas, la recolección de datos se generó en Excel y el análisis estadístico en el programa SPSS. Resultados: La incidencia fue de 18.05%, las LPP con esfacelo corresponden al 33.9% y las de necrosis al 40%. La localización anatómica en pabellón auricular, pómulos y tórax fue de 36.1% y 46.5% fueron lesiones de categoría III con afectación de las estructuras musculares. La correlación con el IMC demostró que pacientes con sobrepeso presentaron mayor incidencia de LPP con fibrina y esfacelo en un 60.3%. Limitación del estudio: No se consideraron variables como la carga de trabajo de enfermería. Originalidad: Esta investigación no ha sido postulada previamente en ningún órgano editorial. Conclusiones: La incidencia coincide con estudios en otros países, por lo que es necesario estandarizar las acciones para la prevención de LPP y reducir su incidencia.

Introduction: Prolonged prone decubitus (PD) is usually applied in patients with SARS­CoV­2, as it has shown benefits to solve the lack of mechanical ventilation equipment; however, it also tends to produce pressure injuries (PI) in anatomical regions not experienced in other practices. Objective: To calculate the incidence of PI in the critical patient of COVID-19 in PD, describe patient characteristics and injuries. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study with retrospective approach. Data collection was performed in a tertiary level hospital in Mexico City, including 230 patients who developed PI after admission. The electronic file and wound clinic records were analyzed, data collection was generated in Excel and statistical analysis in the SPSSs program. Results: The incidence was 18.05%, PI with slough corresponded to 33.9% and those with necrosis to 40%. The anatomical location in the pinna, cheekbones and thorax was 36.1% and 46.5% were category III lesions with involvement of muscular structures. Correlation with BMI showed that overweight patients had a higher incidence of PI with fibrin and sphacel in 60.3%. Limitation of the study: variables such as nursing workload were not considered. Originality: This research has not been previously postulated in any editorial body. Conclusions: The incidence coincides with studies in other countries, so it is necessary to standardize actions for the prevention of PI and reduce its incidence.

¿Fue útil una estrategia VIP para el coronavirus? / Was a Vectored-Immunoprophylaxis Strategy Useful against Coronavirus?

Estimado editor: Los albores del año 2020 le depararon a la humanidad una terrible sorpresa: se reportaban los primeros casos de la posteriormente famosa COVID-19, una enfermedad, cuyo estrepitoso avance la convirtió en una pandemia declarada el 11 de marzo de 2020.1 Desde entonces, muchas han sido las estrategias destinadas a paliar sus efectos deletéreos. Ciertamente, fueron apareciendo esperanzadoras medidas sanitarias, unas con mayor éxito o acogida que otras, pero sin el suficiente respaldo científico como para avalar su uso y convertirse en la estrategia ideal. De ellas, algunas ya validadas para el tratamiento de pacientes críticos, como lo son la ventilación-oxigenoterapia (V), la infusión de líquidos-fluidoterapia (I) y la pronación (P), también fueron parte del intento. A ellas serán dedicadas estas líneas de reflexión...(AU)

Deep branch of the radial nerve: effect of pronation/supination on longitudinal nerve alignment.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of maximal pronation and supination of the forearm on the alignment and anatomic relationship of the deep branch of the radial nerve (DBRN) at the superior arcade of the supinator muscle (SASM) by using high-resolution ultrasound (HRUS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, HRUS in the long axis of the DBRN was performed in asymptomatic participants enrolled from March to August 2021. DBRN alignment was evaluated by measuring angles of the nerve in maximal pronation and maximal supination of the forearm independently by two musculoskeletal radiologists. Forearm range of motion and biometric measurements were recorded. Student t, Shapiro-Wilk, Pearson correlation, reliability analyses, and Kruskal-Wallis test were used. RESULTS: The study population included 110 nerves from 55 asymptomatic participants (median age, 37.0 years; age range, 16-63 years; 29 [52.7%] women). There was a statistically significant difference between the DBRN angle in maximal supination and maximal pronation (Reader 1: 95% CI: 5.74, 8.21, p < 0.001, and Reader 2: 95% CI: 5.82, 8.37, p < 0.001). The mean difference between the angles in maximal supination and maximal pronation was approximately 7° for both readers. ICC was very good for intraobserver agreement (Reader1: r ≥ 0.92, p < 0.001; Reader 2: r ≥ 0.93, p < 0.001), as well as for interobserver agreement (phase 1: r ≥ 0.87, p < 0.001; phase 2: r ≥ 0.90, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The extremes of the rotational movement of the forearm affect the longitudinal morphology and anatomic relationships of the DBRN, primarily demonstrating the convergence of the nerve towards the SASM in maximal pronation and divergence in maximal supination.

Usefulness of digital measurements for functional evaluation of paediatric elbow range of motion.

