Effect of irrigation solution temperature on complications of percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a systematic review of the literature, meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized clinical trials.

INTRODUCTION: The optimal temperature of irrigation solution in patients undergoing PCNL is still unclear. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the effects of different irrigation solution temperatures (cold/room temperature irrigation fluid versus warm/body temperature fluid). Our primary endpoint was hypothermia rate. Secondary outcomes were shivering rate, mean temperature decrease, mean patient final temperature, blood loss, and operative time. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Multiple databases were searched in November 2023. Among 299 studies screened, eight were selected for full-text review, resulting in four randomized clinical trials that fit inclusion criteria and desired outcomes. Studies selection and data extraction were performed by multiple reviewers and a random-effects model was used for pooling of data. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The primary outcome, hypothermia rate, showed a significant statistical difference between groups, occurring less frequently in the experimental group (35-37 ºC) than in the cold/room temperature irrigation group (RR 0.64;95%CI 0.46, 0.89; P<0.008; I2=33%). Secondary outcomes such as shivering rate (RR 0.46; 95%CI 0.31, 0.67; P<0.0001; I2=0%) and mean final temperatures (MD 0.43; 95%CI 0.12, 0.75; I2=82%) also showed statistically significant differences between groups, favoring the irrigation with heated fluid. CONCLUSIONS: There was a decreased rate of hypothermia and shivering among patients undergoing PCNL with warm irrigation fluid. Mean final temperatures were also higher in the experimental group. As to blood loss, mean hemoglobin decrease showed no statistically significant difference between groups, prompting further investigation of the influence of Irrigation solution temperature on blood loss volume.

Forced-air warming and continuous core temperature monitoring with zero-heat-flux thermometry during cesarean section: a retrospective observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Over 30% of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for cesarean section become intraoperatively hypothermic. This study assessed the magnitude of hypothermic insult in parturients and newborns using continuous, high-resolution thermometry and evaluated the efficiency of intraoperative forced-air warming for prevention of hypothermia. METHODS: One hundred and eleven parturients admitted for elective or emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia with newborn bonding over a 5-month period were included in this retrospective observational cohort study. Patients were divided into two groups: the passive insulation group, who received no active warming, and the active warming group, who received convective warming through an underbody blanket. Core body temperature was continuously monitored by zero-heat-flux thermometry and automatically recorded by data-loggers. The primary outcome was the incidence of hypothermia in the operating and recovery room. Neonatal outcomes were also analyzed. RESULTS: The patients in the passive insulation group had significantly lower temperatures in the operating room compared to the actively warmed group (36.4°C vs. 36.6°C, p = 0.005), including temperature at skin closure (36.5°C vs. 36.7°C, p = 0.017). The temperature of the newborns after discharge from the postanesthetic care unit was lower in the passive insulation group (36.7°C vs. 37.0°C, p = 0.002); thirteen (15%) of the newborns were hypothermic, compared to three (4%) in the active warming group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Forced-air warming decreases perioperative hypothermia in parturients undergoing cesarean section but does not entirely prevent hypothermia in newborns while bonding. Therefore, it can be effectively used for cesarean section, but special attention should be given to neonates.

The effect of 1-mg versus 3-mg granisetron on shivering and nausea in cesarean section: a randomized, controlled, triple-blind, clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Intra- and postoperative nausea, vomiting and shivering are mentioned as the most common problem following spinal anesthesia. The aim of this study is to compare two different doses of granisetron to control the shivering, nausea, and vomiting caused by spinal anesthesia in women undergoing cesarean section (C/S). METHOD: This study is a randomized, triple-blind clinical trial. The participants received 1-mg or 3-mg granisetron. Women who underwent elective C/S were enrolled. Inclusion criteria were ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) physical status grade I or II and age range of 18-40 years. Primary outcome was changes in the score of shivering, and nausea and vomiting. Secondary outcomes were Apgar score, mean arterial pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, temperature and heart rate. RESULTS: According to binary logistic regression, the incidence of shivering (6.9% vs. 1.5%; p-value = 0.049), and nausea and vomiting (19.2% vs. 9.2%; p-value = 0.024) was significantly higher in patients received 1-mg granisetron in comparison with 3-mg granisetron. Multinomial logistic regression showed that the occurrence of shivering, and nausea and vomiting were not associated with the dose of granisetron. There was no significant difference between the age and Apgar score of 1 (p = 0.908) and 5 (p = 0.843) minute(s) between the two groups. CONCLUSION: This study showed that although 3-mg of granisetron reduces the incidence of intra- and postoperative shivering, nausea and vomiting after spinal anesthesia in comparison with 1-mg of granisetron, the difference was not statistically significant.

