Selenoprotein W engages in overactive osteoclast differentiation in multiple myeloma.

BACKGROUND: Patients with multiple myeloma exhibit malignant osteolytic bone disease due to excessive osteoclast formation and function. We recently identified that osteoclastogenic stimulator selenoprotein W (SELENOW) is upregulated via ERK signaling and downregulated via p38 signaling during receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κΒ ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. In the intrinsic physiological process, RANKL-induced downregulation of SELENOW maintains proper osteoclast differentiation; in contrast, forced overexpression of SELENOW leads to overactive osteoclast formation and function. METHODS AND RESULTS: We observed that SELENOW is highly expressed in multiple myeloma-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and mature osteoclasts when compared to healthy controls. Also, the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), a pathological osteoclastogenic factor, is increased in the PBMCs and serum of patients with multiple myeloma. ERK activation by TNFα was more marked and sustained than that by RANKL, allowing SELENOW upregulation. Excessive expression of SELENOW in osteoclast progenitors and mature osteoclasts derived from multiple myeloma facilitated efficient nuclear translocation of osteoclastogenic transcription factors NF-κB and NFATc1, which are favorable for osteoclast formation. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest a possibility that feedforward signaling of osteoclastogenic SELENOW by TNFα derived from multiple myeloma induces overactive osteoclast differentiation, leading to bone loss during multiple myeloma.

Role of Selenoprotein W in participating in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease worldwide. Numerous evidence has demonstrated that metabolic reprogramming serves as a hallmark associated with an elevated risk of NAFLD progression. Selenoprotein W (SelW) is an extensively expressed hepatic selenoprotein that plays a crucial role in antioxidant function. Here, we first demonstrated that SelW is a significantly distinct factor in the liver tissue of NAFLD patients through the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Additionally, loss of SelW alleviated hepatic steatosis induced by a high-fat diet (HFD), and was accompanied by the regulation of metabolic and inflammatory pathways as verified by transcriptomic analysis. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS), laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and molecular docking analysis were subsequently implemented to identify Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2) as a potential interacting protein of SelW. Meanwhile, SelW modulated PKM2 translocation into the nucleus to trigger transactivation of the HIF-1α, in further mediating mitochondrial apoptosis, eventually resulting in mitochondrial damage, ROS excessive production and mtDNA leakage. Additionally, mito-ROS accumulation induced the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis, thereby facilitating extracellular leakage of mtDNA. The escaped mtDNA then evokes the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in macrophage, thus inducing a shift in macrophage phenotype. Together, our results suggest SelW promotes hepatocyte apoptosis and pyroptosis by regulating metabolic reprogramming to activate cGAS/STING signaling of macrophages, thereby exacerbating the progression of NAFLD.

[Prediction of superantigen active sites and clonal expression of staphylococcal enterotoxin-like W].

Objective: The docking and superantigen activity sites of staphylococcal enterotoxin-like W (SElW) and T cell receptor (TCR) were predicted, and its SElW was cloned, expressed and purified. Methods: AlphaFold was used to predict the 3D structure of SElW protein monomers, and the protein models were evaluated with the help of the SAVES online server from ERRAT, Ramachandran plot, and Verify_3D. The ZDOCK server simulates the docking conformation of SElW and TCR, and the amino acid sequences of SElW and other serotype enterotoxins were aligned. The primers were designed to amplify selw, and the fragment was recombined into the pMD18-T vector and sequenced. Then recombinant plasmid pMD18-T was digested with BamHⅠand Hind Ⅲ. The target fragment was recombined into the expression plasmid pET-28a(+). After identification of the recombinant plasmid, the protein expression was induced by isopropyl-beta-D- thiogalactopyranoside. The SElW expressed in the supernatant was purified by affinity chromatography and quantified by the BCA method. Results: The predicted three-dimensional structure showed that the SElW protein was composed of two domains, the amino-terminal and the carboxy-terminal. The amino-terminal domain was composed of 3 α-helices and 6 ß-sheets, and the carboxy-terminal domain included 2 α-helices and 7 antiparallel ß-sheets composition. The overall quality factor score of the SElW protein model was 98.08, with 93.24% of the amino acids having a Verify_3D score ≥0.2 and no amino acids located in disallowed regions. The docking conformation with the highest score (1 521.328) was selected as the analysis object, and the 19 hydrogen bonds between the corresponding amino acid residues of SElW and TCR were analyzed by PyMOL. Combined with sequence alignment and the published data, this study predicted and found five important superantigen active sites, namely Y18, N19, W55, C88, and C98. The highly purified soluble recombinant protein SElW was obtained with cloning, expression, and protein purification. Conclusions: The study found five superantigen active sites in SElW protein that need special attention and successfully constructed and expressed the SElW protein, which laid the foundation for further exploration of the immune recognition mechanism of SElW.

