First report on quality and purity assessment of sweet almond oil in Brazilian body oils by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.

Sweet almond oil is a raw material with high-added value used in different products. Then, the aim of this study is to evaluate the quality and purity of 10 body oils based on sweet almond oils currently available in the Brazilian market. Fatty acid composition and triacylglycerol (TAG) profile were determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and atmospheric solids analysis probe mass spectrometry (ASAP-MS), respectively. The authenticity of samples was assessed using an analytical curve equation. Soybean oil was chosen as the adulterant because it is the cheapest vegetable oil commercialized in Brazil. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) in conjunction with ASAP-MS classified product samples according to the type of vegetable oil (soybean and sweet almond oils). The addition of soybean oil (8.79% to 99.70%) was confirmed in samples. However, only two samples stated in their label the presence of soybean oil as an ingredient. These findings highlight the need for better oversight by regulatory bodies to ensure that consumers acquire high quality and authentic products based on equally high quality and purity of sweet almond oils.

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Nut-Shell Liquid as Antioxidant in Bulk Soybean Oil.

Recently, natural antioxidants for the food industry have become an important focus. Cashew nut-shell liquid (CNSL) is composed of compounds that can act as natural antioxidants in food systems. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of CNSL and its components to act as natural antioxidants in a bulk oil system. CNSL was treated with calcium hydroxide to obtain two fractions [cardol/cardanols acid fraction (CCF) and anacardic acid fraction (AF)]. CNSL, FF and AF were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The protective effects of CNSL, CCF and AF were tested in terms of the peroxide value of bulk soybean oil in accelerated assays and were compared against controls with and without synthetic antioxidants (CSA and CWA). CNLS, CCF, AF and CSA were tested at 200 mg/kg soybean oil by incubation at 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C for five days. The activation energy (Ea) for the production of peroxides was calculated by using the linearized Arrhenius equation. Thin-layer chromatography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that (i) CNSL contained cardanols, anacardic acids, and cardols; (ii) CCF contained cardanols and cardols; and (iii) AF contained anacardic acids. CSA (Ea 35,355 J/mol) was the most effective antioxidant, followed by CCF (Ea 31,498 J/mol) and by CNSL (Ea 26,351 J/mol). AF exhibited pro-oxidant activity (Ea 8339 J/mol) compared with that of CWA (Ea 15,684 J/mol). Therefore, cardols and cardanols from CNSL can be used as a natural antioxidant in soybean oil.

Effects of the Seed Oil of Carica papaya Linn on Food Consumption, Adiposity, Metabolic and Inflammatory Profile of Mice Using Hyperlipidic Diet.

BACKGROUND: Studies indicate that different parts of Carica papaya Linn have nutritional properties that mean it can be used as an adjuvant for the treatment of various pathologies. METHODS: The fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from the seeds of Carica papaya Linn was evaluated by gas chromatography, and an acute toxicity test was performed. For the experiment, Swiss mice were fed a balanced or high-fat diet and supplemented with saline, soybean oil, olive oil, or papaya seed oil. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity tests were performed. After euthanasia, adiposity, glycemia, total cholesterol and fractions, insulin, resistin, leptin, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 and the histology of the liver, pancreas, and adipose tissue were evaluated. RESULTS: Papaya seed oil showed predominance of monounsaturated fatty acids in its composition. No changes were observed in the acute toxicity test. Had lower food intake in grams, and caloric intake and in the area of adipocytes without minimizing weight gain or adiposity and impacting the liver or pancreas. Reductions in total and non-HDL-c, LDL-c, and VLDL-c were also observed. The treatment had a hypoglycemic and protective effect on insulin resistance. Supplementation also resulted in higher leptin and lower insulin and cytokine resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Under these experimental conditions, papaya seed oil led to higher amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids and had hypocholesterolemic, hypotriglyceridemic, and hypoglycemic effects.

Mathematical modeling and multivariate analysis applied earliest soybean harvest associated drying and storage conditions and influences on physicochemical grain quality.

