Recomendaciones para fortalecer la seguridad no estructural de los establecimientos de salud ante los fenómenos hidrometeorológicos extremos / Recommendations to strengthen the non-structural safety of health facilities in the face of extreme hydrometeorological phenomena

En la presente publicación se describen medidas recomendadas para adaptar y mejorar la seguridad de los elementos no estructurales de los hospitales y otros establecimientos de salud durante fenómenos hidrometeorológicos extremos como inundaciones, vientos fuertes, olas de calor y sequías. Estas medidas, que forman parte de las estrategias de reducción del riesgo de emergencias y desastres en el sector salud, contribuyen a salvaguardar la vida y la seguridad de los pacientes y del personal hospitalario; mantener la continuidad de las operaciones hospitalarias durante la ocurrencia del fenómeno; reducir las pérdidas económicas derivadas de daños y reparaciones posteriores a fenómenos adversos, además de la pérdida de equipos e insumos, y fortalecer la capacidad de respuesta del hospital ante emergencias

Standard Safety Procedure Before Therapeutic Administration of 223Ra-Dichloride.

223Ra-dichloride is an α-emitter therapy approved for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer with symptomatic bone metastases. 223Ra-dichloride is the first targeted α-therapy for this indication with evidence of benefit in overall survival. The administration is intravenous, and extravasation can cause severe injuries such as tissue necrosis. To prevent this side effect, some procedures can be performed according to the guideline of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine. Ionizing radiation is a well-established risk factor for the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, but surprisingly there are few reports of local adverse effects related to extravasation of radiotherapies at the injection sites. Recently, a possible case of cutaneous cancer was observed after 223Ra-dichloride extravasation. Methods: To complement the prevention of extravasation, we developed a standardized technique to be performed before the injection of 223Ra. Results: Our technique was successfully applied to the study population, and no apparent extravasation was seen. Conclusion: Our study suggests that use of this standardized technique before administration of 223Ra is helpful in preventing extravasation during this treatment.

Long-Haul Truck Drivers' Perceptions of Truck Stops and Rest Areas: Focusing on Health and Wellness.

The work and life routine of long-haul truck drivers (LHTDs) involve the use of truck stops and rest areas to meet their basic human needs. These extensions of their workspaces on the road do not always offer adequate physical structures and services that drivers need for optimal health. This study aimed to evaluate long-haul truck drivers' perceptions of food services, safety, physical activity, rest, and personal hygiene offered at truck stops and rest areas, as well as the correlation between these perceptions and sociodemographic, health, and work conditions variables. A cross-sectional, quantitative, and descriptive study was conducted with long-haul truck drivers from the southern region of Brazil. For data collection, a sociodemographic questionnaire and a Likert scale on food, rest, personal hygiene, safety, and physical activity services offered at truck stops and rest areas along Brazilian roads from March to August 2023 were used. The data were analyzed with simple frequency descriptive statistics. The sample consisted of 175 long-haul truck drivers. Out of these, 70.29% declared that the services of the truck stops and rest areas were charged; more than half (53.59%) of the professionals evaluated the rest service as "good" or "excellent"; the food services were "good" or "excellent" for 42.24% of the drivers. The spaces for physical activities were the worst evaluated as "bad" or "terrible" by 41.61%, followed by bathroom services (28.42%) and safety (34.24%). Rest and feeding services had better evaluations, while the services of bathroom, safety, and physical activity presented worse evaluations. Variables such as nationality, weekly working days, and marital status presented positive significance and influenced drivers' perceptions of the services offered at truck stops and rest areas. Drivers who were Brazilian and worked more than five days a week negatively evaluated the services of rest (p = 0.018), safety [0.020], physical activity (0.003), and bathrooms (0.020). In addition, the physical activity services were better evaluated by single drivers than married drivers. These findings suggest that the work conditions and nationality may influence LHTDs' perceptions of services and structures of truck stops and rest areas. These findings may reflect a lack of investments and support efforts to improve basic services such as personal hygiene, a safe environment, and physical exercises, which are fundamental to the health of the workers and aimed at reducing vulnerability and a sedentary lifestyle and meeting the basic human needs of LHTDs.

Translating global evidence into local implementation through technical assistance: a realist evaluation of the Bloomberg philanthropies initiative for global Road safety.

BACKGROUND: Traffic-related crashes are a leading cause of premature death and disability. The safe systems approach is an evidence-informed set of innovations to reduce traffic-related injuries and deaths. First developed in Sweden, global health actors are adapting the model to improve road safety in low- and middle-income countries via technical assistance (TA) programs; however, there is little evidence on road safety TA across contexts. This study investigated how, why, and under what conditions technical assistance influenced evidence-informed road safety in Accra (Ghana), Bogotá (Colombia), and Mumbai (India), using a case study of the Bloomberg Philanthropies Initiative for Global Road Safety (BIGRS). METHODS: We conducted a realist evaluation with a multiple case study design to construct a program theory. Key informant interviews were conducted with 68 government officials, program staff, and other stakeholders. Documents were utilized to trace the evolution of the program. We used a retroductive analysis approach, drawing on the diffusion of innovation theory and guided by the context-mechanism-outcome approach to realist evaluation. RESULTS: TA can improve road safety capabilities and increase the uptake of evidence-informed interventions. Hands-on capacity building tailored to specific implementation needs improved implementers' understanding of new approaches. BIGRS generated novel, city-specific analytics that shifted the focus toward vulnerable road users. BIGRS and city officials launched pilots that brought evidence-informed approaches. This built confidence by demonstrating successful implementation and allowing government officials to gauge public perception. But pilots had to scale within existing city and national contexts. City champions, governance structures, existing political prioritization, and socio-cultural norms influenced scale-up. CONCLUSION: The program theory emphasizes the interaction of trust, credibility, champions and their authority, governance structures, political prioritization, and the implement-ability of international evidence in creating the conditions for road safety change. BIGRS continues to be a vehicle for improving road safety at scale and developing coalitions that assist governments in fulfilling their role as stewards of population well-being. Our findings improve understanding of the complex role of TA in translating evidence-informed interventions to country-level implementation and emphasize the importance of context-sensitive TA to increase impact.