Loss of selenoprotein W in murine macrophages alters the hierarchy of selenoprotein expression, redox tone, and mitochondrial functions during inflammation.

Macrophages play a pivotal role in mediating inflammation and subsequent resolution of inflammation. The availability of selenium as a micronutrient and the subsequent biosynthesis of selenoproteins, containing the 21st amino acid selenocysteine (Sec), are important for the physiological functions of macrophages. Selenoproteins regulate the redox tone in macrophages during inflammation, the early onset of which involves oxidative burst of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. SELENOW is a highly expressed selenoprotein in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Beyond its described general role as a thiol and peroxide reductase and as an interacting partner for 14-3-3 proteins, its cellular functions, particularly in macrophages, remain largely unknown. In this study, we utilized Selenow knock-out (KO) murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) to address the role of SELENOW in inflammation following stimulation with bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RNAseq-based temporal analyses of expression of selenoproteins and the Sec incorporation machinery genes suggested no major differences in the selenium utilization pathway in the Selenow KO BMDMs compared to their wild-type counterparts. However, selective enrichment of oxidative stress-related selenoproteins and increased ROS in Selenow-/- BMDMs indicated anomalies in redox homeostasis associated with hierarchical expression of selenoproteins. Selenow-/- BMDMs also exhibited reduced expression of arginase-1, a key enzyme associated with anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype necessary to resolve inflammation, along with a significant decrease in efferocytosis of neutrophils that triggers pathways of resolution. Parallel targeted metabolomics analysis also confirmed an impairment in arginine metabolism in Selenow-/- BMDMs. Furthermore, Selenow-/- BMDMs lacked the ability to enhance characteristic glycolytic metabolism during inflammation. Instead, these macrophages atypically relied on oxidative phosphorylation for energy production when glucose was used as an energy source. These findings suggest that SELENOW expression in macrophages may have important implications on cellular redox processes and bioenergetics during inflammation and its resolution.

Prediction of superantigen active sites and clonal expression of staphylococcal enterotoxin-like W / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: The docking and superantigen activity sites of staphylococcal enterotoxin-like W (SElW) and T cell receptor (TCR) were predicted, and its SElW was cloned, expressed and purified. Methods: AlphaFold was used to predict the 3D structure of SElW protein monomers, and the protein models were evaluated with the help of the SAVES online server from ERRAT, Ramachandran plot, and Verify_3D. The ZDOCK server simulates the docking conformation of SElW and TCR, and the amino acid sequences of SElW and other serotype enterotoxins were aligned. The primers were designed to amplify selw, and the fragment was recombined into the pMD18-T vector and sequenced. Then recombinant plasmid pMD18-T was digested with BamHⅠand Hind Ⅲ. The target fragment was recombined into the expression plasmid pET-28a(+). After identification of the recombinant plasmid, the protein expression was induced by isopropyl-beta-D- thiogalactopyranoside. The SElW expressed in the supernatant was purified by affinity chromatography and quantified by the BCA method. Results: The predicted three-dimensional structure showed that the SElW protein was composed of two domains, the amino-terminal and the carboxy-terminal. The amino-terminal domain was composed of 3 α-helices and 6 β-sheets, and the carboxy-terminal domain included 2 α-helices and 7 antiparallel β-sheets composition. The overall quality factor score of the SElW protein model was 98.08, with 93.24% of the amino acids having a Verify_3D score ≥0.2 and no amino acids located in disallowed regions. The docking conformation with the highest score (1 521.328) was selected as the analysis object, and the 19 hydrogen bonds between the corresponding amino acid residues of SElW and TCR were analyzed by PyMOL. Combined with sequence alignment and the published data, this study predicted and found five important superantigen active sites, namely Y18, N19, W55, C88, and C98. The highly purified soluble recombinant protein SElW was obtained with cloning, expression, and protein purification. Conclusions: The study found five superantigen active sites in SElW protein that need special attention and successfully constructed and expressed the SElW protein, which laid the foundation for further exploration of the immune recognition mechanism of SElW.