BACKGROUND: Elbow immobilization due to fractures of the upper limb is frequent in paediatric patients. Proper follow-up is critical to assess elbow functional recovery. Telemedicine can be an option for remote monitoring of these patients. The purpose of this study was to compare personal and virtual evaluation of elbow range of motion after long arm cast withdrawal in paediatric patients. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional study was carried out which included all paediatric patients with elbow immobilization in long arm casts treated at our centre. After cast withdrawal, elbow range of motion was evaluated by telemedicine and in office consultation in all four movements (flexion, extension, pronation and supination). RESULTS: Ninety-three patients met the selection criteria. Median age at time of immobilization was 8 years. Mean elbow immobilization time was 23 days (range 18-56 days). When comparing office and remote measurements, no statistical differences were found for any of the four elbow movements measured in our study. CONCLUSIONS: Remote evaluation of elbow range of motion by telemedicine is technically feasible. We evaluated elbow range of motion in paediatric patients after immobilization and we did not find differences between digital and in office measurements. The results were similar to those obtained through assessment in the office. We believe that this is a useful tool to facilitate remote patient follow-up.

Pronación precoz en pacientes con síndrome de distrés respiratorio por neumonía COVID-19 / Early pronation in patients with respiratory distress due to COVID-19 pneumonia

Introducción: El tratamiento de los pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria en el curso de la COVID-19 ha sido un reto en todo el mundo, debido al gran número de pacientes afectados por la agresividad del virus, el empleo de los recursos humanos y la disponibilidad de los equipos. Objetivo: Demostrar la utilidad de la pronación precoz para lograr mejoría de la oxigenación y prevenir en muchos casos la intubación endotraqueal en pacientes con distrés respiratorio por la COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico, de corte transversal retrospectivo, de pacientes que ingresaron en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Cubano En Qatar, perteneciente a la Hamad Medical Corporation, en el período comprendido de marzo a mayo de 2021. Se utilizaron variables enfocadas en demostrar la respuesta ventilatoria. Se utilizó el paquete estadístico Statistical Package Social Science (Ssps) versión 21.0, según porcentaje y Chi cuadrado, y la t de Student para análisis estadístico deductivo de las muestras relacionadas. Resultados: Predominó el grupo de edades de 3-50 años en pacientes con 2 o más comorbilidades. La oxigenación con HFNC y combinada con NIV fueron las más empleadas. La mayoría de las variables en prueba de muestras relacionadas fueron altamente significativas. Conclusiones: La pronación precoz, como complemento del tratamiento intensivo en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria, causada por la enfermedad COVID-19, proporciona una mejor recuperación de los enfermos y una mejoría indiscutibles de los parámetros de ventilación y oxigenación(AU)

Introduction: In the course of COVID-19, the management of patients with respiratory failure has been a challenge worldwide, due to the large number of patients affected by the aggressiveness of the virus, the use of human resources and the availability of equipment. Objective: To show the usefulness of early pronation for improving oxygenation and prevent, in many cases, endotracheal intubation in patients with respiratory failure due to COVID-19. Methods: An analytical, observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study was carried out with patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit of the Cuban Hospital in Qatar, belonging to the Hamad Medical Corporation, in the period from March to May 2021. Variables focused on demonstrating the ventilatory response were used. The Statistical Package Social Science (SPSS), version 21.0, was used, according to percentage and chi-square, as well as Student's t-test for deductive statistical analysis of related samples. Results: The predominant age group was 3-50 years, in patients with two or more comorbidities. Oxygenation with high-flow nasal cannula and combined with non-invasive ventilation were the most widely used. Most of the variables in the related samples test were highly significant. Conclusions: Early pronation, as an adjunct to intensive management of patients with respiratory failure caused by COVID-19, provides better recovery for patients and an indisputable improvement of ventilation and oxygenation parameters(AU)

Entrenamiento de la musculatura intrínseca del pie para la prevención de caídas en personas mayores / Effect of a program of intrinsic musculature exercises of the foot in the prevention of risk of fall on the elderly

OBJETIVO Las personas mayores y particularmente las mujeres, son propensas a sufrir traumatismo por caídas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue mejorar la estabilidad y funcionalidad de la pisada en personas mayores, implementando un programa de entrenamiento de musculatura intrínseca del pie, y determinar sus efectos en el riesgo de caída como método de prevención. MATERIALES Y METODOS Participaron 33 personas mayores, de género femenino y autovalentes. En las participantes se evaluó el equilibrio y la velocidad de la marcha con la prueba Time up and Go (TUG), y el equilibrio dinámico se evaluó con la Escala de Tinetti (ET). La intervención constó de enteramiento de tipo short-foot de forma diaria, durante 4 semanas. RESULTADOS los tiempos del TUG disminuyeron de manera progresiva al final de la intervención, lo que indica una optimización en la velocidad de la marcha, por lo que, el entrenamiento tuvo resultados beneficios para la transferencia de carga corporal de una posición sedente a bípedo y de bípedo a marcha. En cambio, para el equilibrio y marcha según ET no se detectó una diferencia significativa. CONCLUSIONES Este entrenamiento presenta una mejoría en el ámbito funcional de cambio de posición, pero no reemplaza el ajuste postural de base de sustentación para mantener el centro de masa en su posición central.