Beneficial effect of fluid warming in elderly patients with bladder cancer undergoing Da Vinci robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy.

OBJECTIVES: The enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol recommends prevention of intraoperative hypothermia. However, the beneficial effect of maintaining normothermia after radical cystectomy has not been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of fluid warming nursing in elderly patients undergoing Da Vinci robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy. METHODS: A total of 108 patients with bladder cancer scheduled to undergo DaVinci robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy were recruited and randomly divided into the control group (n=55), which received a warming blanket (43°C) during the intraoperative period and the warming group (n=53), in which all intraoperative fluids were administered via a fluid warmer (41°C). The surgical data, body temperature, coagulation function indexes, and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the warming group had significantly less intraoperative transfusion (p=0.028) and shorter hospitalization days (p<0.05). During the entire intraoperative period (from 1 to 6h), body temperature was significantly higher in the warming group than in the control group. There were significant differences in preoperative fibrinogen level, white blood cell count, total bilirubin level, intraoperative lactose level, postoperative thrombin time (TT), and platelet count between the control and warming groups. Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that TT was the only significant factor, suggesting that the warming group had a lower TT than the control group. CONCLUSION: Fluid warming nursing can effectively reduce transfusion requirement and hospitalization days, maintain intraoperative normothermia, and promote postoperative coagulation function in elderly patients undergoing Da Vinci robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy.

Beneficial effect of fluid warming in elderly patients with bladder cancer undergoing Da Vinci robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy

OBJECTIVES: The enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol recommends prevention of intraoperative hypothermia. However, the beneficial effect of maintaining normothermia after radical cystectomy has not been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of fluid warming nursing in elderly patients undergoing Da Vinci robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy. METHODS: A total of 108 patients with bladder cancer scheduled to undergo DaVinci robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy were recruited and randomly divided into the control group (n=55), which received a warming blanket (43°C) during the intraoperative period and the warming group (n=53), in which all intraoperative fluids were administered via a fluid warmer (41°C). The surgical data, body temperature, coagulation function indexes, and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the warming group had significantly less intraoperative transfusion (p=0.028) and shorter hospitalization days (p<0.05). During the entire intraoperative period (from 1 to 6h), body temperature was significantly higher in the warming group than in the control group. There were significant differences in preoperative fibrinogen level, white blood cell count, total bilirubin level, intraoperative lactose level, postoperative thrombin time (TT), and platelet count between the control and warming groups. Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that TT was the only significant factor, suggesting that the warming group had a lower TT than the control group. CONCLUSION: Fluid warming nursing can effectively reduce transfusion requirement and hospitalization days, maintain intraoperative normothermia, and promote postoperative coagulation function in elderly patients undergoing Da Vinci robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy.

Abnormal brown adipose tissue mitochondrial structure and function in IL10 deficiency.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation is the most relevant mechanism linking obesity with insulin-resistance and metabolic disease. It impacts the structure and function of tissues and organs involved in metabolism, such as the liver, pancreatic islets and the hypothalamus. Brown adipose tissue has emerged as an important component of whole body energy homeostasis, controlling caloric expenditure through the regulation of non-shivering thermogenesis. However, little is known about the impact of systemic inflammation on the structure and function of brown adipose tissue. METHODS: The relations between IL10 and mitochondria structure/function and also with thermogenesis were evaluated by bioinformatics using human and rodent data. Real-time PCR, immunoblot, fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy were employed to determine the effect of IL10 in the brown adipose tissue of wild type and IL10 knockout mice. FINDINGS: IL10 knockout mice, a model of systemic inflammation, present severe structural abnormalities of brown adipose tissue mitochondria, which are round-shaped with loss of cristae structure and increased fragmentation. IL10 deficiency leads to newborn cold intolerance and impaired UCP1-dependent brown adipose tissue mitochondrial respiration. The reduction of systemic inflammation with an anti-TNFα monoclonal antibody partially rescued the structural but not the functional abnormalities of brown adipose tissue mitochondria. Using bioinformatics analyses we show that in both humans and mice, IL10 transcripts correlate with mitochondrial lipid metabolism and caspase gene expression. INTERPRETATION: IL10 and systemic inflammation play a central role in the regulation of brown adipose tissue by controlling mitochondrial structure and function. FUND: Sao Paulo Research Foundation grant 2013/07607-8.