Anticipating the harvest period of soybean crops can impact on the post-harvest processes. This study aimed to evaluate early soybean harvest associated drying and storage conditions on the physicochemical soybean quality using of mathematical modeling and multivariate analysis. The soybeans were harvested with a moisture content of 18 and 23% (d.b.) and subjected to drying in a continuous dryer at 80, 100, and 120 °C. The drying kinetics and volumetric shrinkage modeling were evaluated. Posteriorly, the soybean was stored at different packages and temperatures for 8 months to evaluate the physicochemical properties. After standardizing the variables, the data were submitted to cluster analysis. For this, we use Euclidean distance and Ward's hierarchical method. Then defining the groups, we constructed a graph containing the dispersion of the values of the variables and their respective Pearson correlations for each group. The mathematical models proved suitable to describe the drying kinetics. Besides, the effective diffusivity obtained was 4.9 × 10-10 m2 s-1 promoting a volumetric shrinkage of the grains and influencing the reduction of physicochemical quality. It was observed that soybean harvested at 23% moisture, dried at 80 °C, and stored at a temperature below 23 °C maintained its oil content (25.89%), crude protein (35.69%), and lipid acidity (5.54 mL). In addition, it is to note that these correlations' magnitude was substantially more remarkable for the treatments allocated to the G2 group. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity was negatively correlated with all the physicochemical variables evaluated. Besides this, the correlation between crude protein and oil yield was positive and of high magnitude, regardless of the group formed. In conclusion, the early harvest of soybeans reduced losses in the field and increased the grain flow on the storage units. The low-temperature drying and the use of packaging technology close to environmental temperatures conserved the grain quality.

Random forest as one-class classifier and infrared spectroscopy for food adulteration detection.

This paper proposes the use of random forest for adulteration detection purposes, combining the random forest algorithm with the artificial generation of outliers from the authentic samples. This proposal was applied in two food adulteration studies: evening primrose oils using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and ground nutmeg using NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The primrose oil was adulterated with soybean, corn and sunflower oils, and the model was validated using these adulterated oils and other different oils, such as rosehip and andiroba, in pure and adulterated forms. The ground nutmeg was adulterated with cumin, commercial monosodium glutamate, soil, roasted coffee husks and wood sawdust. For the primrose oil, the proposed method presented superior performance than PLS-DA and similar performance to SIMCA and for the ground nutmeg, the random forest was superior to PLS-DA and SIMCA. Also, in both applications using the random forest, no sample was excluded from the external validation set.

Metabolizable energy values of soybean meals and soybean oil for broilers at different ages

One trial with six analyses of different diets at different ages was carried out to determine the values of apparent (AME), corrected (AMEn), true (TME) and true corrected (TMEn) metabolizable energy of SBM and SBO for broiler chickens from 1 to 42 days of age. Three Brazilian SBM samples and one SBO were evaluated by replacing part of the basal diet with the test ingredient (300 g kg-1 for SBM and 100 g kg-1 for SBO). A total of 1.368 one-day-old male Ross 308 birds were assigned into 36 metabolic cages according to weight in a completely randomized experimental design with six replicates for each test ingredient and basal diet. Six more replicates of fasted birds were used for the determination of metabolic energy and N losses at each age. Four days of adaptation followed by three days of excreta collection for energy measurement. The birds were reared until each age, in solid floor pens with a corn/soybean basal diet. The total excreta collection method was used. The AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn of SBM and SBO increased (p 0.05) was observed.

Metabolizable energy values of soybean meals and soybean oil for broilers at different ages

One trial with six analyses of different diets at different ages was carried out to determine the values of apparent (AME), corrected (AMEn), true (TME) and true corrected (TMEn) metabolizable energy of SBM and SBO for broiler chickens from 1 to 42 days of age. Three Brazilian SBM samples and one SBO were evaluated by replacing part of the basal diet with the test ingredient (300 g kg-1 for SBM and 100 g kg-1 for SBO). A total of 1.368 one-day-old male Ross 308 birds were assigned into 36 metabolic cages according to weight in a completely randomized experimental design with six replicates for each test ingredient and basal diet. Six more replicates of fasted birds were used for the determination of metabolic energy and N losses at each age. Four days of adaptation followed by three days of excreta collection for energy measurement. The birds were reared until each age, in solid floor pens with a corn/soybean basal diet. The total excreta collection method was used. The AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn of SBM and SBO increased (p < 0.05) until 28 days and after this time no difference (p >0.05) was observed.(AU)