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of selenoprotein W gene in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with dietary selenium levels.

Selenium (Se) plays an essential role in the growth of fish and performs its physiological functions mainly through incorporation into selenoproteins. Our previous studies suggested that the selenoprotein W gene (selenow) is sensitive to changes in dietary Se in rainbow trout. However, the molecular characterization and tissue expression pattern of selenow are still unknown. Here, we revealed the molecular characterization, the tissue expression pattern of rainbow trout selenow and analyzed its response to dietary Se. The open reading frame (ORF) of the selenow gene was composed of 393 base pairs (bp) and encodes a 130-amino-acid protein. The 3' untranslated region (UTR) was 372 bp with a selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element. Remarkably, the rainbow trout selenow gene sequence was longer than those reported for mammals and most other fish. A ß1-α1-ß2-ß3-ß4-α2 pattern made up the secondary structure of SELENOW. Furthermore, multiple sequence alignment revealed that rainbow trout SELENOW showed a high level of identity with SELENOW from Salmo salar. In addition, the selenow gene was ubiquitously distributed in 13 tissues with various abundances and was predominantly expressed in muscle and brain. Interestingly, dietary Se significantly increased selenow mRNA expression in muscle. Our results highlight the vital role of selenow in rainbow trout muscle response to dietary Se levels and provide a theoretical basis for studies of selenow.

Multiomics analyses reveal a critical role of selenium in controlling T cell differentiation in Crohn's disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mainly includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Immune disorders play an essential role in the pathogenesis of these two IBDs, but the differences in the immune microenvironment of the colon and their underlying mechanisms remain poorly investigated. Here we examined the immunological features and metabolic microenvironment of untreated individuals with IBD by multiomics analyses. Modulation of CD-specific metabolites, particularly reduced selenium, can obviously shape type 1 T helper (Th1) cell differentiation, which is specifically enriched in CD. Selenium supplementation suppressed the symptoms and onset of CD and Th1 cell differentiation via selenoprotein W (SELW)-mediated cellular reactive oxygen species scavenging. SELW promoted purine salvage pathways and inhibited one-carbon metabolism by recruiting an E3 ubiquitin ligase, tripartite motif-containing protein 21, which controlled the stability of serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2. Our work highlights selenium as an essential regulator of T cell responses and potential therapeutic targets in CD.

Structural and biophysical characterization of the selenoprotein SelW1 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Selenoprotein W is widespread among pro- and eukaryotic organisms. It possesses antioxidant activity and plays pivotal roles in mammalian embryonic development and cellular functions. A very simple, prototypical selenoprotein W is SelW1 from Chlamydomonas. The U14C mutant of SelW1 was isolated and biophysically characterized. It contains an intramolecular disulfide bond and is thermally stable up to 70 °C. NMR resonance assignment of reduced and oxidized SelW1 showed that SelW1 adopts a thioredoxin fold. Interestingly, both forms show two additional sets of resonance for amino acid residues near the termini and have basically identical dynamic behavior. Since SelW1 from Chlamydomonas resembles the ancestor of mammalian selenoproteins in certain aspects, this study lays the basis for future characterization of SelW1 function and possible interaction partners.

Selenoprotein W ensures physiological bone remodeling by preventing hyperactivity of osteoclasts.