A prospective, randomized, double-blinded control study on comparison of tramadol, clonidine and dexmedetomidine for post spinal anesthesia shivering / Estudo prospectivo randômico, duplo-cego e controlado comparando tramadol, clonidina e dexmedetomidina para tremores pós-raquianestesia

Abstract Introduction Shivering, a common intraoperative problem under spinal anesthesia increases the oxygen consumption considerably and is uncomfortable and distressing to the patient, anesthesiologist as well as surgeon. The present study was designed to explore the effectiveness of tramadol, clonidine and dexmedetomidine in the treatment of post spinal anesthesia shivering and to look for their adverse effects. Methods This prospective, randomized, double blinded control study was done on 90 patients who developed shivering under spinal anesthesia. They were randomly allocated into three groups with Group T receiving tramadol 1 mg.kg-1, Group C getting clonidine 1 mcg.kg-1 and Group D patients receiving dexmedetomidine 0.5 mcg.kg-1. The time taken to control shivering, recurrence rate, hemodynamic variables, sedation score and adverse effects were observed. Results Dexmedetomidine was faster in the control of shivering in 5.7 ± 0.79 minutes (min) whereas tramadol took 6.76 ± 0.93 min and clonidine was slower with 9.43 ± 0.93 min. The recurrence rate was much lower in the dexmedetomidine group with 3.3% than for clonidine (10%) and tramadol (23.3%) group. The sedation achieved with dexmedetomidine was better than clonidine and tramadol. The tramadol group had more cases of vomiting (four) and dexmedetomidine group had six cases of hypotension and two cases of bradycardia. Two of the clonidine patients encountered bradycardia and hypotension. Conclusion Dexmedetomidine is better than tramadol and clonidine in the control of shivering because of its faster onset and less recurrence rate. Though complications are encountered in the dexmedetomidine group, they are treatable.

Resumo Introdução O tremor, problema comum no período intraoperatório sob raquianestesia, aumenta consideravelmente o consumo de oxigênio, além de ser desconfortável e angustiante para o paciente, o anestesiologista e o cirurgião. O presente estudo foi concebido para explorar a eficácia de tramadol, clonidina e dexmedetomidina no tratamento de tremores pós-raquianestesia e observar seus efeitos adversos. Métodos Este estudo prospectivo, randômico, controlado e duplo-cego foi feito com 90 pacientes que desenvolveram tremores sob raquianestesia. Os pacientes foram randomicamente alocados em três grupos para receber 1 mg.kg-1 de tramadol (Grupo T), 1 mcg.kg-1 de clonidina (Grupo C) e 0,5 mcg.kg-1 de dexmedetomidina (Grupo D). O tempo necessário para controlar os tremores, a taxa de recorrência, as variáveis hemodinâmicas, os níveis de sedação e os efeitos adversos foram registrados. Resultados Dexmedetomidina foi mais rápida para controlar os tremores, com tempo de 5,7 ± 0,79 minutos (min); o tempo de tramadol foi de 6,76 ± 0,93 min; clonidina foi mais lenta, com tempo de 9,43 ± 0,93 min. A taxa de recorrência foi muito menor no grupo dexmedetomidina (3,3%) do que nos grupos clonidina (10%) e tramadol (23,3%). A sedação obtida com dexmedetomidina foi melhor do que a obtida com clonidina e tramadol. O grupo tramadol teve mais casos de vômito (quatro); o grupo dexmedetomidina teve seis casos de hipotensão e dois casos de bradicardia. Dois pacientes do grupo clonidina apresentaram bradicardia e hipotensão. Conclusão Dexmedetomidina foi melhor do que tramadol e clonidina para o controle de tremores devido ao seu início de ação mais rápido e à taxa de recorrência mais baixa. Embora complicações tenham sido observadas no grupo dexmedetomidina, elas foram tratáveis.

Postoperative Shivering Among Cannabis Users at a Public Hospital in Trinidad, West Indies.