Effect of oxidized soybean oils on oxidative status and intestinal barrier function in broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of oxidized soybean oils on the growth performance, metabolic oxidative status and intestinal barrier function of broiler chickens. A total of 240 one-day-old female broiler chickens were assigned to four dietary treatments with six replicates (cages) of 10 birds each. The dietary treatments comprised of a basal diet supplemented with 4% of: non-oxidized (fresh) soybean oil (control treatment, SNX); lowly-oxidized soybean oil (SLX) (oil heated for 10h at 200°C); moderately-oxidized soybean oil (SMX) (oil heated for 18h at 200°C); or highly-oxidized soybean oil (SHX) (oil heated for 30h at 200°C). Diets and water were offered ad libitum. The experiment was lasted 21d.The growth performance of broilers, determined from 1 to 14 d and from 1 to 21 d of age, was not affected by the dietary treatments (p>0.05). Broilers fed oxidized soybean oils presented higher corticosterone serum levels compared with those fed non-oxidized oil (p<0.05). Higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels onday14 and 21 (p<0.05), and lower total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and totalsuperoxide dismutase (T-SOD) values on day 21were obtained in the liver of broiler fed oxidized oils relative to those fed the non-oxidized oil (p<0.05). Broilers fed the highly-oxidized soybean oil had higher (p<0.05) MDA levels in the jejunum on day 21 compared with those fed non-oxidized soybean oil. Chickens fed moderately- and highly-oxidized soybean oil presented lower (p<0.05) T-SOD activity inileal mucosa compared with those fed non-oxidized soybean oil. Ileal mRNA expression of claudin-1 tended to be down regulated by the dietary addition of oxidized oils (p=0.056). The mRNA expression of interleukin-22 (IL-22) of broilers fed moderately-oxidized and highly-oxidized soybean oil was higher (p<0.05), and the mRNA expression of occludin and catalase was lower (p<0.05) than those fed non-oxidized soybean oil. However, the morphology of the jejunal and ileal...(AU)

Effect of oxidized soybean oils on oxidative status and intestinal barrier function in broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of oxidized soybean oils on the growth performance, metabolic oxidative status and intestinal barrier function of broiler chickens. A total of 240 one-day-old female broiler chickens were assigned to four dietary treatments with six replicates (cages) of 10 birds each. The dietary treatments comprised of a basal diet supplemented with 4% of: non-oxidized (fresh) soybean oil (control treatment, SNX); lowly-oxidized soybean oil (SLX) (oil heated for 10h at 200°C); moderately-oxidized soybean oil (SMX) (oil heated for 18h at 200°C); or highly-oxidized soybean oil (SHX) (oil heated for 30h at 200°C). Diets and water were offered ad libitum. The experiment was lasted 21d.The growth performance of broilers, determined from 1 to 14 d and from 1 to 21 d of age, was not affected by the dietary treatments (p>0.05). Broilers fed oxidized soybean oils presented higher corticosterone serum levels compared with those fed non-oxidized oil (p<0.05). Higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels onday14 and 21 (p<0.05), and lower total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and totalsuperoxide dismutase (T-SOD) values on day 21were obtained in the liver of broiler fed oxidized oils relative to those fed the non-oxidized oil (p<0.05). Broilers fed the highly-oxidized soybean oil had higher (p<0.05) MDA levels in the jejunum on day 21 compared with those fed non-oxidized soybean oil. Chickens fed moderately- and highly-oxidized soybean oil presented lower (p<0.05) T-SOD activity inileal mucosa compared with those fed non-oxidized soybean oil. Ileal mRNA expression of claudin-1 tended to be down regulated by the dietary addition of oxidized oils (p=0.056). The mRNA expression of interleukin-22 (IL-22) of broilers fed moderately-oxidized and highly-oxidized soybean oil was higher (p<0.05), and the mRNA expression of occludin and catalase was lower (p<0.05) than those fed non-oxidized soybean oil. However, the morphology of the jejunal and ileal...

Quantification of anti-nutritional factors and their correlations with protein and oil in soybeans.