Selenoproteins containing selenium in the form of selenocysteine are critical for bone remodeling. However, their underlying mechanism of action is not fully understood. Herein, we report the identification of selenoprotein W (SELENOW) through large-scale mRNA profiling of receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κΒ ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation, as a protein that is downregulated via RANKL/RANK/tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6/p38 signaling. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that SELENOW regulates osteoclastogenic genes. SELENOW overexpression enhances osteoclastogenesis in vitro via nuclear translocation of NF-κB and nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 mediated by 14-3-3γ, whereas its deficiency suppresses osteoclast formation. SELENOW-deficient and SELENOW-overexpressing mice exhibit high bone mass phenotype and osteoporosis, respectively. Ectopic SELENOW expression stimulates cell-cell fusion critical for osteoclast maturation as well as bone resorption. Thus, RANKL-dependent repression of SELENOW regulates osteoclast differentiation and blocks osteoporosis caused by overactive osteoclasts. These findings demonstrate a biological link between selenium and bone metabolism.

S-Glutathionylation of mouse selenoprotein W prevents oxidative stress-induced cell death by blocking the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond.

Mouse selenoprotein W (SELENOW) is a small protein containing a selenocysteine (Sec, U) and four cysteine (Cys, C) residues. The Sec residue in SELENOW is located within the conserved CXXU motif corresponding to the CXXC redox motif of thioredoxin (Trx). It is known that glutathione (GSH) binds to SELENOW and that this binding is involved in protecting cells from oxidative stress. However, the regulatory mechanisms controlling the glutathionylation of SELENOW in oxidative stress are unclear. In this study, using purified recombinant SELENOW in which Sec13 was changed to Cys, we found that SELENOW was glutathionylated at Cys33 and that this S-glutathionylation was enhanced by oxidative stress. We also found that the S-glutathionylation of SELENOW at Cys33 in HEK293 cells was due to glutathione S-transferase Pi (GSTpi) and that this modification was reversed by glutaredoxin1 (Grx1). In addition to the disulfide bond between the Cys10 and Cys13 of SELENOW, a second disulfide bond was formed between Cys33 and Cys87 under oxidative stress conditions. The second disulfide bond was reduced by Trx1, but the disulfide bond between Cys10 and Cys13 was not. The second disulfide bond was also reduced by glutathione, but the disulfide bond in the CXXC motif was not. The second disulfide bond of the mutant SELENOW, in which Cys37 was replaced with Ser, was formed at a much lower concentration of hydrogen peroxide than the wild type. We also observed that Cys37 was required for S-glutathionylation, and that S-glutathionylated SELENOW containing Cys37 protected the cells from oxidative stress. Furthermore, the SELENOW (C33, 87S) mutant, which could not form the second disulfide bond, also showed antioxidant activity. Taken together, these results indicate that GSTpi-mediated S-glutathionylation of mouse SELENOW at Cys33 is required for the protection of cells in conditions of oxidative stress, through inhibition of the formation of the second disulfide bond.

Identification of FAM96B as a novel selenoprotein W binding partner in the brain.

Selenoprotien W (SelW) plays a key role in brain development, although the exact biological function and mechanisms remain unclear. We performed a yeast two-hybrid screen on a human fetal brain cDNA library and identified FAM96B as a novel binding partner of SelW. FRET analyses confirmed the interaction between SelW' and FAM96B. The mutated SelW' construct was cloned and overexpressed in E. coli, and a pull-down assay verified a direct interaction between SelW' and FAM96B. Finally, Co-Immunoprecipitation on murine brain tissue proteins demonstrated an endogenous interaction between the two proteins in the brain. Taken together, our findings prove a direct interaction between SelW and FAM96B, which may provide new insights into the role of SelW in brain development and neurodegenerative diseases.

Selenoprotein W as a molecular target of d-amino acid oxidase is regulated by d-amino acid in chicken neurons.