OBJETIVE Seniors, particularly women, are at risk for suffering traumatisms from falls. The objective of this study was to improve the balance and walking functionality of seniors by implementing a program to training the intrinsic muscles of the foot. The impacts of this training on preventing fall risk were assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 33 self sufficient, female seniors participated. Balance and the speed of walking were measured using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, while balance and gait were measured using the Tinetti Balance and Gait Assessment Tool (TT). Intervention consisted in four weeks of daily short foot exercises. RESULTS The TUG test times decreases progressively from the start to the end of the intervention period, indicating an optimization in walking speed. This translates into beneficial results for the transfer of body load from a sedentary to standing to walking position. In contrast, balance and gait evidenced no significant changes per the TT. CONCLUSIONS The implemented training program improved the functional sphere of position change, but this did not replace the postural adjustments needed in the base of support (i.e. the feet) to maintain a well-positioned center of mass

Complicações cutâneas da hospitalização por COVID-19 relacionadas à pronação / skin complications of hospitalization for COVID-19 related to pronation

Contexto: A pandemia da doença do coronavírus (COVID-19) revelou uma miríade de manifestações sistêmicas e cutâneas possivelmente relacionadas à infecção por síndrome respiratória aguda grave ocasionada pelo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2). O comprometimento pulmonar é a causa mais frequente de hospitalização e a progressão para síndrome respiratória aguda grave geralmente requer tratamento com ventilação mecânica na posição pronada. Períodos prolongados e repetidos de pronação aumentam o risco de complicações, incluindo úlcera de pressão, cegueira e neuropatia periférica. Descrição do caso: Relatamos três casos de complicações cutâneas relacionadas à ventilação em pronação avaliadas durante interconsultas no maior hospital terciário universitário da América Latina, e salientamos potenciais causas e medidas de prevenção. Discussão: Complicações da ventilação em pronação para tratamento da COVID-19 são provavelmente resultantes da interação entre múltiplos fatores, dentre os quais as condições clínicas do paciente, períodos prolongados na posição pronada e limitações para mudanças de decúbito. Conclusões: Medidas de prevenção para complicações da pronação e diagnóstico precoce são fundamentais para evitar aumento da morbidade e sequelas graves e irreversíveis associadas à COVID-19.

A Kinematic Information Acquisition Model That Uses Digital Signals from an Inertial and Magnetic Motion Capture System.

This paper presents a model that enables the transformation of digital signals generated by an inertial and magnetic motion capture system into kinematic information. First, the operation and data generated by the used inertial and magnetic system are described. Subsequently, the five stages of the proposed model are described, concluding with its implementation in a virtual environment to display the kinematic information. Finally, the applied tests are presented to evaluate the performance of the model through the execution of four exercises on the upper limb: flexion and extension of the elbow, and pronation and supination of the forearm. The results show a mean squared error of 3.82° in elbow flexion-extension movements and 3.46° in forearm pronation-supination movements. The results were obtained by comparing the inertial and magnetic system versus an optical motion capture system, allowing for the identification of the usability and functionality of the proposed model.

Saberes e práticas da enfermagem no manejo do paciente em posição prona: estudo descritivo / Nursing knowledge and practices regarding placing patients in the prone position: a descriptive study / Conocimientos y prácticas de enfermería en la gestión del paciente en posición prona: estudio descriptivo

OBJETIVO: descrever os saberes e as práticas dos profissionais de enfermagem que prestam assistência na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) ao paciente em posição prona, acometido pela COVID-19. MÉTODO: estudo descritivo, qualitativo, realizado com uma amostra constituída por integrantes da equipe de enfermagem de uma UTI de um hospital público em Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. RESULTADOS: os saberes foram agrupados em três categorias temáticas: Assistência de enfermagem antes do procedimento de pronação; Procedimentos de enfermagem durante o período em posição prona; e Cuidados de enfermagem após o retorno para a posição supina. CONCLUSÃO: os saberes e as práticas dos profissionais de enfermagem, correlacionados aos cuidados ao paciente acometido pela COVID-19 em posição prona, apontam para abordagens focadas na prevenção das complicações, cuja finalidade pauta-se no bem-estar, recuperação, e na melhor qualidade de vida durante o período de internação.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the knowledge and practice of nursing workers providing intensive care to COVID-19 patients in prone position. METHOD: descriptive and qualitative study addressing the nursing staff of an intensive care unit (ICU) from a public hospital located in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. RESULTS: knowledge was grouped into three thematic categories: Nursing care provided before placing a patient in the prone position; Nursing procedures while patients are in the prone position; and Nursing care after patients return to the supine position. CONCLUSION: the knowledge and practices of nursing professionals concerning the care provided to COVID-19 patients while in the prone position indicate that workers focus on preventing complications and ensuring the patients' wellbeing, recovery, and improved quality of life during hospitalization.