Safety performance of dedicated and preferential bus lanes using multivariate negative binomial models for Bogotá, Colombia.

Public transport priority systems such as Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and Buses with High Level of Service (BHLS) are top-rated solutions to mobility in low-income and middle-income cities. There is scientific agreement that the safety performance level of these systems depends on their functional, operational, and infrastructure characteristics. However, there needs to be more evidence on how the different characteristics of bus corridors might influence safety. This paper aims to shed some light on this area by structuring a multivariate negative binomial model comparing crash risk on arterial roads, BRT, and BHLS corridors in Bogotá, Colombia. The analyzed infrastructure includes 712.1 km of arterial roads with standard bus service, 194.1 km of BRT network, and 135.6 km of BHLS network. The study considered crashes from 2015 to 2018 -fatalities, injuries, and property damage only- and 30 operational and infrastructure variables grouped into six classes -exposure, road design, infrastructure, public means of transport, and land use. A multicriteria process was applied for model selection, including the structure and predictive power based on [i] Akaike information criteria, [ii] K-fold cross-validation, and [iii] model parsimony. Relevant findings suggest that in terms of observed and expected accident rates and their relationship with the magnitude of exposure -logarithm of average annual traffic volumes at the peak hour (LOG_AAPHT) and the percentage of motorcycles, cars, buses, and trucks- the greatest risk of fatalities, injuries, and property damage occurs in the BHLS network. BRT network provides lower crash rates in less severe collisions while increasing injuries and fatalities. When comparing the BHLS network and the standard design of arterial roads, BHLS infrastructure, despite increasing mobility benefits, provides the lowest safety performance among the three analyzed networks. Individual factors of the study could also contribute to designing safer roads related to signalized intersection density and curvature. These findings support the unique characteristics and traffic dynamics present in the context of Bogotá that could inform and guide decisions of corresponding authorities in other highly dense urban areas from developing countries.

Perfil da mortalidade de policiais militares por causas violentas, segundo cor da pele, na Bahia, Brasil / Profile of military police officers' mortality from violent causes, according to skin color, in Bahia, Brazil / Perfil de mortalidad por causas violentas de policías militares según el color de piel en Bahía, Brasil

O Brasil é um país com altas taxas de violência, o que afeta, além da sociedade civil, os agentes das forças da segurança pública, cujas taxas de mortalidade por causas violentas são superiores às da população geral. Portanto, objetivou-se caracterizar o perfil da mortalidade de policiais militares por causas violentas, segundo a cor da pele, no estado da Bahia. Neste estudo, foram analisadas as mortes violentas de policiais militares da ativa ocorridas entre 2012 e 2019, considerando variáveis tanto sociodemográficas quanto relacionadas à corporação policial e às circunstâncias da ocorrência. A análise dos resultados foi realizada por meio da linguagem computacional R versão 4.2.2. Foram registradas 110 mortes de policiais militares, em sua maioria negros (83,64%). Em relação à faixa etária, os policiais militares negros morreram mais jovens, entre 30 e 39 anos (41,30%), enquanto os brancos, entre 40 e 49 anos (61,11%). Em 50% dos casos envolvendo policiais militares negros, a motivação do crime permaneceu desconhecida, enquanto 33,33% das mortes envolvendo policiais brancos foram por confronto com criminosos. Conclui-se que o perfil das mortes de policiais militares no estado da Bahia é semelhante ao da população em geral, com predomínio de homens, negros, jovens e solteiros.

Brazil is a country with high rates of violence, which affects, in addition to civil society, public security agents, whose mortality rates from violent causes are higher than those of the general population. Therefore, the objective was to characterize the profile of mortality of military police officers due to violent causes, according to skin color, in the state of Bahia. This study analyzed violent deaths of active military police officers that occurred between 2012 and 2019, considering both sociodemographic variables and those related to the police force and the circumstances of the occurrence. The analysis of the results was carried out using the computational language R version 4.2.2. A total of 110 military police deaths were recorded, most were black (83.64%). Regarding age group, black military police officers died younger, between 30 and 39 years old (41.30%), whereas white military police officers, between 40 and 49 years old (61.11%). In 50% of cases involving black military police officers, the motivation for the crime remained unknown, whereas 33.33% of deaths involving white police officers were due to confrontation with criminals. In conclusion, the profile of military police deaths in the state of Bahia is similar to that of the general population, with a predominance of male, black, young, and single people.

Brasil tiene altos índices de violencia que no solo afectan a la sociedad civil, sino también a los agentes de seguridad pública, cuyas tasas de mortalidad por causas violentas superan a las de la población general. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el perfil de mortalidad por causas violentas de los policías militares según el color de la piel, en el estado de Bahía (Brasil). En este estudio se analizaron muertes violentas de policías militares en activo, ocurridas entre 2012 y 2019, considerando variables sociodemográficas relacionadas con el cuerpo policial y las circunstancias de la ocurrencia. El análisis de los resultados se realizó utilizando el lenguaje computacional R, versión 4.2.2. Se registraron 110 muertes de policías militares, la mayoría negros (83,64%). Con relación al grupo de edad, los policías militares negros murieron más jóvenes, de entre 30 y 39 años (41,30%), que los policías militares blancos, de entre 40 y 49 años (61,11%). En el 50% de los casos que involucraron a policías militares negros, la motivación del crimen seguía siendo desconocida, mientras que en el 33,33% de las muertes que involucraron a policías blancos se debieron a enfrentamientos con delincuentes. Se concluye que el perfil de las muertes de policías militares en Bahía es similar al de la población general, con predominio de hombres, negros, jóvenes y solteros.