Selenoprotein W (SelW) is an important member of the avian selenoprotein family. It is well known for its important role in protecting neurons from oxidative stress during neuronal development. d-Amino acid (d-serine), as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), can mediate neurotoxicity. d-Amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is responsible for regulating the d-serine levels in cells. However, the correlation between SelW and DAAO is not clear yet. To investigate the regulations between SelW and DAAO, chicken embryo monolayer neurons were treated with d-serine and/or Se. In this study, we predicted molecular binding between SelW and DAAO. These results showed that the 9-16, 18, 41-47 and 66 residues of SelW could combine with the DAAO, which suggested that chicken SelW might be the target of DAAO. We determined the DAAO activity and the mRNA expression of SelW in in vitro cultured chicken embryo primitive neuron cells. d-Serine influenced the activity of DAAO and, moreover, a significant increase in the mRNA expression of SelW was found in neurons treated with Se. Notably, we also observed changes in the expression of SelW and DAAO when neurons were treated with various concentrations of d-serine and Se. In conclusion, these data suggest that d-serine could regulate the mRNA expression of SelW by interfering with the activity of DAAO in chicken embryo neurons.

Blocking the Thiol at Cysteine-322 Destabilizes Tau Protein and Prevents Its Oligomer Formation.

Abnormal accumulation of tau protein into oligomers contributes to neuronal dysfunction. Reduction of tau level is potentially able to prevent its accumulation. Here we uncover a critical role of the free thiol at Cys-322 in determining tau stability. We found that the application of thiol-blocking agents like NEM or MMTS blocks this thiol, by which it destabilizes tau protein and prevents its oligomer formation. Furthermore, we identified a tau-interacting protein, selenoprotein W, which attenuates tau accumulation by forming disulfide linkage between SelW Cys-37 and tau Cys-322. These findings provide a promising strategy to prevent tau accumulation and oligomer formation.

Selenoproteins regulate stress erythroid progenitors and spleen microenvironment during stress erythropoiesis.

Micronutrient selenium (Se) plays a key role in redox regulation through its incorporation into selenoproteins as the 21st amino acid selenocysteine (Sec). Because Se deficiency appears to be a cofactor in the anemia associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, we reasoned that selenoproteins may contribute to erythropoietic recovery from anemia, referred to as stress erythropoiesis. Here, we report that loss of selenoproteins through Se deficiency or by mutation of the Sec tRNA (tRNA[Sec]) gene (Trsp) severely impairs stress erythropoiesis at 2 stages. Early stress erythroid progenitors failed to expand and properly differentiate into burst-forming unit-erythroid cells , whereas late-stage erythroid progenitors exhibited a maturation defect that affected the transition of proerythroblasts to basophilic erythroblasts. These defects were, in part, a result of the loss of selenoprotein W (SelenoW), whose expression was reduced at both transcript and protein levels in Se-deficient erythroblasts. Mutation of SelenoW in the bone marrow cells significantly decreased the expansion of stress burst-forming unit-erythroid cell colonies, which recapitulated the phenotypes induced by Se deficiency or mutation of Trsp Similarly, mutation of SelenoW in murine erythroblast (G1E) cell line led to defects in terminal differentiation. In addition to the erythroid defects, the spleens of Se-deficient mice contained fewer red pulp macrophages and exhibited impaired development of erythroblastic island macrophages, which make up the niche supporting erythroblast development. Taken together, these data reveal a critical role of selenoproteins in the expansion and development of stress erythroid progenitors, as well as the erythroid niche during acute anemia recovery.

Selenomethionine Alleviates AFB1-Induced Damage in Primary Chicken Hepatocytes by Inhibiting CYP450 1A5 Expression via Upregulated SelW Expression.

This study aims to evaluate the protective effects of selenomethionine (SeMet) on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced hepatotoxicity in primary chicken hepatocytes. Cell viability and lactic dehydrogenase activity assays revealed the dose dependence of AFB1 toxicity to chicken hepatocytes. AFB1 concentrations of >0.05 µg/mL significantly reduced glutathione and total superoxide dismutase levels and increased the malondialdehyde concentration and cytochrome P450 enzyme 1A5 (CYP450 1A5) mRNA levels (P < 0.05). AFB1, however, did not affect CYP450 3A37 mRNA levels. Supplementation with 2 µM SeMet protected against AFB1-induced changes and significantly increased selenoprotein W (SelW) mRNA levels (P < 0.05). Additionally, SelW knockdown attenuated the protective effect of SeMet on AFB1-induced damage and significantly increased the level of CYP450 1A5 expression (P < 0.05). Therefore, SeMet alleviates AFB1-induced damage in primary chicken hepatocytes by improving SelW expression, thus inhibiting CYP450 1A5 expression.