OBJETIVO: describir los conocimientos y las prácticas de los profesionales de enfermería que prestan asistencia en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), al paciente en posición prona, afectado por el COVID-19. MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo y cualitativo, realizado con una muestra constituida por integrantes del equipo de enfermería de una UTI de un hospital público en Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. RESULTADOS: los conocimientos fueron agrupados en tres categorías temáticas: Asistencia de enfermería antes del procedimiento de pronación; Procedimientos de enfermería durante el período en posición prona; y Cuidados de enfermería después del retorno a posición supina. CONCLUSIÓN: los conocimientos y las prácticas de los profesionales de enfermería, correlacionados con los cuidados al paciente afectado por el COVID-19 en posición prona, apuntan para abordajes enfocados en la prevención de las complicaciones se guía por el bienestar, recuperación y la obtención de la mejor calidad de vida durante el período de internación.

The One-Bone Forearm in Children: Surgical Technique and a Retrospective Review of Outcomes.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe a technique of end-to-end rigid fixation of the distal radius to the proximal ulna. The shortening and radioulnar overlap in this technique yield a high union rate, large corrections, and few complications. METHODS: This retrospective chart review from 2 centers was undertaken in 39 patients (40 forearms) who underwent one-bone forearm operations between 2005 and 2019. There were 25 male and 14 female patients, with a mean age at surgery of 9.7 years (range 3 to 19 years; SD, 4.5 years). The diagnoses included brachial plexus birth injury, spinal cord injury, arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, cerebral palsy, ulnar deficiency with focal indentation, multiple hereditary exostosis, acute flaccid myelitis, and tumor. RESULTS: The average follow-up was 33.5 months (1.2-110.1 months; SD, 27.1 months). The 36 forearms in supination had an average supination contracture of 93° (range, 15° to 120°; SD, 15.4°). The 4 pronated arms had an average pronation contracture of 80° (range, 50° to 120°; SD, 29.2°). The average postoperative position was 22.8° of pronation (range, -15° to 45°; SD, 12.9°). The average correction obtained with our technique was 113° (range, 20° to 145°; SD, 22.9°). Radiographic union was demonstrated in 32 (80%) of the one-bone forearms by 10 weeks, 39 (97.5%) by 16 weeks, and 40 (100%) by 24 weeks. One patient had peri-implant fractures prior to union. No forearms required reoperation for nonunion. CONCLUSIONS: One-bone forearm performed with this technique allows reliable healing and a large degree of correction. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

A prevalência de eventos adversos na pronação de pacientes adultos e idosos entubados com COVID-19: revisão sistemática com meta-análise / The prevalence of adverse events in the pronation of adult and elderly patients intubated with COVID-19: systematic review with meta-analysis

Introdução: A síndrome da angústia respiratória (SARA), causada pelo novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2), surgiu em 2019 e rapidamente desencadeou uma pandemia, resultando em milhares de mortes em diversos países. No tratamento dos casos graves, em que a hipoxemia e a insuficiência respiratória estão presentes, é necessário utilizar ventilação mecânica invasiva, como estratégia de compensação. Além disso, o suporte ventilatório auxilia na melhora da oxigenação e trocas gasosas, aumentando os níveis alveolares e, por conseguinte, melhorando a oxigenação. Destaca-se que a prevenção da ocorrência de eventos adversos é um desafio constante quando se trata da COVID-19. Objetivo: Sintetizar as evidências científicas sobre a prevalência de eventos adversos na pronação de pacientes adultos e idosos entubados com COVID-19. Método: Revisão sistemática com meta-análise, realizada nas bases de dados Cochrane Library, Cinahl, Embase, Lilacs, Livivo, PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science, incluindo estudos observacionais de pacientes adultos e idosos com COVID-19 em ventilação mecânica tanto com o tubo orotraqueal quanto por traqueostomia, em posição prona. Dois revisores avaliaram independentemente os estudos e extraíram os dados. O terceiro revisor foi contatado em todas as fases, para resolução dos conflitos. Os estudos foram meta-analisados com auxílio do software JAMOVI 1.6.15. Utilizou-se um modelo de efeito randômico para identificar a prevalência global dos eventos adversos, o intervalo de confiança e os dados de heterogeneidade. O risco de viés foi avaliado com base na ferramenta Joanna Briggs Institute e a certeza da evidência mediante a aplicação da abordagem Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Resultados: Dos 7904 estudos identificados nas buscas, após leitura de título e resumos e resolução de conflitos, 169 foram incluídos para leitura na íntegra e, após, 10 incluídos na revisão. Os eventos adversos mais prevalentes em paciente ventilados mecanicamente pronados são: lesões por pressão, com prevalência global de 59%, presença de instabilidade hemodinâmica (23%), óbito (17%), perda ou tracionamento de dispositivo (9%). Conclusão: Eventos adversos causam lesões por vezes evitáveis, sendo que algumas delas geram sequelas permanentes, com impacto negativo na qualidade de vida do paciente acometido e de sua família. Investigar eventos adversos é o caminho para promover melhorias na qualidade e segurança dos pacientes e, a partir disso, padronizar protocolos e rotinas nacionais e internacionais para realizar a pronação e manutenção deste em prona com foco na prevenção desses eventos