Efeitos do adalimumabe, clindamicina e/ou rifampicina no tratamento da hidradenite supurativa: um protocolo de revisão sistemática / Effects of adalimumab, clindamycin, and/or rifampicin in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: a systematic review protocol

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efetividade, segurança, níveis de dor e qualidade de vida associados ao uso de adalimumabe, clindamicina e/ou rifampicina no tratamento da hidradenite supurativa. MÉTODO: Serão incluídos estudos do tipo coorte prospectiva e retrospectiva, ensaios clínicos randomizados e de equivalência, bem como análises econômicas realizadas com adultos diagnosticados com hidradenite supurativa, que tenham utilizado pelo menos uma das seguintes alternativas terapêuticas: adalimumabe, clindamicina ou rifampicina. Os estudos devem abordar um ou mais desfechos, tais como contagem de abscessos e/ou nódulos, presença de nódulos inflamatórios, níveis de dor, qualidade de vida, segurança e custos. As bases de dados consultadas serão: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE, Interface OVID), Excerpta Medica DataBASE (EMBASE), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL, interface EBSCO), Psychological Abstracts (PsycINFO, interface EBSCO), Web of Science (WoS) e Source-Neutral Abstract and Citation Database (Scopus). Os processos de triagem, seleção e extração serão conduzidos por pesquisadores independentes e previamente treinados. O risco de viés será avaliado por meio dos instrumentos Risk of Bias 2.0 e ROBINS-I. Os resultados serão combinados em uma síntese qualitativa e quantitativa, com a realização de análises de especificidade e subgrupos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, pain, and quality of life associated with the use of adalimumab, clindamycin, and/or rifampicin in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. METHOD: Prospective and retrospective cohort studies randomized clinical trials and equivalence studies, and economic analyses, conducted in adults diagnosed with hidradenitis suppurativa who have used at least one of the following therapeutic alternatives: adalimumab, clindamycin, or rifampicin, will be included. Studies should address one or more outcomes such as abscess and/or nodule counts, presence of inflammatory nodules, pain levels, quality of life, safety, and cost. Databases consulted will include Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE, OVID interface), Excerpta Medica DataBASE (EMBASE), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL, EBSCO interface), Psychological Abstracts (PsycINFO, EBSCO interface), Web of Science (WoS), and Source-Neutral Abstract and Citation Database (Scopus). Screening, selection, and extraction processes will be conducted by independent and previously trained researchers. The risk of bias will be assessed using the Risk of Bias 2.0 and ROBINS-I tools. Results will be summarized in a qualitative and quantitative synthesis, including specificity and subgroup analyses.

Tratamento neoadjuvante do câncer de colo uterino localmente avançado: uma revisão de literatura / Neoadjuvant treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer: a literature review

O câncer de colo uterino (CC) é um problema significativo de saúde global. A respeito do seu tratamento, a cirurgia é o padrão nos estágios iniciais (FIGO IA-IB2 e IIA1). A radioterapia (RT) de feixe externo concomitante à quimioterapia (cisplatina semanal) seguida de braquiterapia (BT) é o tratamento de escolha para CC localmente avançado (CCLA, estágio IB3, IIA2 - IVA). Esta revisão objetivou avaliar o impacto da quimioterapia neoadjuvante (QTNEO) no tratamento do CCLA, através de revisão de literatura usando a plataforma PUBMED. No total, 20 estudos foram selecionados para avaliação. A revisão sugere que, em relação à QTNEO seguida de radioterapia (RT) versus RT em pacientes inoperáveis, não foi demonstrado benefício em sobrevida com o uso da QTNEO, apenas melhor controle local para estágios IIB e IIIB. Por outro lado, quando aplicada antes da cirurgia (QTNEO seguido de cirurgia versus cirurgia ou RT isoladamente), a QTNEO parece ter um benefício baseado principalmente nas metanálises da Cochrane. Até recentemente, faltava a comparação de QTNEO seguida de cirurgia radical com o padrão atual de tratamento, a quimiorradioterapia (QRT). No entanto, dois grandes estudos que foram recentemente apresentados e publicados não demonstraram benefício, pelo contrário, houve uma pior sobrevida livre de recorrência. Finalmente, quando foi comparado QTNEO seguida de QRT versus QRT, foi demonstrado que a QTNEO seguida de QRT melhorou a sobrevida global e livre de progressão podendo ser considerada um novo padrão de tratamento para FIGO 2009 IB1 (com linfonodo positivo) à EIVA

Cervical cancer (CC) is a significant global health problem. Regarding its treatment, surgery is the standard treatment in the early stages (FIGO IA-IB2 and IIA1). External beam radiotherapy (RT) concomitant with chemotherapy (weekly cisplatin) followed by brachytherapy (BT) is the treatment of choice for locally advanced CC (CCLA, stage IB3, IIA2 - IVA). This review aimed to evaluate the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (QTNEO) in the treatment of CCLA, through a literature review using the PUBMED platform. In total, 20 studies were selected for evaluation. The review suggests that, regarding QTNEO followed by radiotherapy (RT) versus RT in inoperable patients, no survival benefit was demonstrated with the use of QTNEO, only better local control for stages IIB and IIIB. On the other hand, when applied before surgery (QTNEO followed by surgery versus surgery or RT alone), QTNEO appears to have a benefit based mainly on Cochrane meta-analyses. Until recently, there was a lack of comparison of QTNEO followed by radical surgery with the current standard of care, chemoradiotherapy (QRT). However, two large studies were recently presented and published that did not demonstrate benefit, on the contrary, there was a worse recurrence-free survival. Finally, when comparing QTNEO followed by QRT versus QRT, it was demonstrated that QTNEO followed by QRT improved overall and progression-free survival and could be considered a new standard of care for FIGO 2009 IB1 (with positive lymph node) to IVA

One Step Closer to Safer: Counseling Outcomes from American Academy of Pediatrics Firearm Safe Storage Education Training.