Soybeans contain about 30% carbohydrate, mainly consisting of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and oligosaccharides. NSP are not hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals. These NSP negatively affect the development of these animals, especially the soluble fraction. This work aimed to establish a method to quantify NSP in soybeans, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and to estimate correlations between NSP, oligosaccharides, protein and oil. Sucrose, raffinose + stachyose, soluble and insoluble NSP contents were determined by HPLC. Oil and protein contents were determined by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The soluble PNAs content showed no significant correlation with protein, oil, sucrose and raffinose + stachyose contents, but oligosaccharides showed a negative correlation with protein content. These findings open up the possibility of developing cultivars with low soluble NSP content, aiming to develop feed for monogastric animals.

Quantification of anti-nutritional factors and their correlations with protein and oil in soybeans

ABSTRACT Soybeans contain about 30% carbohydrate, mainly consisting of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and oligosaccharides. NSP are not hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals. These NSP negatively affect the development of these animals, especially the soluble fraction. This work aimed to establish a method to quantify NSP in soybeans, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and to estimate correlations between NSP, oligosaccharides, protein and oil. Sucrose, raffinose + stachyose, soluble and insoluble NSP contents were determined by HPLC. Oil and protein contents were determined by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The soluble PNAs content showed no significant correlation with protein, oil, sucrose and raffinose + stachyose contents, but oligosaccharides showed a negative correlation with protein content. These findings open up the possibility of developing cultivars with low soluble NSP content, aiming to develop feed for monogastric animals.

Replacing soybean oil with increasing levels of soybean acid oil in diets of coturnix quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) and the effects on egg quality

ABSTRACT The effects of increasing levels of soybean acid oil in diets of quails on the quality of eggs were evaluated over a period of 56 days. A completely randomized design with five treatment levels of soybean acid oil (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8%) as a replacer for soybean oil and eight replicates of two quails each were used. A total of 240 fresh eggs were used for quality analysis, and 400 eggs were stored at 23ºC over a period of 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days for analysis of shelf-life. Polynomial regression and ANOVA with repeated measurements and Tukey´s tests were used. Soybean acid oil linearly increased the intensity of red (a* = -5.26 + 0.14 x, R2 = 0.89, P = 0.01) and yellow (b* = 42.32 + 0.44 x, R2 = 0.88 P = 0.01). All other variables of egg quality were not affected by the treatments, with the exception of sensory attributes, such as odor and aftertaste, which were more pronounced with soybean acid oil. In conclusion, soybean acid oil affects the intensity of yellow and red color of the yolk. Trained assessors detected differences in odor and aftertaste of eggs when soybean acid oil was included in the quail diet.

Replacing soybean oil with increasing levels of soybean acid oil in diets of coturnix quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) and the effects on egg quality.

The effects of increasing levels of soybean acid oil in diets of quails on the quality of eggs were evaluated over a period of 56 days. A completely randomized design with five treatment levels of soybean acid oil (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8%) as a replacer for soybean oil and eight replicates of two quails each were used. A total of 240 fresh eggs were used for quality analysis, and 400 eggs were stored at 23ºC over a period of 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days for analysis of shelf-life. Polynomial regression and ANOVA with repeated measurements and Tukey´s tests were used. Soybean acid oil linearly increased the intensity of red (a* = -5.26 + 0.14 x, R2 = 0.89, P = 0.01) and yellow (b* = 42.32 + 0.44 x, R2 = 0.88 P = 0.01). All other variables of egg quality were not affected by the treatments, with the exception of sensory attributes, such as odor and aftertaste, which were more pronounced with soybean acid oil. In conclusion, soybean acid oil affects the intensity of yellow and red color of the yolk. Trained assessors detected differences in odor and aftertaste of eggs when soybean acid oil was included in the quail diet.