PURPOSE: Postoperative shivering has been anecdotally observed to be frequent and severe in Cannabis smokers following general anesthesia in the Caribbean. The aim of this study was to compare the frequency and intensity of postoperative shivering in Cannabis users versus non-users. DESIGN: A prospective, cross-sectional, observational design was used. METHODS: Demographic data were obtained. Patients were grouped into Cannabis users and non-users. All patients received standardized general anesthesia and were administered warmed fluids intraoperatively. Ambient room temperatures and clinical data were recorded. Patients' core body temperature was recorded at 10-minute intervals both in the operating room and the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). Postoperatively an independent observer assessed the patients who had shivering using a scoring system ranging from 0 to 3. Treatment for shivering and post-treatment shivering scores were also recorded. FINDINGS: Fifty-five patients were studied, of which 71% were male. There were 25 (45%) Cannabis users, of which 50% smoked < 5 joints per week, and 35% smoked >10 joints per week; 30 (55%) patients were non-users. The overall incidence of postoperative shivering was 36%; 16% had a shivering score of '3', 13% had '2' and 7% had a score of '1'. The incidence of postoperative shivering among Cannabis users was 40% while it was 33.3% in non-users. Also, 90% of Cannabis users had shivering scores of 2 and 3, compared to 70% of non-users. CONCLUSIONS: There was a higher incidence and intensity of shivering in Cannabis smokers, although the study could not establish a statistically significant difference in the frequency and severity of shivering between Cannabis users and non-users.

[A prospective, randomized, double-blinded control study on comparison of tramadol, clonidine and dexmedetomidine for post spinal anesthesia shivering]. / Estudo prospectivo randômico, duplo­cego e controlado comparando tramadol, clonidina e dexmedetomidina para tremores pós­raquianestesia.

INTRODUCTION: Shivering, a common intraoperative problem under spinal anesthesia increases the oxygen consumption considerably and is uncomfortable and distressing to the patient, anesthesiologist as well as surgeon. The present study was designed to explore the effectiveness of tramadol, clonidine and dexmedetomidine in the treatment of post spinal anesthesia shivering and to look for their adverse effects. METHODS: This prospective, randomized, double blinded control study was done on 90 patients who developed shivering under spinal anesthesia. They were randomly allocated into three groups with Group T receiving tramadol 1mg.kg-1, Group C getting clonidine 1mcg.kg-1 and Group D patients receiving dexmedetomidine 0.5mcg.kg-1. The time taken to control shivering, recurrence rate, hemodynamic variables, sedation score and adverse effects were observed. RESULTS: Dexmedetomidine was faster in the control of shivering in 5.7±0.79minutes (min) whereas tramadol took 6.76±0.93min and clonidine was slower with 9.43±0.93min. The recurrence rate was much lower in the dexmedetomidine group with 3.3% than for clonidine (10%) and tramadol (23.3%) group. The sedation achieved with dexmedetomidine was better than clonidine and tramadol. The tramadol group had more cases of vomiting (four) and dexmedetomidine group had six cases of hypotension and two cases of bradycardia. Two of the clonidine patients encountered bradycardia and hypotension. CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine is better than tramadol and clonidine in the control of shivering because of its faster onset and less recurrence rate. Though complications are encountered in the dexmedetomidine group, they are treatable.

Shivering in Febrile Children: Frequency and Usefulness in Predicting Serious Bacterial Infections - A Prospective Case-Control Study.

A prospective case-control study was conducted in a pediatric emergency department to describe the proportion of febrile children experiencing shivering and its clinical significance. Shivering was reported in 186 of 645 febrile children (28.8%). The rate of serious bacterial infection was similar in 86 children with shivering and 86 matched controls.