OBJECTIVE: To assess pre and postself-reported counseling outcomes for Safer: Storing Firearms Prevents Harm, an American Academy of Pediatrics universal firearm safe storage counseling training for pediatric clinicians providing health maintenance in outpatient settings. STUDY DESIGN: Safer was developed by a national multidisciplinary committee of firearm injury prevention experts with input from firearm-owning families and launched in June 2021. Pediatric clinicians completed baseline and 1-month posttraining surveys after signing up for the Pedialink course from February through June 2022. Primary outcomes included self-reported measures of counseling self-efficacy and frequency. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests compared outcome distributions at baseline and follow-up. Two adjusted, multilevel mixed-effects regression models were conducted. RESULTS: Of 230 clinicians who completed baseline surveys, 146 (64%) completed 1-month postsurveys. Regional representation included Southeast = 67 (46%), Northeast = 24 (16%), Midwest = 21 (14%), Pacific = 15 (10%), Southwest = 11 (8%), and Rocky Mountain = 8 (5%). At follow-up, there was significant improvement in both the distribution of self-efficacy (median [first Quartile-third Quartile = 50 [20-70] at baseline and 80 [60-85] at follow-up; P < .001) and self-reported counseling frequency (median [first Quartile-third Quartile] = 10 [0-50] at baseline and 50 [10-80] at follow-up; P < .001). Adjusted regression model results suggested that self-efficacy significantly improved from baseline to follow-up (time coefficient 25.3; 95% CI = [21.0, 29.5]; P < .001) as did counseling frequency (time coefficient 13.6; 95% CI = [9.2, 18.0]; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Significant improvement in self-reported counseling self-efficacy and frequency was demonstrated 1 month following Safer training.

Headache as the most prevalent post-vaccination adverse event after Covid-19 vaccination / Dor de cabeça como evento adverso pós-vacinação mais prevalente após a vacinação contra Covid-19

BACKGROUND: In 2020, the first vaccines were approved, according to the WHO. However, speculations arose regarding their efficacy and post-vaccination adverse events (AEFV). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of headache as AEFI from the SARSCoV-2 vaccine in Piauí, Brazil. METHODS: This is a quantitative, observational, cross-sectional, and prevalence study. Data were provided by the Post-Vaccination Adverse Event Information System (SI-AEFV), from reported cases from January to September 2021. Data were analyzed, and the research was approved by the UFPI Research Ethics Committee. RESULTS: A total of 2,008 cases were analyzed. Headache was reported in 752 cases (27.99%) as an AEFV after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. In most cases, patients were from Teresina (67.62%), of brown race/ethnicity (52.67%), female (79.00%), and the majority were not healthcare professionals (54.27%). The most common age of patients, with the original data, was 33 years. After data correction, the most common age was 28 years. The majority of these cases were not severe (96.44%), and the majority of cases were associated with the first dose of the Covid-19-Covishield-Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine (43.18%).CONCLUSION: Thus, it is concluded from the partial analysis of the results that headache is the most common adverse event after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The profile of patients with the most notifications was brown women aged 30 to 40 years who received the first dose of the Covid-19-Covishield-Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine. Regarding the severity of events, the vast majority were considered non-severe, and no deaths were mentioned, demonstrating the safety of immunobiologicals.

FUNDAMENTO: Em 2020, foram aprovadas as primeiras vacinas, segundo a OMS. No entanto, surgiram especulações quanto à sua eficácia e eventos adversos pós-vacinais (EAPV). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de cefaleia como EAPV da vacina SARSCoV-2 no Piauí, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, observacional, transversal e de prevalência. Os dados foram fornecidos pelo Sistema de Informação de Eventos Adversos Pós-Vacinação (SI-AEFV), dos casos notificados no período de janeiro a setembro de 2021. Os dados foram analisados ​​e a pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFPI. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados ​​2.008 casos. Cefaleia foi relatada em 752 casos (27,99%) como EAPV após vacinação contra SARS-CoV-2. Na maioria dos casos, os pacientes eram procedentes de Teresina (67,62%), de raça/etnia parda (52,67%), do sexo feminino (79,00%) e a maioria não era profissional de saúde (54,27%). A idade mais comum dos pacientes, com os dados originais, era de 33 anos. Após correção dos dados, a idade mais comum foi 28 anos. A maioria desses casos não foi grave (96,44%), e a maioria dos casos esteve associada à primeira dose da vacina Covid-19-Covishield-Oxford/AstraZeneca (43,18%).CONCLUSÃO: Assim, conclui-se a partir da análise parcial dos resultados de que cefaleia é o evento adverso mais comum após vacinação contra SARS-CoV-2. O perfil dos pacientes com mais notificações foi de mulheres pardas com idade entre 30 e 40 anos que receberam a primeira dose da vacina Covid-19-Covishield-Oxford/AstraZeneca. Quanto à gravidade dos eventos, a grande maioria foi considerada não grave e não foram mencionados óbitos, demonstrando a segurança dos imunobiológicos.

CREAS e covid-19: desafios e perspectivas da psicologia no Norte de Minas / CREAS and covid-19: challenges and perspectives for Northern Minas Gerais psychology / CREAS y covid-19: desafíos y perspectivas de la psicología en el Norte de Minas

Este artigo analisa os desafios e estratégias de atuação de psicólogas(os) nos Centros de Referência Especializados de Assistência Social (CREAS) do norte de Minas Gerais durante a pandemia de covid-19. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, quanti-qualitativo, de corte transversal e com análise de conteúdo e estatística para a interpretação de dados primários e meio de questionário eletrônico, emergiram os seguintes eixos temáticos: (a) Perfil sociodemográfico das(os) trabalhadoras(es); (b) Medidas de prevenção à contaminação para quem? Impactos da pandemia na práxis da psicologia no CREAS; (c) Chegada das demandas no CREAS; e (d) Tenuidade entre as potencialidades e vicissitudes do uso das tecnologias digitais. Observou-se que a inserção das(os) trabalhadoras(es) nos CREAS é marcada por contratos temporários, altas jornadas de trabalho e baixa remuneração. Além disso, com a pandemia de covid-19, têm enfrentado obstáculos como a falta de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI) e de prevenção ao vírus. A chegada de demandas aos CREAS também foi afetada pela pandemia, como apontam as análises estatísticas dos registros mensais de atendimento dos municípios. As tecnologias digitais se configuraram como a principal estratégia adotada no ambiente de trabalho dos CREAS. Conclui-se que, se por um lado, a pandemia engendrou e acentuou obstáculos para a práxis da psicologia; por outro, a imprevisibilidade desse cenário e a potência da psicologia norte-mineira possibilitaram diversas estratégias para assistir os usuários.(AU)