Desempenho e metabolizabilidade de dietas em codornas alimentadas com níveis crescentes de óleo ácido de soja / Performance and metabolizability of diets in quails fed with increasing levels of soybean acid oil

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do óleo ácido de soja (OAS) sobre coeficientes de extinção específica da oxidação (K232 e K270) e a metabolizabilidade das dietas e o desempenho produtivo em codornas. Um total de 80 codornas de duplo propósito foram usadas num experimento com duração de 56 dias. Foi utilizado um delineamento completamente ao acaso com cinco níveis de tratamentos para OAS (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%), com oito repetições de duas aves cada, como substituto ao óleo de soja refinado (OS) incluído até um nível máximo de 8% na formulação da dieta. O índice de acidez e os coeficientes K232 e K270 mostraram um efeito linear crescente (P<0,001) com o aumento dos níveis de inclusão de OAS na formulação das dietas. Os coeficientes K232 e K270 não foram alterados com o armazenamento das rações durante 7 dias. A suplementação com OAS durante 56 dias não afetou o desempenho produtivo das codornas. Os resultados não mostraram efeitos do OAS sobre a metabolizabilidade de ingredientes, exceto para gordura bruta que exibiu um efeito quadrático decrescente até o nível de 50% de substituição do óleo de soja por OAS (y= 94,31-1,186x+0,018x2, R2= 0,28, P= 0,02). Em conclusão, a inclusão de até 8% de OAS na dieta durante um período curto de tempo (56 dias) não produz efeitos adversos no desempenho produtivo de codornas.(AU)

This study evaluated the effects of soybean acid oil (OAS) on oxidation products specific extinctions coefficients (K232 and K270) and metabolizability of diets and productive performance in quails. A total of 80 dual-purpose quails were used in a 56-days experiment. A completely randomised design with five treatment levels of OAS (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) as a dietary replacer for soybean oil (OS) included up to 8% in the diet formulation were used, with eight replicates of two birds each. The acidity index and K232 and K270 coefficients showed a crescent linear effect (P<0.001), with increasing levels of OAS in the diet formulation. There were no changes in K232 and K270 values during 7-days of diet storage. Supplementation with OAS during 56 days has no effect on quail's productive performance. The results showed no effects of OAS on metabolizability of ingredients except for crude fat that exhibited a quadratic effect that was decrescent to the level of 50% of OAS supplementation as soybean oil replacer (y= 94.31-1.186x+0.018x2, R2= 0.28, P= 0.02). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of OAS up to 8% in the diet during a short period of time (56-days) produce no adverse effects on productive performance of quails.(AU)

Desempenho e metabolizabilidade de dietas em codornas alimentadas com níveis crescentes de óleo ácido de soja / Performance and metabolizability of diets in quails fed with increasing levels of soybean acid oil

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do óleo ácido de soja (OAS) sobre coeficientes de extinção específica da oxidação (K232 e K270) e a metabolizabilidade das dietas e o desempenho produtivo em codornas. Um total de 80 codornas de duplo propósito foram usadas num experimento com duração de 56 dias. Foi utilizado um delineamento completamente ao acaso com cinco níveis de tratamentos para OAS (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%), com oito repetições de duas aves cada, como substituto ao óleo de soja refinado (OS) incluído até um nível máximo de 8% na formulação da dieta. O índice de acidez e os coeficientes K232 e K270 mostraram um efeito linear crescente (P<0,001) com o aumento dos níveis de inclusão de OAS na formulação das dietas. Os coeficientes K232 e K270 não foram alterados com o armazenamento das rações durante 7 dias. A suplementação com OAS durante 56 dias não afetou o desempenho produtivo das codornas. Os resultados não mostraram efeitos do OAS sobre a metabolizabilidade de ingredientes, exceto para gordura bruta que exibiu um efeito quadrático decrescente até o nível de 50% de substituição do óleo de soja por OAS (y= 94,31-1,186x+0,018x2, R2= 0,28, P= 0,02). Em conclusão, a inclusão de até 8% de OAS na dieta durante um período curto de tempo (56 dias) não produz efeitos adversos no desempenho produtivo de codornas.(AU)

This study evaluated the effects of soybean acid oil (OAS) on oxidation products specific extinctions coefficients (K232 and K270) and metabolizability of diets and productive performance in quails. A total of 80 dual-purpose quails were used in a 56-days experiment. A completely randomised design with five treatment levels of OAS (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) as a dietary replacer for soybean oil (OS) included up to 8% in the diet formulation were used, with eight replicates of two birds each. The acidity index and K232 and K270 coefficients showed a crescent linear effect (P<0.001), with increasing levels of OAS in the diet formulation. There were no changes in K232 and K270 values during 7-days of diet storage. Supplementation with OAS during 56 days has no effect on quail's productive performance. The results showed no effects of OAS on metabolizability of ingredients except for crude fat that exhibited a quadratic effect that was decrescent to the level of 50% of OAS supplementation as soybean oil replacer (y= 94.31-1.186x+0.018x2, R2= 0.28, P= 0.02). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of OAS up to 8% in the diet during a short period of time (56-days) produce no adverse effects on productive performance of quails.(AU)

Development, validation and application of an UFLC-DAD-ESI-MS method for determination of carbonyl compounds in soybean oil during continuous heating.