Evaluación de la incidencia de temblores en la sala de recuperación postanestésica / Evaluation of the incidence trembling in the recovery room postanesthtic / Avaliação da incidência de tremores na sala de recuperação posanestesica

Los temblores son una complicación frecuente, desagradable y que pueden relacionarse a un aumento de la morbilidad del período postoperatorio. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de presentación de temblores en el postoperatorio inmediato. Pacientes y métodos: Se estudiaron 119 pacientes adultos, operados de coordinación una vez que ingresaron a la Sala de Recuperación Postanestésica (SRPA). Se consignó la presencia y severidad (grado I a IV) de temblores al ingreso y luego cada 15 minutos. Se trataron mediante medidas de recalentamiento externo, ondansetrón y meperidina, de manera escalonada cada 15 minutos. Resultados: hubo 24 (21.2 %) pacientes con temblores postoperatorios, 17/24 (71%) asociados a hipotermia. En 8 (33,3%) pacientes el temblor fue grado I, en 2 (8,3%) fueron grado II, y en 14 (58,3%) fueron grado III. En todos los casos cedieron con el tratamiento pautado y no más allá de los 45 minutos. Conclusiones: Los temblores fueron una complicación frecuente en la SRPA, asociados a hipotermia en la mayor parte de los casos, pero de duración limitada, y fácilmente tratables.

Trembling are frequent, unpleasant complication and can relate to increased morbidity postoperative period. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of occurrence of earthquakes in the immediate postoperative period. Patients and Methods: 119 adult patients operated coordination once entered the recovery room (PACU) were studied. the presence and severity (grade I to IV) of tremors at admission and then every 15 minutes was recorded. They were treated by external measures, ondansetron and meperidine overheating, staggered every 15 minutes. Avaliação da incidência de tremores na sala de recuperação posanestesica.

Tremores é uma complicação freqüente, desagradável e que pode relacionar-se a um aumento da morbilidade do período posoperatorio. O propósito deste estudo foi determinar a freqüência de manifestação de tremores no posoperatorio imediato. Pacientes e métodos: Estudaram-se 119 pacientes adultos, de cirurgias eletivas que chegaram à Sala de Recuperação Posanestesica (SRPA). Registraram-se a presença e severidade (grado I a IV) de tremores ao ingresso e cada 15 minutos. O tratamento foi: medidas de aquecimento externo, ondansetron e meperidina de maneira alternativa cada 15 minutos. Resultados. Teve 24 (21.2%) de pacientes com tremores posoperatorio, 17/24 (71%) associados à hipotermia. Em 8 (33,3%) pacientes o tremor foi grado I, em 2 (8,3%) foi grado II, em 14 (58,3%) grado III. Todos os casos acalmaram com o tratamento pautado nos primeiros 45 minutos. Conclusões. Os tremores foram uma complicação freqüente em SRPA, associado à hipotermia na maioria dos casos, com duração limitada e de fácil tratamento.

Sublingual misoprostol is as effective as intravenous oxytocin to reduce intra-operative blood loss during cesarean delivery in women living at high altitude.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of sublingual misoprostol compared to intravenous oxytocin for blood loss during cesarean delivery in women living at high altitude. STUDY DESIGN: In a randomized trial, conducted in Quito, Ecuador (2800 m above sea level), 100 women received either sublingual misoprostol (400 µg) or intravenous oxytocin (10 IU). RESULTS: Bleeding in the misoprostol was no different than in the oxytocin group. Shivering was reported in 66% of women in the misoprostol group. CONCLUSION: Sublingual misoprostol might be a valid alternative to oxytocin reduce intra-operative blood loss during cesarean section in women living at high altitude.

Evaluación de la incidencia de temblores en la sala de recuperación postanestésica / Evaluation of the incidence trembling in the recovery room postanesthtic

Los temblores son una complicación frecuente, desagradable y que pueden relacionarse a un aumento de la morbilidad del período postoperatorio. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de presentación de temblores en el postoperatorio inmediato. Pacientes y métodos: Se estudiaron 119 pacientes adultos, operados de coordinación una vez que ingresaron a la Sala de Recuperación Postanestésica (SRPA). Se consignó la presencia y severidad (grado I a IV) de temblores al ingresoy luego cada 15 minutos. Se trataron mediante medidas de recalentamiento externo, ondansetrón y meperidina, de manera escalonada cada 15 minutos. Resultados: hubo 24 (21.2 %) pacientes con temblores postoperatorios, 17/24 (71%) asociados a hipotermia. En 8 (33,3%) pacientes el temblor fue grado I, en 2 (8,3%) fueron grado II, y en 14 (58,3%) fueron grado III. En todos los casos cedieron con el tratamiento pautado y no más allá de los 45 minutos. Conclusiones: Los temblores fueron una complicación frecuente en la SRPA, asociados a hipotermia en la mayor parte de los casos, pero de duración limitada, y fácilmente tratables.

Targeted temperature management in survivors of cardiac arrest.

Mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) results in a significant decrease in mortality and improvement of neurologic outcomes in cardiac arrest (CA) survivors. Cardiologists and intensivists must be acquainted with the indications and technique because MTH is the only proven neuroprotective therapy for CA survivors. CA involves reinstituting meaningful cardiac activity and minimizing secondary neurologic injuries. This article focuses on MTH as the main strategy for post-CA care.

Morbidade da biópsia da próstata transretal guiada por ultrassonografia / Morbidity of transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência de complicações pós-procedimento nos pacientes submetidos a biópsia prostática transretal guiada por ultrassom no setor de intervenção do Departamento de Diagnóstico por Imagem da Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo.MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados, via contato telefônico, 132 pacientes submetidos a biópsia de próstata transretal guiada por ultrassom no período de abril/2011 a junho/2011, seguindo o protocolo padrão do nosso setor.RESULTADOS: As complicações pós-biópsia foram categorizadas em maiores e menores de acordo com a necessidade de avaliação médica adicional. Cinquenta e nove pacientes (61,8%) apresentaram complicações, e desses, grande parte (86,4%) apresentou sintomas leves e autolimitados, considerados menores. Oito pacientes (8,2%) apresentaram complicações maiores, sendo que apenas um deles necessitou de tratamento sob regime de internação hospitalar. A retenção urinária foi a complicação maior mais incidente no nosso estudo.CONCLUSÃO: Corroborando outros estudos da literatura, nosso trabalho demonstrou baixa prevalência de complicações maiores após a biópsia prostática transretal.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of postprocedural complications in patients submitted to transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy at the Unit of Intervention, Department of Imaging Diagnosis of Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Telephone interviews were conducted with 132 patients who had undergone transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy in the period from April 2011 to June 2011, according to the institution's protocol.RESULTS: Post-biopsy complications were categorized into two groups - minor and major complications, according to their need for further clinical evaluation. Complications were reported by 59 patients (61.8%), most of them (86.4%) with mild and self-limited symptoms, classified as minor complications. Eight patients (8.2%) had major complications, one of which required in-hospital treatment. Urinary retention was the major and most common complication.CONCLUSION: The present study has demonstrated a low prevalence of major complications after transrectal prostate biopsy.

Incidência de tremores após cesarianas sob raquianestesia com ou sem sufentanil intratecal: estudo aleatório / Incidence of shivering after cesarean section under spinal anesthesia with or without intrathecal sufentanil: a randomized study / Incidencia de temblores después de cesáreas bajo raquianestesia con o sin sufentanilo intratecal: estudio randomizado