Introduction: Respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), emerged in 2019, caused by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), triggered a pandemic, resulting in hundreds of deaths in several countries. In severe cases of COVID-19, where hypoxemia and respiratory failure is present, it is necessary to use invasive mechanical ventilation, as a compensation strategy and ventilatory support helps to improve oxygenation and gas exchange and increase alveolar levels, and consequent improvement in oxygenation. Preventing the occurrence of adverse events is a constant challenge in the face of COVID-19. Objective: To synthesize the evidence on the prevalence of adverse events in pronation in adult and elderly patients intubated with COVID-19. Method: Systematic review with meta-analysis, performed in the following databases: Cochrane Library, Cinahl, Embase, Lilacs, Livivo, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, including observational studies of adult and elderly patients with COVID-19 on mechanical ventilation with both the orotracheal tube and tracheostomy, submitted to prone position. Two reviewers independently assessed the studies and extracted data, the third reviewer was contacted at all stages for conflict resolution. The studies were meta-analyzed using JAMOVI 1.6.15 software. Random effect model was used to identify the prevalence of adverse events, identifying the overall prevalence of events, confidence interval, and heterogeneity data. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool and the certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results: Of the 7904 studies identified in the searches, after reading the title and abstracts, conflict resolution, 169 studies were included for full reading, and 10 included in the review. The most prevalent adverse events in mechanically ventilated pronated patients are pressure injuries with an overall prevalence of 59%, presence of hemodynamic instability 23%, death 17%, device loss or traction 9%, edema, polyneuropathy, plexus injuries and eye injury. Conclusion: Adverse events cause injuries that are sometimes preventable, some of which generate permanent sequelae, generating a negative impact on the quality of life of this affected patient and his family. Carrying out the investigation of adverse events is the way to promote improvements in the quality and safety of patients and, from that, standardize international protocols and routines to perform pronation and maintenance of the patient in prone, focusing on the prevention of adverse events

Posição prona: efetividade da intervenção educativa no processo assistencial intensivo / Prone position: effectiveness of educational intervention in the intensive care process / Posición prona: efectividad de la intervención educativa en el proceso de cuidados intensivos

Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade da intervenção educativa no processo assistencial intensivo, no nível de conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem acerca do posicionamento prono em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo do tipo quase experimental, com amostragem de 62 profissionais de setor intensivo. Coletaram-se dados relativos à variável conhecimento dos profissionais durante fase pré e pós-intervenção educativa, durante uma semana, através da aplicação de formulários de múltipla escolha. Para análise dos dados e avaliação da efetividade de intervenção educativa utilizou-se estatística descritiva e testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnova e Shapiro Wilk para prova de normalidade e o teste T de student para comparação das médias obtidas. Resultados: nas fases de pré e pós-intervenção educativa, observou-se que a média de acertos pré-intervenção foi de 6,12 (dp= 2,15), t(61)=11,31 e p=0,000, enquanto na fase pós-intervenção 9,43 (dp= 0,76), t(61)=11,31 e p=0,000. Conclusão: constatou-se efetividade da intervenção educativa no processo assistencial intensivo a cerca do conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre o posicionamento prono, visto significativo aumento do escore de acertos obtidos na fase de pós-intervenção. Sendo assim, a educação continuada em setores intensivos, torna-se essencial para fins de aperfeiçoamento dos profissionais. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of educational intervention in the intensive care process, at the level of knowledge of the nursing team about the prone position in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental quantitative study, with a sample of 62 professionals from the intensive sector. Data was collected on the variable knowledge of professionals during the pre- and post-educational intervention phase, for a week, through the application of multiple choice forms. For data analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of educational intervention, descriptive statistics and Kolmogorov-Smirnova and Shapiro Wilk tests were used to prove normality and the Student T test to compare the averages obtained. Results: When comparing the averages obtained in the pre and post educational intervention phases, it was observed that the average of correct answers before intervention was 6.12, while in the post intervention 9.43. Conclusion: The effectiveness of the educational intervention in the intensive care process was found to be about the knowledge of nursing professionals about the prone position, considering a significant increase in the score of correct answers obtained in the post intervention phase. Thus, continuing education in intensive sectors, becomes essential for the purposes of professional development. (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la intervención educativa en el proceso de cuidados intensivos, a nivel de conocimiento del equipo de enfermería sobre la posición prona en pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo cuasi-experimental, con una muestra de 62 profesionales del sector intensivo. Se recogieron datos sobre la variable conocimiento de los profesionales durante la fase de intervención pre y poseducativa, durante una semana, mediante la aplicación de formularios de opción múltiple. Para el análisis de datos y evaluación de la efectividad de la intervención educativa se utilizó estadística descriptiva y pruebas de Kolmogorov-Smirnova y Shapiro Wilk para comprobar la normalidad y la prueba T de Student para comparar los promedios obtenidos. Resultados: Al comparar los promedios obtenidos en las fases de intervención pre y poseducativa, se observó que el promedio de aciertos antes de la intervención fue de 6,12, mientras que en la intervención pos fue de 9,43. Conclusión: Se encontró que la efectividad de la intervención educativa en el proceso de cuidados intensivos se basa en el conocimiento de los profesionales de enfermería sobre la posición prona, considerando un aumento significativo en la puntuación de aciertos obtenidos en la fase posintervención. Así, la formación continua en sectores intensivos, se vuelve fundamental para los fines del desarrollo profesional. (AU)