A method was developed for the extraction and UFLC-DAD-ESI-MS analysis of carbonyl compounds (CCs) in oils heated to 180°C. Different parameters were evaluated, and the best results were 1.5ml of acetonitrile as the extraction solvent, manual stirring for 3min and 30min of sonication time. The method was validated using soybean oil samples spiked with CCs at concentration levels ranging from 0.2 to 10.0µg.mL-1. The average recoveries in the lowest concentration level ranged from 70.7% to 85.0%. Detection limits ranged from 0.03 to 0.1µg.mL-1, and the quantification limit was 0.2µg.mL-1 for all compounds. When the method was applied to samples of heated oil, the CCs identified were 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, 2,4-decadienal, 2,4-heptadienal, 4-hydroxy -2-hexenal, acrolein, 2-heptenal, 2-octenal, 4,5-epoxy-2-decadal, 2-decenal, and 2-undecenal, with the first three mentioned presenting the highest mean concentrations after heating, specifically 36.9, 34.8 and 22.6µg.g-1 of oil, respectively.

Effects of lipid sources, lysophospholipids and organic acids in maize-based broiler diets on nutrient balance, liver concentration of fat-soluble vitamins, jejunal microbiota and performance.

Three experiments with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement were conducted to evaluate maize-based diets for broilers containing different lipid sources [soybean oil (S) or beef tallow (T)] supplemented with or without lysophospholipids and organic acids on nutrient balance (Experiment I, evaluation period of 10-14 d), on liver concentration of fat-soluble vitamins, on jejunal microbiota (Experiment II, sampling at d 14) and on performance (Experiment III, accumulated periods of 1-14, 1-21 and 1-42 d). A total of 1344 male chicks were used. In each experiment, the birds were allotted in a completely randomised design with 8 replications. The lysophospholipids were mainly composed of lysolecithins and the organic acids blend was constituted by lactic (40%), acetic (7%) and butyric acids (1%). An interaction between lipid sources and lysophospholipids was observed on faecal apparent digestibility of lipid (ADL), which improved with lysophospholipids addition in T diets. Broilers fed on S had higher ADL and faecal apparent digestibility of nitrogen-corrected gross energy (ADGEN). It was not possible to demonstrate a significant treatment effect on the liver concentration of vitamins A and E, even with the differences in fatty acid profile between S and T. Enterobacteria values were below the detection threshold. Lysophospholipid supplementation reduced gram-positive cocci in T-fed birds. S diets promoted lower total anaerobe counts compared with T diets, independent of additives. S diets increased BW gain and feed:gain ratio in all evaluation periods. Lysophospholipids and organic acids improved feed:gain ratio at 1-21 d in T diets. Furthermore, main effects were observed for lysophospholipids and organic acids at 1-42 d, which increased BW gain and improved feed:gain ratio, respectively. No positive interactions between additives were found.

Antioxidative and prooxidative effects in food lipids and synergism with α-tocopherol of açaí seed extracts and grape rachis extracts.

Extracts of açaí seed and of grape rachis alone or in combination with α-tocopherol were evaluated as antioxidants in (i) bulk soybean oil, (ii) soybean oil liposomes and (iii) soybean-oil/water emulsions. The extracts made with 57% aqueous ethanol showed an antioxidant activity not dependent on concentration for grape rachis extracts and a concentration-dependent prooxidative activity for açaí seed extracts in bulk soybean oil. Both the extracts, however, protected liposome suspensions and oil/water emulsions against lipid oxidation. Synergism was demonstrated when extracts were combined with α-tocopherol, effects explained by the solubility of extract components in the water-phase and of α-tocopherol in the lipid-phase. Phenolic profiling of the extracts by U-HPLC-ESI-LTQ-MS was used to identify active antioxidants. Açaí seed and grape rachis extracts served as good sources of procyanidins and flavan-3-ols, imparted high antioxidant activity especially when combined with α-tocopherol and are suggested for protection of food oil/water emulsions.