Selenoprotein W was Correlated with the Protective Effect of Selenium on Chicken Myocardial Cells from Oxidative Damage.

Selenium (Se) mainly performs its function through Se-containing proteins. Selenoprotein W (SelW), one member of the selenoprotein family, plays important roles in the normal function of the heart. To investigate the possible relationship between Se and SelW for the regulation of oxidative damage in chicken embryo myocardial cells, we treated myocardial cells with Se and H2O2. Then, the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine in the culture media, levels of SelW, inflammatory genes NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, p53, and the cell cycle were analyzed. Furthermore, the correlation between SelW and the levels of these factors was determined. The results indicated that Se treatment increased the expression of SelW (P < 0.05) and caused a downregulation of p53, NF-κB, and TNF-α (P < 0.05). In contrast, H2O2 increased the expression of p53, NF-κB, TNF-α, and LDH (P < 0.05) and induced early cell apoptosis, which was alleviated by treatment with Se. In addition, SelW had a positive correlation with the levels of inflammatory genes investigated. Taken together, our findings suggested that SelW is sensitive to Se levels and oxidative stress, and may play a role in the protective function of Se against oxidative damage and inflammation in chicken myocardial cells.

Identification of a redox-modulatory interaction between selenoprotein W and 14-3-3 protein.

Selenoprotein W (SelW) contains a selenocysteine (Sec, U) in a conserved CXXU motif corresponding to the CXXC redox motif of thioredoxin, suggesting a putative redox function of SelW. We have previously reported that the binding of 14-3-3 protein to its target proteins, including CDC25B, Rictor and TAZ, is inhibited by the interaction of 14-3-3 protein with SelW. However, the binding mechanism is unclear. In this study, we sought to determine the binding site of SelW to understand the regulatory mechanism of the interaction between SelW and 14-3-3 and its biological effects. Phosphorylated Ser(pS) or Thr(pT) residues in RSXpSXP or RXXXp(S/T)XP motifs are well-known common 14-3-3-binding sites, but Thr41, Ser59, and T69 of SelW, which are computationally predicted to serve are phosphorylation sites, were neither phosphorylation sites nor sites involved in the interaction. A mutant SelW in which Sec13 is changed to Ser (U13S) was unable to interact with 14-3-3 protein and thus did not inhibit the interaction of 14-3-3 to other target proteins. However, other Cys mutants of SelW(C10S, C33S and C37S) normally interacted with 14-3-3 protein. The interaction of SelW to 14-3-3 protein was enhanced by diamide or H2O2 and decreased by dithiothreitol (DTT). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the Sec of SelW is involved in its interaction with 14-3-3 protein and that this interaction is increased under oxidative stress conditions. Thus, SelW may have a regulatory function in redox cell signaling by interacting with 14-3-3 protein.

Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of selenoprotein W gene and its mRNA expression patterns in response to metabolic status and cadmium exposure in goldfish, Carassius auratus.