Foot pronation affects pelvic motion during the loading response phase of gait.

BACKGROUND: Increased foot pronation during walking has been associated with low back pain. This association may be due to the impact of increased pronation on pelvic motion. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of increased bilateral foot pronation on pelvic kinematic in frontal and transverse planes during the loading response phase of gait. METHODS: Pelvic, hip, and foot angular positions of 20 participants were collected while they walked at fast speed wearing flat and medially inclined insoles inserted in the shoes. Pelvic motion in frontal and transverse planes was analyzed during the loading response phase. Foot eversion-inversion was analyzed during the complete stance phase to verify the insoles effectiveness in inducing increased pronation and to exclude excessive pronators. RESULTS: Inclined insoles were effective in inducing increased foot pronation. Pelvic and hip motion were altered in the increased pronation condition compared to the control condition. In the frontal plane, mean pelvic position was more inclined to the contralateral side (mean difference [MD]: 0.54°; 95%CI: 0.23, 0.86) and its range of motion (ROM) was reduced (MD: 0.50°; 95%CI: 0.20, 0.79). In the transverse plane, mean pelvic position was less rotated toward the contralateral leg (MD: 1.03°; 95%CI: 0.65, 1.60) without changes in ROM (MD: 0.04°; 95%CI: -0.17, 0.25). The hip was more internally rotated (MD: 1.37°; 95%CI: 0.76, 1.98) without changes in ROM (MD: 0.10°; 95%CI: -1.02, 1.23). CONCLUSION: Increased bilateral foot pronation changes pelvic motion during walking and should be assessed, as a contributing factor to possible pelvic and lower back disorders.

Age, Sex, Body Mass Index, and Laterality in the Foot Posture of Adolescents: A Cross Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the right and left foot posture in terms of body mass index (BMI), sex, and age in adolescents aged 10 to 14. METHODS: A total of 1400 adolescents were included. For assessment, the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) was used. Each foot was assessed and ranked as supinated, normal, or pronated by the sum of the FPI-6 criteria. Each criterion was scored on a scale of -2 to +2, with negative for supinated and positive for pronated posture. A linear mixed model with repeated measures was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Sex, BMI, and right and left foot are associated with FPI-6. The total score attributed for male sex (ß = 0.29, P = .04) and the left foot (ß = 0.73, P < .001) was higher (male right foot: mean ± standard deviation [SD], 3.09 ± 2.84, male left foot: 3.76 ± 2.80; female right foot: mean ± SD, 2.28 ± 2.61, female left foot: 3.45 ± 2.66; laterality for left foot: mean ± SD, 3.55 ± 2.71, laterality for right foot: mean ± SD, 2.82 ± 2.7). On the other hand, the correlation coefficient for the BMI was negative (ß = -0.08, P = < .001), which means that the higher the BMI the lower the score attributed to the FPI-6. CONCLUSIONS: The FPI-6 is positively related to the male sex and the left foot-that is, the predicted score is higher, so the feet tend to present with a tendency to pronation. Although BMI is associated with FPI-6, it was not possible to establish a relationship between high BMI and pronation of the feet.

Máscara de mergulho adaptada para ventilação não-invasiva e posição prona em paciente com COVID-19 grave: relato de caso / Diving mask adapted for non-invasive ventilation and prone position in a patient with severe covid-19: case report / Máscara de buceo adaptada para ventilación no invasiva y posición de prono en un paciente con covid-19 grave: reporte de caso