Using near infrared spectroscopy to classify soybean oil according to expiration date.

A rapid and non-destructive methodology is proposed for the screening of edible vegetable oils according to conservation state expiration date employing near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemometric tools. A total of fifty samples of soybean vegetable oil, of different brands andlots, were used in this study; these included thirty expired and twenty non-expired samples. The oil oxidation was measured by peroxide index. NIR spectra were employed in raw form and preprocessed by offset baseline correction and Savitzky-Golay derivative procedure, followed by PCA exploratory analysis, which showed that NIR spectra would be suitable for the classification task of soybean oil samples. The classification models were based in SPA-LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis coupled with Successive Projection Algorithm) and PLS-DA (Discriminant Analysis by Partial Least Squares). The set of samples (50) was partitioned into two groups of training (35 samples: 15 non-expired and 20 expired) and test samples (15 samples 5 non-expired and 10 expired) using sample-selection approaches: (i) Kennard-Stone, (ii) Duplex, and (iii) Random, in order to evaluate the robustness of the models. The obtained results for the independent test set (in terms of correct classification rate) were 96% and 98% for SPA-LDA and PLS-DA, respectively, indicating that the NIR spectra can be used as an alternative to evaluate the degree of oxidation of soybean oil samples.

Acúmulo de óleo em sementes de soja cultivadas in vitro e in vivo / Oil accumulation in soybean seeds grown in vitro and in vivo

A semente de soja apresenta, cerca de 20% da sua massa seca em óleo e 40% em proteína. Esse teor de óleo pode sofrer influência perante as condições ambientais durante o enchimento das sementes, produzindo modificações na sua composição bioquímica. Em condições de cultivo in vivo é difícil controlar esse fator. Nesse sentido, o cultivo in vitro vem auxiliar a pesquisa, pois a semente fica isolada da planta mãe em ambiente controlado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores de óleo das cultivares BRS 184 e BRS 282 cultivadas in vitro e in vivo. O cultivo in vivo ocorreu em casa de vegetação em vasos com a coleta de sementes no estádio R8, e o cultivo in vitro, em laboratório, utilizando sementes imaturas removidas da planta mãe no estádio R5 e cultivadas em meio de cultura líquido contendo 20 mM, 40 mM e 60 mM de glutamina, e concentração de sacarose de 204,5 mM, com agitação constante por oito dias à temperatura de 25 ± 0,2 ºC. Decorrido o tempo para o cultivo in vitro foi avaliado o ganho de massa de matéria fresca das sementes, e após, em ambos os experimentos, foi determinado o teor de óleo para o cultivo em R5, e para R8. O acúmulo de óleo nas sementes de soja apresenta interações complexas, variando entre genótipo e condições ambientais tanto no cultivo in vivo quanto in vitro. Há correlação positiva entre ganho de massa e teor de óleo nas sementes.(AU)

The soybean seed presents around 20% of oil and 40% of protein. These levels, during the filling of the seeds, can be influenced by environmental conditions, where are produced changes on its biochemistry composition. The higher temperatures promote the accumulation of protein, and the moderate temperatures favor the oil accumulation. Under in vivo growing conditions the control of these factors is difficult. The in vitro procedure can help the research, because the seed can be isolated from the mother plant in controlled environment. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the oil content of BRS184 and BRS282in vitro and in vivo. The in vivo procedure, occurred in the greenhouse, with 3plantsper potand seed collectionin R8, and in vitro procedure, developed in the laboratory, where the immature seeds were taken from the mother plant in R5 stage, cultured with a liquid culture medium containing 20 mM, 40 mM and 60 mM glutamine, with a constant agitation, during eight days at 25 ± 0.2 C, and sucrose concentration of 204.5 mM. After the in vitro cultivation time for, the fresh weight gain of the seeds was evaluated, and after both experiments, was determined by the oil content for cultivation in R5, and R8. The accumulation of oil in soybean seeds presents a complex interaction, ranging between the genotype and the environmental conditions, under in vivo and in vitro cultivation. There is a positive correlation between production and oil content in seeds.(AU)