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: Tremores são causa de desconforto e insatisfação das pacientes submetidas à cesariana. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o impacto do uso de sufentanil intratecal na incidência de tremores após cesarianas. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Em um ensaio clínico prospectivo aleatório encoberto, foram incluídas no estudo gestantes submetidas à cesariana sob raquianestesia. Foram excluídas as gestantes em trabalho de parto, febris, obesas, com doença hipertensiva da gravidez, com falha do bloqueio anestésico ou complicação cirúrgica. As pacientes foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos. No Grupo I foram administrados 10 mg de bupivacaína 0,5% hiperbárica associados a 80 mcg de morfina e 2,5 mcg de sufentanil. No Grupo II foram administrados 10 mg de bupivacaína 0,5% hiperbárica associados a 80 mcg de morfina. Na Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica as pacientes foram avaliadas quanto à presença de sinais de tremores por observador que desconhecia o grupo ao qual a paciente havia sido alocada. RESULTADOS: A amostra constou de 80 pacientes. Em ambos os grupos houve diminuição na temperatura axilar das pacientes após a cesariana (p < 0,001). Essa diminuição não se mostrou diferente entre os grupos (p < 0,21). No Grupo I a incidência de tremores foi de 13/40 (32,5%) pacientes e no Grupo II foi de 25/40 (62,5%) (p < 0,007) - Risco Relativo 0,53 (IC 95% 0,32-0,87). CONCLUSÕES: Sugere-se que a adição de sufentanil à bupivacaína hiperbárica e morfina durante raquianestesia para cesariana proporciona diminuição na incidência de tremores no período pós-operatório imediato.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Shivering is a cause of discomfort and dissatisfaction in patients undergoing cesarean section. The objective of this study paper was to assess the impact of intrathecal administration of sufentanil on the incidence of shivering after cesarean section. METHOD: In a prospective blinded, randomized clinical trial, pregnant women undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were enrolled. Pregnant women in labor, febrile, obese, with pregnancy-induced hypertension, anesthetic block failure or surgical complications were excluded. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups. In Group I, 10 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine combined with 80 mcg of morphine and 2.5 mcg of sufentanil were administered. In Group II, 10 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine combined with 80 mcg of morphine were administered. In the post-anesthesia care unit, patients were evaluated for signs of shivering by an investigator blinded to the patient's group allocation. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 80 patients. In both groups there was a decrease in axillary temperature of patients after cesarean section (p < 0.001). This decrease was not different between groups (p < 0.21). In Group I, the incidence of tremor was 32.5% (13/40) and in Group II it was 62.5% (25/40) (p < 0.007); RR 0.53 (CI 95% 0.32-0.87). CONCLUSIONS: It has been suggested that the addition of sufentanil to hyperbaric bupivacaine and morphine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section provides a decrease in the incidence of shivering in the immediate postoperative period.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Los temblores son provenientes de la incomodidad y de la insatisfacción de las pacientes sometidas a la cesárea. El objetivo de este estudio, fue analizar el impacto del uso de sufentanilo intratecal en la incidencia de temblores posteriores a las cesáreas. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: En un ensayo clínico prospectivo randomizado encubierto, se incluyeron en el estudio embarazadas sometidas a la cesárea bajo raquianestesia. Se excluyeron las embarazadas en trabajo de parto, febriles, obesas, con enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo, con fallo en el bloqueo anestésico o complicación quirúrgica. Las pacientes se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en dos grupos. En el Grupo I, fueron administrados 10 mg de bupivacaína al 0,5% hiperbárica asociados a 80 mcg de morfina y 2,5 mcg de sufentanilo. En el Grupo II, fueron administrados 10 mg de bupivacaína al 0,5% hiperbárica asociados a 80 mcg de morfina. En la Sala de Recuperación Postanestésica, las pacientes se evaluaron en cuanto a la presencia de signos de temblores por un observador que no conocía el grupo en el cual la paciente había sido ubicada. RESULTADOS: La muestra constó de 80 pacientes. En los dos grupos se produjo una reducción en la temperatura axilar de las pacientes después de la cesárea (p < 0,001). Esa disminución no fue diferente entre los grupos (p < 0,21). En el Grupo I la incidencia de temblores fue de 13/40 (32,5%) pacientes y en el Grupo II de 25/40 (62,5%) (p < 0,007) - Riesgo Relativo 0,53 (IC 95% 0,32-0,87). CONCLUSIONES: Sugerimos que la adición de sufentanilo a la bupivacaína hiperbárica y morfina durante la raquianestesia para la cesárea, proporciona la disminución en la incidencia de temblores en el período postoperatorio inmediato.

Incidence of shivering after cesarean section under spinal anesthesia with or without intrathecal sufentanil: a randomized study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Shivering is a cause of discomfort and dissatisfaction in patients undergoing cesarean section. The objective of this study paper was to assess the impact of intrathecal administration of sufentanil on the incidence of shivering after cesarean section. METHOD: In a prospective blinded, randomized clinical trial, pregnant women undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were enrolled. Pregnant women in labor, febrile, obese, with pregnancy-induced hypertension, anesthetic block failure or surgical complications were excluded. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups. In Group I, 10mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine combined with 80 mcg of morphine and 2.5 mcg of sufentanil were administered. In Group II, 10mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine combined with 80 mcg of morphine were administered. In the post-anesthesia care unit, patients were evaluated for signs of shivering by an investigator blinded to the patient's group allocation. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 80 patients. In both groups there was a decrease in axillary temperature of patients after cesarean section (p<0.001). This decrease was not different between groups (p<0.21). In Group I, the incidence of tremor was 32.5% (13/40) and in Group II it was 62.5% (25/40) (p<0.007); RR 0.53 (CI 95% 0.32-0.87). CONCLUSIONS: It has been suggested that the addition of sufentanil to hyperbaric bupivacaine and morphine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section provides a decrease in the incidence of shivering in the immediate postoperative period.

Dose and side effects of sublingual misoprostol for treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: what difference do they make?