Justificativa e objetivos: Na busca de estratégias para o tratamento da insuficiência respiratória aguda causada pela COVID-19, surge a ventilação não invasiva (VNI) e o uso da posição prona em respiração espontânea. Objetiva-se apresentar o caso de uma paciente com COVID-19 grave admitida em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e submetida à máscara de mergulho adaptada, que se configura em uma interface inovadora para VNI, bem como a posição prona. Métodos: Relato de caso de paciente hospitalizado diagnosticado com COVID-19 submetido à VNI precoce por meio da máscara de mergulho adaptada e uso da posição prona em respiração espontânea por 8 horas noturnas e 6 horas diurnas. Resultados: Paciente do sexo feminino, 56 anos, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e obesidade, apresentando tosse seca, odinofagia, fadiga e dispneia intensa na admissão. A tomografia de tórax demonstrou opacidades em vidro fosco bilaterais. A VNI foi instituída 1-2,75 vezes/dia, por 40-60 minutos, com pressão positiva ao final da expiração de 8 (7,25-8,00) cmH2O e pressão de suporte de 5,5 (4,00-6,00) cmH2O. Fuga aérea de 6 a 30%, com boa tolerância. A posição prona em respiração espontânea resultou em aumento da saturação periférica de oxigênio e redução do desconforto respiratório 30 minutos após. Conclusão: A associação do uso da VNI com máscara de mergulho adaptada e posição prona em respiração espontânea demonstrou ser eficaz em evitar a intubação orotraqueal de paciente com COVID-19 grave, ressaltando a importância da intervenção proposta.(AU)

Justification and objectives: In the search of strategies to treat acute respiratory failure caused by COVID-19, non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and the use of prone position in spontaneous breathing appear. The objective is to present the case of a patient with severe COVID-19 admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) who used an adapted diving mask, which is configured as an innovative interface for NIV, and the prone position. Methods: Case report of a hospitalized patient diagnosed with COVID-19 who underwent early NIV by means of an adapted diving mask and the prone position during spontaneous breathing for 8 hours at night and 6 hours in the day. Results: Female patient, 56 years old, systemic arterial hypertension and obesity, with dry cough, odynophagia, fatigue and severe dyspnea on admission. Chest tomography with bilateral ground-glass opacities. Non-invasive ventilation was instituted 1-2.75 times/day, for 40-60 minutes, with positive pressure at the end of expiration of 8 (7.25-8.00) cmH2O and support pressure of 5.5 (4.00 -6.00) cmH2O. Air leaks of 6 to 30%, with good tolerance. The prone position during spontaneous breathing resulted in increased peripheral oxygen saturation and reduced respiratory discomfort 30 minutes later. Conclusion: The association of the use of NIV with an adapted diving mask and prone position during spontaneous breathing proved to be effective in preventing the orotracheal intubation of a patient with severe COVID-19, emphasizing the importance of the proposed intervention.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: En la búsqueda de estrategias para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda causada por COVID-19, aparecen la ventilación no invasiva (VNI) y el uso de la posición de prono con la respiración espontánea. El objetivo es presentar el caso de un paciente con COVID-19 grave ingresado en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) que utilizó una máscara de buceo adaptada, que se configura como una interfaz innovadora para VNI, así como la posición de prono. Métodos: Reporte de caso de una paciente hospitalizada con diagnóstico de COVID-19 que fue sometida a VNI precoz mediante máscara de buceo adaptada y la posición de prono con respiración espontánea durante 8 horas en la noche y 6 horas en el día. Resultados: Paciente de sexo femenino, 56 años, hipertensión arterial sistémica y obesidad, con tos seca, odinofagia, fatiga y disnea severa al ingreso. Tomografía de tórax con opacidades bilaterales en vidrio esmerilado. La VNI se instituyó de 1 a 2,75 veces/día, durante 40-60 minutos, con presión positiva al final de la espiración de 8 (7,25-8,00) cmH2O y presión de soporte de 5,5 (4, 00 -6,00) cmH2O. Fugas de aire del 6 al 30%, con buena tolerancia. La posición de prono con respiración espontánea resultó en un aumento de la saturación de oxígeno periférico y una reducción de las molestias respiratorias 30 minutos después. Conclusión: La asociación del uso de VNI con máscara de buceo adaptada y la posición de prono con respiración espontánea demostró ser efectiva para prevenir la intubación orotraqueal de una paciente con COVID-19 severo, enfatizando la importancia de la intervención propuesta.(AU)

Metatarsal Pronation in Hallux Valgus Deformity: A Review.

Hallux valgus deformity is a multiplanar deformity, where the rotational component has been recognized over the past 5 to 10 years and given considerable importance. Years ago, a rounded shape of the lateral edge of the first metatarsal head was identified as an important factor to detect after surgery because a less rounded metatarsal head was associated to less recurrence. More recently, pronation of the metatarsal bone was identified as the cause for the rounded appearance of the metatarsal head, and therefore, supination stress was found to be useful to achieve a better correction of the deformity. Using CT scans, up to 87% of hallux valgus cases have been shown to present with a pronated metatarsal bone, which highlights the multiplanar nature of the deformity. This pronation explained the perceived shape of the metatarsal bone and the malposition of the medial sesamoid bone in radiological studies, which has been associated as one of the most important factors for recurrence after treatment. Treatment options are discussed briefly, including metatarsal osteotomies and tarsometatarsal arthrodesis.