Selenoprotein W (SelW) is a low molecular weight and selenocysteine containing protein with redox activity involved in the antioxidant response. In the present study, the full-length cDNA of goldfish (Carassius auratus) selenoprotein W (gfSelW) was successfully cloned from the liver tissue by rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. The obtained gfSelW cDNA was 730 bp long with a 79 bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), a 390 bp 3'-UTR containing the consensus polyadenylation signal AATAAA and a 261 bp open reading frame coding a protein of 86 amino acid residues. gfSelW mRNA was observed in all regions of brain and peripheral tissues by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and the most abundant was detected in testis. After fasting for 1 week, gfSelW mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased compared to the fed group in hypothalamus and liver. After refeeding for 7 days, gfSelW mRNA expression levels were increased back. Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of gfSelW in hypothalamus and liver were varied in periprandial changes and significantly up-regulated after meal 2 h and 4 h, respectively. With cadmium exposure for 24 h, gfSelW mRNA expression levels in gill and leucocytes were significantly decreased at different cadmium concentrations changing from 0.5 ppm to 10 ppm. However, the gfSelW mRNA expression level was sharply increased in liver, relatively to the control about 4.98-fold at 0.5 ppm. The results in this study provide molecular characterization of SelW in goldfish and imply that SelW mRNA expression may be associated with metabolic status and oxidative stress and regulated by metabolic factors and cadmium in fish.

Selenoprotein W controls epidermal growth factor receptor surface expression, activation and degradation via receptor ubiquitination.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) is the founding member of the ErbB family of growth factor receptors that modulate a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways controlling growth, proliferation, differentiation, and motility. Selenoprotein W (SEPW1) is a highly conserved, diet-regulated 9kDa thioredoxin-like protein required for normal cell cycle progression. We report here that SEPW1 is required for EGF-induced EGFR activation and that it functions by suppressing EGFR ubiquitination and receptor degradation. SEPW1 depletion inhibited EGF-dependent cell cycle entry in breast and prostate epithelial cells. In prostate cells, SEPW1 depletion decreased EGFR auto-phosphorylation, while SEPW1 overexpression increased EGFR auto-phosphorylation. SEPW1 depletion increased the rate of EGFR degradation, which decreased total and surface EGFR and suppressed EGF-dependent EGFR endocytosis, EGFR dimer formation, and activation of EGF-dependent pathways. EGFR ubiquitination was increased in SEPW1-depleted cells--in agreement with the increased rate of EGFR degradation, and suggests that SEPW1 suppresses EGFR ubiquitination. Ubiquitination-directed lysozomal degradation controls post-translational EGFR expression and is dysregulated in many cancers. Thus, suppression of EGFR ubiquitination by SEPW1 may be related to the putative increase in cancer risk associated with high selenium intakes. Knowledge of the mechanisms underlying SEPW1's regulation of EGFR ubiquitination may reveal new opportunities for nutritional cancer prevention or cancer drug development.

The role of selenoprotein W in inflammatory injury in chicken immune tissues and cultured splenic lymphocyte.

Selenoprotein W (SelW) is mainly understood in terms of its antioxidant effects in the cellular defense system. Inflammation is an important indicator of animal tissue injury, and the inflammatory cells may trigger a sophisticated and well-orchestrated inflammatory cascade, resulting in exaggerated oxidative stress. To investigate the role of SelW in inflammatory injury in chicken immune tissues and cultured splenic lymphocyte, in this report, the effects of selenium (Se) on mRNA expressions of SelW and inflammatory factors (iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB, PTGEs, and TNF-α) in the chicken immune organs (spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius) and cultured splenic lymphocyte treated with sodium selenite and H2O2, or knocked down SelW with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were examined. The results showed that Se-deficient diets effectively decreased the mRNA expression of SelW (P < 0.05), and induced a significantly up-regulation of COX-2, iNOS, NF-κB, PTGEs and TNF-α mRNA levels (P < 0.05). The histopathological analysis showed that immune tissues were obviously injured in the low-Se groups. In vitro, H2O2 induced a significantly up-regulation of the mRNA levels of inflammation-related genes (iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB, PTGEs, and TNF-α) in cultured splenic lymphocyte (P < 0.05). When lymphocytes were pretreated with Se before treated with H2O2, the inflammation-related genes were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Silencing of SelW significantly up-regulated the inflammation-related genes (iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB, PTGEs, and TNF-α) in cultured splenic lymphocyte (P < 0.05). The results suggested that the expression levels of inflammatory factors (iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB, PTGEs, and TNF-α) and SelW can be influenced by Se in birds. SelW commonly played an important role in the protection of immune organs of birds from inflammatory injury by the regulations of inflammation-related genes.