This article analyses the challenges and strategies over the psychologists activity at the Specialized Reference Centers for Social Assistance (CREAS), from the north of the state of Minas Gerais during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is a descriptive, quantitative-qualitative study on content and statistics analysis for interpretation of primary and secondary data, with 19 psychologists participating. From interviews made with electronic questionnaires, the following theatrical axes emerged: (a) Social demographic profile of workers; (b) Prevention measures over contamination directed to which public? The impacts of the pandemic over the practice of psychology at CREAS; (c) Demand reception at CREAS; and (d) Tenuity between potentialities and vicissitudes of the use of digital technologies. The workers insertion at CREAS is notably marked by transitory working contracts, long labor journeys, and low wages. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic is causing hindrances such as the lack of personal protection equipment (PPE) and virus prevention. The demands received by CREAS were also affected by the pandemic, as shown in the statistics analysis from monthly county treatment records. The digital technologies were the main strategy enforced by the working environment at CREAS. In conclusion, if on the one hand, the pandemic produced and increased obstacles for the practice of Psychology, on the other hand, the unpredictability of this scenery and the capacity of the psychology of the north of Minas Gerais enabled diverse strategies to attend the users.(AU)

Este artículo analiza los desafíos y las estrategias en la actuación de psicólogas(os) en los Centros de Referencia Especializados de Asistencia Social (CREAS) del norte de Minas Gerais (Brasil) durante la pandemia de la COVID-19. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, cualicuantitativo, de cohorte transversal, con análisis de contenido y estadísticas para la interpretación de datos primarios y secundarios, en el cual participaron 19 psicólogas(os). De las entrevistas en un cuestionario electrónico surgieron los siguientes ejes temáticos: (a) perfil sociodemográfico de los(as) trabajadores(as); (b) medidas de prevención de la contaminación ¿para quién? Impactos de la pandemia en la praxis de la psicología en CREAS; (c) la llegada de demandas a CREAS y; (d) la tenuidad entre las potencialidades y vicisitudes del uso de tecnologías digitales. Se observó que la inserción de las(os) trabajadoras(es) en el CREAS está marcada por contratos laborales temporales, largas jornadas y baja remuneración. Además, con la pandemia de la COVID-19, se han enfrentado a obstáculos como la falta de equipo de protección personal (EPP) y prevención del virus. La llegada de demandas al CREAS también se vio afectada por la pandemia, como lo demuestran los análisis estadísticos de los registros mensuales de atención de los municipios. Las tecnologías digitales se han convertido en la principal estrategia adoptada en el entorno laboral de los CREAS. Se concluye que si, por un lado, la pandemia engendró y acentuó obstáculos a la praxis de la Psicología, por otro, la imprevisibilidad de este escenario y el poder de la Psicología en el norte de Minas Gerais posibilitaron varias estrategias para asistir a los usuarios.(AU)

Fathering children aged from 2 to 10: psychometric properties of the IFI-BR-27 / Paternidade com filhos entre 2 e 10 anos de idade: propriedades psicométricas do IFI-BR-27 / Paternidad con hijos de entre 2 y 10 años: propiedades psicométricas del IFI-BR-27

The Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI) was developed to examine paternal involvement among men with children from 5 to 10 years of age. However, father involvement affects child development starting in the child's infancy. In Brazil, a revised version of the instrument (called the IFI-BR-27) was developed to use with fathers of children in a wider age group (2 to 10 years). Thus, in this study we aimed to investigate evidence for validity of this revised version based on internal structure, measurement invariance, and evidence of convergent validity. For this purpose, 572 Brazilian fathers completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the IFI-BR-27, and either the Father Engagement Questionnaire (FEQ; for fathers of children in early childhood education settings) or the Inventory of Parenting Practices (IPP; for fathers of children in elementary school). Results of confirmatory factor analyses indicated the plausibility of a second-order internal structure for the IFI-BR-27 (χ 2 / df = 3.526; CFI = .937; TLI = .929; RMSEA = .066). Composite reliability for the nine factors varied from .65 to .84. Invariance analyses indicated that the structure is independent of the child's educational setting. Evidence of convergent validity was also found ( r = .67 - FEQ; r = .58 - IPP). Therefore, the IFI-BR-27 is an adequate tool to assess the quality of father involvement for fathers of children in preschool or elementary school. The IFI-BR-27 can contribute to further scientific research, aiding in longitudinal studies, as well as helping professionals to evaluate and encourage specific dimensions of father involvement.(AU)

O Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI) foi desenvolvido para avaliar o envolvimento paterno de homens com filhos de 5 a 10 anos. No entanto, envolvimento paterno afeta o desenvolvimento de crianças desde a primeira infância. No Brasil, uma versão revisada dessa medida (chamada de IFI-BR-27) foi desenvolvida para uso com pais de crianças em uma faixa etária mais ampla (2 a 10 anos). O objetivo deste estudo foi, portanto, investigar evidências de validade dessa versão revisada com base na estrutura interna, invariância de medida e evidências de validade convergente. Para isso, 572 pais brasileiros preencheram um questionário sociodemográfico, o IFI-BR-27 e o Questionário de Engajamento Paterno (QEP; para pais com filhos no Ensino Infantil) e o Inventário de Práticas Parentais (IPP; para pais com filhos no Ensino Fundamental 1). Os resultados de análises fatoriais confirmatórias indicaram a plausibilidade de uma estrutura interna de segunda ordem para o IFI-BR-27 (χ 2 / gl = 3,526; CFI = 0,937; TLI = 0,929; RMSEA = 0,066). A confiabilidade composta para os nove fatores variou de 0,65 a 0,84. Análises de invariância indicaram que a estrutura é independente do ciclo escolar da criança. Também foram encontradas evidências de validade convergente ( r = 0,67 - QEP; r = 0,58 - IPP). Assim, considera-se o IFI-BR-27 uma medida adequada para avaliar a qualidade do envolvimento paterno de pais de crianças do Ensino Infantil ao Fundamental 1. O IFI-BR-27 poderá contribuir para melhorias científicas, viabilizando estudos longitudinais e ajudando profissionais a avaliar e promover dimensões específicas do envolvimento paterno.(AU)

El Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI) se desarrolló para evaluar la participación paterna en la crianza de hijos de entre 5 y 10 años de edad. Es sabido que la participación paterna contribuye al desarrollo infantil desde la primera infancia. En Brasil, una versión brasileña de este instrumento (la IFI-BR-27) se desarrolló para aplicarse a padres con hijos de un grupo de edad más amplio (de 2 a 10 años). Este estudio tuvo por objetivo comprobar evidencia de validez de esta versión revisada con base en la estructura interna, la invariancia del instrumento y la evidencia de validez convergente. Para ello, 572 padres brasileños completaron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el IFI-BR-27 y el Cuestionario de Involucramiento Paterno (CIP; para padres de niños en el jardín de infantes) y el Inventario de Prácticas Parentales (IPP; para padres de niños en la primaria). Los resultados de los análisis factoriales confirmatorios indicaron la plausibilidad de una estructura interna de segundo orden para el IFI-BR-27 (χ 2 / gl = 3,526; CFI = 0,937; TLI = 0,929; RMSEA =0,066). La confiabilidad compuesta para los nueve factores varió de 0,65 a 0,84. Los análisis de invariancia indicaron que la estructura es independiente del ciclo educativo del niño. También se encontró evidencia de validez convergente ( r =0,67 - CIP; r = 0,58 - IPP). Por lo tanto, el IFI-BR-27 es un instrumento adecuado para evaluar la calidad de participación paterna de padres con hijos en edad preescolar o en la primaria. El IFI-BR-27 permitirá un mayor desarrollo científico, permitiendo estudios longitudinales y ayudando a los profesionales a evaluar y fomentar dimensiones específicas de participación paterna.(AU)

Cultura e segurança do profissional de saúde nos serviços de urgência e emergência em pandemia / Culture and safety of healthcare professionals in urgent and emergency services during pandemics / Cultura y seguridad de los profesionales sanitarios en los servicios de urgencia y emergencia durante la pandemia

Objetivo: mapear as evidências científicas sobre a cultura de segurança e segurança do profissional de saúde no enfrentamento da pandemia de COVID-19 nos serviços de urgência e emergência móveis e de pronto atendimento. Métodos: Scoping Review, desenvolvida segundo diretrizes de JBI. Realizou-se a busca em sete bases de dados e os achados foram encaminhados para uma pasta de arquivos da plataforma Rayyan. Resultados: 7.357 publicações das quais foram selecionados 19 artigos e 03 documentos da literatura cinzenta. Conclusões: houve elevação exponencial dos casos de infecção entre os profissionais de saúde nos momentos críticos da pandemia, repercussões na saúde mental dos profissionais e elevadas cargas físicas e sociais. A cultura de segurança foi afetada pela escassez de infraestrutura, desproteção e abandono pelas instituições de saúde e governos. Proteger os profissionais da urgência/emergência deve ser prioridade no enfrentamento de pandemias.

Objective: to map the scientific evidence on the safety and security culture of healthcare professionals when facing the COVID-19 pandemic in mobile emergency and emergency services and emergency care. Methods: Scoping Review, developed according to JBI guidelines. A search was carried out in seven databases and the findings were sent to a file folder on the Rayyan platform. Results: 7,357 publications from which 19 articles and 03 documents from gray literature were selected. Conclusions: there was an exponential increase in cases of infection among health professionals at critical moments of the pandemic, repercussions on the mental health of professionals and high physical and social burdens. The security culture was affected by the lack of infrastructure, lack of protection and abandonment by health institutions and governments. Protecting urgency/emergency professionals must be a priority when fighting pandemics.

Objetivos:mapear la evidencia científica sobre la cultura de seguridad de los profesionales de la salud ante la pandemia de COVID-19 en los servicios móviles de emergencia y urgencias y atención de emergencia. Métodos: Scoping Review, desarrollado según lineamientos del JBI. Se realizó una búsqueda en siete bases de datos y los hallazgos se enviaron a una carpeta de archivos en la plataforma Rayyan. Resultados: 7.357 publicaciones de las cuales se seleccionaron 19 artículos y 03 documentos de literatura gris. Conclusiones: hubo un aumento exponencial de casos de infección entre profesionales de la salud en momentos críticos de la pandemia, repercusiones en la salud mental de los profesionales y altas cargas físicas y sociales. La cultura de seguridad se vio afectada por la falta de infraestructura, desprotección y abandono por parte de las instituciones de salud y los gobiernos. Proteger a los profesionales de urgencias/emergencias debe ser una prioridad en la lucha contra las pandemias.

Assessing safety and efficacy of flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy in elderly patients / Evaluación de la seguridad y eficacia de la ureteroscopia flexible y la litotricia láser en pacientes de edad avanzada

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy and safety of flexible ureteroscopy (F-URS) for the management of intrarenal or proximal ureteral lithiasis in aged patients. Materials and methods: In this retrospective, multicenter observational study, we collected the anonymized clinical data of patients who underwent F-URS at two institutions in Cali, Colombia between June 2015 and May 2018. The patients were divided into two groups based on age: Group A defined as aged patients (> 65 years) and Group B as patients of non-advanced age (< 65 years). Results: A total of 201 patients were included in this study. The average age for Group A was 75 years (± 4.5) and for Group B was 51 years (± 10). The anesthetic risk classification (American Society of Anesthesiology [ASA]) and comorbidities were significantly higher for Group A with an ASA II and III of 74% versus 50% in Group B. No significant differences were shown in the stone-free rates (SFRs) or significant ureteral injury (Grade III and IV). There was no difference in intraoperative or post-operative complications between both groups. Conclusions: Age > 65 years was not associated with a negative impact on the outcomes of F-URS for the management of intrarenal or proximal ureteral lithiasis in this cohort of patients. F-URS appears as a safe and effective procedure and should not be withheld from older patients

Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad y seguridad de la ureteroscopia flexible (F-URS) para el manejo de la litiasis ureteral intrarrenal o proximal en pacientes ancianos. Materiales y métodos: En este estudio observacional multicéntrico y retrospectivo, se recogieron los datos clínicos de los pacientes sometidos a F-URS en dos instituciones de Cali, Colombia, entre junio de 2015 y mayo de 2018. Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos según la edad. El grupo A se definió como pacientes de edad avanzada (> 65 años) y el grupo B como pacientes de edad no avanzada (< 65 años). Resultados: Un total de 201 pacientes fueron incluidos en este estudio. La edad media para el grupo A fue de 75 años (± 4,5) y para el grupo B fue de 51 años (± 10). La clasificación de riesgo anestésico (ASA) y las comorbilidades fueron significativamente mayores para el grupo A con un ASA II y III del 74% frente al 50% en el grupo B. No se observaron diferencias significativas en las tasas libres de cálculos ni en la lesión ureteral significativa (grado III y IV). No hubo diferencias en las complicaciones anestésicas, intraoperatorias o postoperatorias entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: La edad > 65 años no se asoció con un impacto negativo en los resultados urológicos ni en la tasa de éxito de la F-URS para el manejo de la litiasis ureteral intrarrenal o proximal en esta cohorte de pacientes. La F-URS es un procedimiento seguro y eficaz, y no debe contraindicarse en los pacientes de edad avanzada

Medidas poblacionales para la seguridad vial: más allá de la responsabilidad individual / Population measures to improve road safety: Beyond individual responsibility

Las lesiones causadas por el tránsito (LCT) se encuentran dentro de las principales causas de mortalidad y discapacidad a nivel mundial, hecho reflejado en el puesto que ocupan dentro de las primeras diez causas de vida ajustados por discapacidad, con importantes costos e impacto económico y social para las sociedades que las padecen. En 2004, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) lanzó el primer informe sobre prevención de LCT. Sin embargo, en años posteriores esa situación no mejoró, por lo cual las Naciones Unidas lanzó la Década de Acción para la Seguridad Vial (2011-2020), donde se invitaba a los gobiernos a diseñar e implementar acciones para reducir la carga asociada a este problema; entre estas se encuentra diseño y mejoramiento de vías, atención oportuna pos siniestro, control de la velocidad, medidas de control administrativo, diseño y mejoramiento de estándares vehiculares, entre otras. Las medidas basadas en enfoque poblacional han demostrado ser más poderosas que las medidas que inducen cambios de comportamiento individual.

Injuries caused by traffic (ICT) are among the main causes of mortality and disability worldwide, reflected in the fact that they occupy the first ten causes of disability adjusted life years with economic and social cost impacts for the societies that suffer from them. In 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) released the first Prevention Report about ICT. Nevertheless, in subsequent years this situation has not improved, motivating the United Nations to launch the Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011-2020), where governments were invited to design and implement actions to reduce the burden associated with this problem: designing and improving of roads, increasing timely post-crash care, speed control, administrative control measures, designing and improving vehicle safety standards, among others. Population-based measures have been shown to be more powerful than measures that induce individual behavior changes.

Impacto del proceso electoral 2021 en los homicidios dolosos en México: un análisis a través de series de tiempo interrumpidas / Impact of the 2021 electoral process on intentional homicides in Mexico: an interrupted time series analysis / Impacto do processo eleitoral de 2021 nos homicídios dolosos no México: uma análise por meio de séries temporais interrompidas

El presente trabajo de investigación analiza el impacto del proceso electoral 2021 en los niveles de homicidios dolosos. Se utilizaron series de tiempo interrumpidas para evaluar los cambios en el nivel y tendencia de los homicidios dolosos a partir del inicio del proceso electoral. Se analizaron los casos de tres estados de la república: Chihuahua, Sinaloa y Guerrero. Los grupos de control fueron conformados con los casos de los estados de Coahuila, Durango y Oaxaca. Los resultados muestran que el proceso electoral no derivó en un cambio estadísticamente significativo en las tendencias y/o nivel de los homicidios dolosos, pero sí es posible observar un aumento de homicidios dolosos un mes antes de la elección en cada uno de los casos. En otras palabras, aunque los cambios en los homicidios dolosos no son sostenidos, el mes anterior a la elección sí muestra un incremento significativo de este delito.

This research paper- analyses the impact of the 2021 electoral process on the levels of intentional homicides. Interrupted time series were used to evaluate changes in the level and trend of intentional homicides since the beginning of the electoral process. Three states were analysed: Chihuahua, Sinaloa and Guerrero. Control groups wereformed with cases from the states of Coahuila, Durango and Oaxaca. The results show that the electoral process did not lead to a statistically significant change in the trends and/or level of intentional homicides, but it is possible to observe an increase in intentional homicides one month before the election in each of the cases. In other words, although the changes in intentional homicides are not sustained, the month before the election does show a significant increase in this crime.

Este trabalho de pesquisa analisa o impacto do processo eleitoral de 2021 nos níveis de homicídios intencionais. Foram usadas séries temporais interrompidas para avaliar as mudanças no nível e na tendência dos homicídios dolosos desde o início do processo eleitoral. Foram analisados três estados: Chihuahua, Sinaloa e Guerrero. Foram formados grupos de controle com casos dos estados de Coahuila, Durango e Oaxaca. Os resultados mostram que o processo eleitoral não levou a uma mudança estatisticamente significativa nas tendências e/ou no nível de homicídios dolosos, mas é possível observar um aumento nos homicídios dolosos um mês antes da eleição em cada um dos casos. Em outras palavras, embora as mudanças nos homicídios dolosos não sejam sustentadas, o mês anterior à eleição mostra um aumento significativo desse crime.

A garantia dos direitos fundamentais e o controle da violência nos territórios: uma análise a partir da teoria do biopoder de Foucault / The assurance of fundamental rights and the control of violence is the territories: an analysis from Foucault biopower theory / La garantía de los derechos fundamentales y el control de la violencia en los territorios: un análisis desde la teiría del biopoder de Foucault