Fuzzy inference model based on triaxial signals for pronation and supination assessment in Parkinson's disease patients.

Nowadays, the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale supported by the Movement Disorder Society (MDS-UPDRS), is a standardized and widely accepted instrument to rate Parkinson's disease (PD). This work presents a thorough analysis of item 3.6 of the MDS-UPDRS scale which corresponds to the pronation and supination hand movements. The motivation for this work lies in the objective quantification of motor affectations not covered by the MDS-UPDRS scale such as unsteady oscillations and velocity decrements during the motor exploration. Overall, 12 different bio-mechanical features were quantified based on measurements performed by inertial measurement units (IMUs). After a feature selection process, the selected bio-mechanical features were used as inputs for a fuzzy inference model that predicts the stage of development of the disease in each patient. In addition to this model's output, the scores of three different expert examiners and the output of a fuzzy inference model which covers affectations strictly attached the MDS-UPDRS guidelines, were also considered to obtain an integrated computational model. The proposed integrated model was incorporated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which gives the novelty of a combined score that helps expert examiners to give a broader assessment of the disease that covers both affectations mentioned in the MDS-UPDRS guidelines and affectations not covered by it in an objective manner.

The Association Between Rearfoot Motion While Barefoot and Shod in Different Types of Running Shoes in Recreational Runners.

The rearfoot angle (RFA) is a biomechanical variable widely used to determine the rearfoot motion (RM). Shoe manufacturers began to develop running shoes with RM control that would supposedly alter foot-ground interaction mechanics and neutralize excessive pronation or supination; moreover, some studies have not shown differences in rearfoot motion in shod condition compared to barefoot. This study intended to answer three questions: Do the shoes runners wear correspond to their respective barefoot RM? Does the eversion angle change during shod running, regardless the shoes worn? Can footwear designed for a specific RM (supination, pronation, neutral) correct or neutralize the eversion angle of runners? One hundred and eleven runners (38.6 ± 9.7years; 74.9 ± 12.0kg; 1.74 ± 0.08 m), who ran an average of 32 ± 17km/week, were included in this cross-sectional study. They had their RFA measured by a motion capture system when running barefoot and wearing their habitual running shoes (shod condition). Chi-squared test was used to assess associations between barefoot and shod condition and RFA was compared between conditions using Wilcoxon tests (p = 0.05). There was no association between the type of running shoe and barefoot RM (p > 0.05). There was an association between RFA when barefoot and when shod (p < 0.05). Among all participants classified as neutral, 61% continued to exhibit a normal/neutral RFA when wearing their habitual shoes. Among the overpronators, 100% showed a change in the RM to either normal or supinator. Among the participants classified as supinators, 62% exhibited normal pronation when shod even without using the appropriate footwear, claimed by the manufacturer. Only 44.1% of the sample chose the correct running shoe for their barefoot RM. The majority of runners did not choose their shoes designed for their natural type of RM. The rearfoot eversion angle changed an average 4 degrees when running shod and the RM barefoot altered quite a lot when using a running shoe. The running shoes did not correct the pronation detected barefoot, as claimed by the manufacturers.

Comparison of the rigidity and forefoot - Rearfoot kinematics from three forefoot tracking marker clusters during walking and weight-bearing foot pronation-supination.

Due to the relative motion among the foot rays, the present study aimed to compare the rigidity as well as the forefoot - rearfoot kinematics obtained from three forefoot tracking marker clusters during walking and foot pronation-supination (PROSUP). Nineteen healthy adults performed six walking trials and ten cycles of foot PROSUP movements recorded by an optoelectronic system. Rearfoot's and forefoot's coordinate system were equal for all setups, only the forefoot's tracking markers locations varied among them, which were: (1st) a typical cluster, focusing on the proximal forefoot, (2nd) a second typical cluster, focusing on the distal forefoot and outer metatarsals, and (3rd) a new cluster proposition, focusing on the distal forefoot and central metatarsals. Cluster rigidity was the normalized intra-markers residual, and forefoot - rearfoot angles were the forefoot motion relative to the rearfoot at the peak of each plane of motion. Repeated-measures ANOVA with pairwise comparisons (α=0.05) revealed that the 3rd cluster had the smallest residual (p < 0.001) in comparison with the other clusters for both walking and PROSUP. Differences between forefoot - rearfoot angles were found in the sagittal plane for walking (p < 0.001), but not for PROSUP (p > 0.686). In the frontal and transverse planes, all clusters showed different forefoot - rearfoot angles (p < 0.001) for both walking and PROSUP. The 1st cluster showed smaller ROM in the three planes during walking, and the 3rd cluster was the only that showed forefoot - rearfoot inversion during maximum pronation. Therefore, the new forefoot tracking marker cluster proposition (3rd cluster) captured different forefoot - rearfoot kinematics and can be recommended when the objective is to maximize the cluster rigidity.