BACKGROUND: Shivering and fever are common side effects of misoprostol. An unexpectedly high rate of fever above 40°C was documented among Ecuadorian women given treatment with 800mcg of sublingual misoprostol to manage postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) (36%). Much lower rates have been reported elsewhere (0-9%). METHODS: From February to July 2010, an open-label pilot study was conducted in Quito, Ecuador to determine whether a lower dose--600mcg sublingual misoprostol--would result in a lower incidence of high fever (≥40°C). Rates of shivering and fever with 600mcg sublingual regimen were compared to previously documented rates in Ecuador following PPH treatment with 800mcg sublingual misoprostol. RESULTS: The 600mcg dose resulted in a 55% lower rate of high fever compared with the 800mcg regimen (8/50; 16% vs. 58/163; 36%; relative risk 0.45 95% CI 0.23-0.88). Only one woman had severe shivering following the 600mcg dose compared with 19 women in the 800mcg cohort (2% vs. 12%; relative risk 0.17 (0.02-1.25)). No cases of delirium/altered sensorium were reported with the 600mcg dose and women's assessment of severity/tolerability of shivering and fever was better with the lower dose. CONCLUSIONS: 600mcg sublingual misoprostol was found to decrease the occurrence of high fever among Ecuadorian women when given to treat PPH. This study however was not powered to examine the efficacy of this treatment regimen and cannot be recommended at this time. Future research is needed to confirm whether other populations, outside of Quito, Ecuador, experience unusually high rates of elevated body temperature following sublingual administration of misoprostol for treatment of PPH. If indeed similar trends are found elsewhere, larger trials to confirm the efficacy of lower dosages may be justified. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trials.gov, Registry No. NCT01080846.

Dexmedetomidine for the prevention of shivering during spinal anesthesia.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on shivering during spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Sixty patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II, aged 18-50 years), scheduled for elective minor surgical operations under spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine, were enrolled. They were administered saline (group C, n = 30) or dexmedetomidine (group D, n = 30). Motor block was assessed using a Modified Bromage Scale. The presence of shivering was assessed by a blinded observer after the completion of subarachnoid drug injection. RESULTS: Hypothermia was observed in 21 patients (70%) in group D and in 20 patients (66.7%) in group C (p = 0.781). Three patients (10%) in group D and 17 patients (56.7%) in group C experienced shivering (p = 0.001). The intensity of shivering was lower in group D than in group C (p = 0.001). Time from baseline to onset of shivering was 10 (5-15) min in group D and 15 (5-45) min in group C (p = 0.207). CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine infusion in the perioperative period significantly reduced shivering associated with spinal anesthesia during minor surgical procedures without any major adverse effect during the perioperative period. Therefore, we conclude that dexmedetomidine infusion is an effective drug for preventing shivering and providing sedation in patients during spinal anesthesia.

Automated discrimination of brain pathological state attending to complex structural brain network properties: the shiverer mutant mouse case.

Neuroimaging classification procedures between normal and pathological subjects are sparse and highly dependent of an expert's clinical criterion. Here, we aimed to investigate whether possible brain structural network differences in the shiverer mouse mutant, a relevant animal model of myelin related diseases, can reflect intrinsic individual brain properties that allow the automatic discrimination between the shiverer and normal subjects. Common structural networks properties between shiverer (C3Fe.SWV Mbp(shi)/Mbp(shi), n = 6) and background control (C3HeB.FeJ, n = 6) mice are estimated and compared by means of three diffusion weighted MRI (DW-MRI) fiber tractography algorithms and a graph framework. Firstly, we found that brain networks of control group are significantly more clustered, modularized, efficient and optimized than those of the shiverer group, which presented significantly increased characteristic path length. These results are in line with previous structural/functional complex brain networks analysis that have revealed topologic differences and brain network randomization associated to specific states of human brain pathology. In addition, by means of network measures spatial representations and discrimination analysis, we show that it is possible to classify with high accuracy to which group each subject belongs, providing also a probability value of being a normal or shiverer subject as an individual anatomical classifier. The obtained correct predictions (e.g., around 91.6-100%) and clear spatial subdivisions between control and shiverer mice, suggest that there might exist specific network subspaces corresponding to specific brain disorders, supporting also the point of view that complex brain network analyses constitutes promising tools in the future creation of interpretable imaging biomarkers.