O presente artigo se propõe a contribuir com uma reflexão interdisciplinar sobre o problema da violência, a relação entre os dispositivos securitários contemporâneos no Brasil e a violação dos direitos fundamentais preceituados na Constituição Federal de 1988, a partir da reflexão da teoria política de Michel Foucault, com base em uma proposta de correlação com o pensamento de Milton Santos, tendo como fundamento a concepção do uso da técnica/norma como mecanismo disciplinar da sociedade e do território. A metodologia utilizada para a efetivação dos objetivos do presente estudo está fundamentada em uma pesquisa bibliográfica. Assim, no que concerne aos teóricos que dão sustentação à pesquisa, foi utilizado como principal referência, no campo da Teoria do Biopoder, os trabalhos de Foucault. Quanto à Teoria do Espaço Geográfico e o conceito de Território, a pesquisa foi fundamentada nos trabalhos de Milton Santos. No tocante à segurança pública, como exemplo empírico de dispositivos de segurança que ferem garantias fundamentais, a pesquisa apresenta o uso de tecnologias de reconhecimento facial, essa técnica, a própria coleta em si, de tais dados de biometria, e seu armazenamento, constituem indícios de violação do direito à privacidade. Conclui-se, assim, que o monitoramento, para fins de segurança pública, de pessoas inocentes é, inclusive, interpretado por pesquisadores como uma violação ao princípio da presunção de inocência, uma vez que toda investigação que restrinja direitos deve partir de uma suspeita fundada.(AU)

This article aims to contribute to an interdisciplinary reflection on the problem of violence, the relationship between contemporary security devices in Brazil and the violation of fundamental rights established in the Federal Constitution of 1988, based on the reflection of Michel Foucault's political theory based on a proposal of correlation with the thought of Milton Santos based on the conception of the use of technique/norm as a disciplinary mechanism of society and territory. The methodology used to carry out the objectives of the present study is based on a bibliographic research. Thus, with regard to the theorists who support the research, the works of Foucault were used as the main reference in the field of Biopower Theory. As for the Theory of Geographic Space and the concept of Territory, the research was based on the works of Milton Santos. With regard to public safety, as an empirical example of security devices that violate fundamental guarantees, the research presents the use of facial recognition technologies, this technique, the collection itself of such biometric data, and its storage, constitute evidence violation of the right to privacy. It is concluded, therefore, that the monitoring, for public security purposes, of innocent people is even interpreted by researchers as a violation of the principle of presumption of innocence, since any investigation that restricts rights must start from a well-founded suspicion.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo contribuir a una reflexión interdisciplinaria sobre el problema de la violencia, la relación entre los dispositivos de seguridad contemporáneos en Brasil y la violación de los derechos fundamentales establecidos en la Constitución Federal de 1988, a partir de la reflexión de la teoría política de Michel Foucault basada sobre una propuesta de correlación con el pensamiento de Milton Santos a partir de la concepción del uso de la técnica/norma como mecanismo disciplinario de la sociedad y el territorio. La metodología utilizada para llevar a cabo los objetivos del presente estudio se basa en una investigación bibliográfica. Así, en lo que respecta a los teóricos que sustentan la investigación, se utilizaron como referencia principal los trabajos de Foucault en el campo de la Teoría del Biopoder. En cuanto a la Teoría del Espacio Geográfico y el concepto de Territorio, la investigación se basó en los trabajos de Milton Santos. En lo que respecta a la seguridad pública, como ejemplo empírico de dispositivos de seguridad que vulneran garantías fundamentales, la investigación presenta el uso de tecnologías de reconocimiento facial, esta técnica, la recolección misma de tales datos biométricos, y su almacenamiento, constituyen evidencia de violación del derecho a la intimidad. Se concluye, por tanto, que el seguimiento, con fines de seguridad pública, de personas inocentes es incluso interpretado por los investigadores como una vulneración del principio de presunción de inocencia, pues toda investigación que restrinja derechos debe partir de una sospecha fundada.(AU)

Program Infrastructure the Key to Success: A Pilot Crosswalk Installation to Promote Walkability, Pedestrian Safety, and Physical Activity in the U.S. Virgin Islands.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: While physical inactivity can contribute to chronic diseases, regular activity like walking can help prevent them. In 2010, one in three adults in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) was physically inactive, higher than most U.S. states and territories. There are few walkable destinations and sidewalks along streets in the USVI. Since community- and street-scale design features can influence walking, we convened a 3-day walkability institute in the USVI to (1) learn about physical activity and best practices for design and (2) develop public health infrastructure that supports implementation. Island teams were formed to develop and implement a territory-wide action plan, focused on passing a Complete Streets policy, and demonstration projects on the islands of St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas to advance and pass this policy. An example of the demonstration projects and their significance is the completed one in St. Croix, which is the focus of this article. METHODS: Island teams applied critical components of functioning program infrastructure as described in the Component Model of Infrastructure (CMI) such as engaged data, multilevel leadership, responsive plans and planning, and networked partnerships. We evaluated whether a crosswalk installation in St. Croix could alter driver and pedestrian behavior and create a safer environment for pedestrians. Observers recorded pedestrian crossing time, driver speed, and other behaviors before and after crosswalk installation. RESULTS: Pedestrians took significantly fewer average seconds to cross the street in the postdemonstration period (9.83) compared with predemonstration (13.4) (p = .03). Average car speed declined between the predemonstration (24.3) and long-term demonstration periods (p < .01) and from the postdemonstration (24.7) to the long-term demonstration period (18.2) (p < .01). A greater percentage of pedestrians used the crosswalk to cross the street between the postdemonstration (12.5%) and long-term demonstration periods (53.7%) (p < .01). IMPLICATIONS: The demonstration project in St. Croix shows that improvements to built environment infrastructure can increase safety for pedestrians, thus improving walkability in the USVI. We discuss the importance of CMI elements observed in the success of the St. Croix demonstration and its effectiveness in promoting a Complete Streets policy and the lack of these elements on St. John hindering progress there. Public health practitioners can apply the CMI to future physical activity promotion projects in the USVI and other settings as having functioning program infrastructure helps overcome challenges including natural disasters and a global pandemic and can achieve progress toward sustained policy and systems change.

Militarização da vida e avanço da violência de estado / Militarization of life and advancement of state violence

Procura-se neste artigo compreender as marcas da militarização como elemento estruturante do Estado na América Latina e, em especial, no Brasil. Toma-se como ponto de partida o protagonismo dos movimentos sociais nas lutas contra a violência de Estado e na elaboração do conhecimento sobre o que seriam essas formas de militarização. Busca-se problematizar tanto a permanência de processos de militarização quanto a sua intensificação em determinados momentos, e a percepção do atual avanço destas políticas e práticas que produzem também subjetividades que naturalizam e legitimam a violência de Estado.