Factores asociados a morbimortalidad en pacientes pediátricos asmáticos atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé 2014 / Factors associated with mortality and morbidity in asthmatic pediatric patients treated at the Teaching National Hospital Mother Child San Bartolome 2014

Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a morbimortalidad en pacientes pediátricos asmáticos atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño "San Bartolomé" 2014. Metodología: Estudio observacional, analítico-comparativo, prospectivo de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 120 pacientes pediátricos asmáticos menores de 4 años atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño "San Bartolomé", los cuales se dividieron en dos grupos: grupo de estudio: pacientes con morbimortalidad y grupo comparativo: pacientes sin morbimortalidad. Para el análisis descriptivo de las variables cuantitativas se estimó medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión, para las variables cualitativas se utilizó frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Además, para el análisis inferencial se emplearon las pruebas Chi-cuadrado y t de student, con un nivel de significancia del 5 por ciento. Resultados: Dentro de las características de los pacientes pediátricos asmáticos menores de 4 años, se encontró que el 28,3 por ciento presentó alguna morbimortalidad, entre ellas la más frecuente fue neumonía (27,5 por ciento), seguido de insuficiencia respiratoria (9,2 por ciento), crisis asmática severa (5,8 por ciento), entre otras. La edad media de los pacientes con morbimortalidad fue 2,24±0,61 años con predominio del sexo masculino (55,9 por ciento), similar característica se encontró en los pacientes sin morbimortalidad. Respecto a los antecedentes personales, se comprobó que los pacientes con morbimortalidad presentaron menor periodo de lactancia que los niños sin morbimortalidad, siendo esta diferencia significativa (p=0,001); además respecto a los antecedentes se observó asociación entre el antecedente familiar de asma y la presencia de morbimortalidad en el niño (p=0,002). Un hallazgo importante a mencionar fue que solo los pacientes asmáticos con morbimortalidad estuvieron expuestos a cambios climáticos (20 por ciento) y presencia de animales domésticos (35,3...

Objective: To determine the factors associated with morbimortality in pediatric patients with asthma treated at the "San Bartolome" Teaching Mother Child National Hospital. Methodology: Observational, analytical-comparative, prospective and cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 120 asthmatic pediatric patients under 4 years treated at the "San Bartolome" Teaching Mother Child National Hospital, which were divided into two groups: group study: patients with morbidity and comparison group: patients without mortality. For the descriptive analysis of quantitative variables were estimated measures of central tendency and dispersion, for qualitative variables were used absolute and relative frequencies. Also, for the inferential analysis, the Chi-square and t student test, with a significance level of 5 per cent was used. Results: Among characteristics of asthmatic pediatric patients under 4 years, was observed that 28.3 per cent had some morbimortality between the most frequent were pneumonia (27.5 per cent), followed by acute respiratory failure (9.2 per cent), severe asthma attack (5.8 per cent), among others. The mean age of patients with morbimortality was 2.24±0.61 years old with predominance of males (55.9 per cent), similar characteristic was found in patients without morbimortality. Regarding personal history, it was found that patients with morbimortality had lower breastfeeding than children without morbimortality, with significant difference (p=0.001), also about history, was observed association between family history of asthma and presence of morbimortality in child (p=0.002). An important finding was that only asthmatic patients with morbimortality were exposed to climate change (20 per cent) and domestic animals (35.3 per cent). When analyzing the clinical features of asthma was found that sneezing (p=0.001), nasal congestion (p=0.010), fever (p=0.002), vomiting (p=0.018) and previous hospitalizations (p<0.001) were significantly associated...

Fatal and near-fatal asthma in children: the critical care perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical course, therapies, and outcomes of children with fatal and near-fatal asthma admitted to pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective chart abstraction across the 8 tertiary care PICUs of the Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network (CPCCRN). Inclusion criteria were children (aged 1-18 years) admitted between 2005 and 2009 (inclusive) for asthma who received ventilation (near-fatal) or died (fatal). Data collected included medications, ventilator strategies, concomitant therapies, demographic information, and risk variables. RESULTS: Of the 261 eligible children, 33 (13%) had no previous history of asthma, 218 (84%) survived with no known complications, and 32 (12%) had complications. Eleven (4%) died, 10 of whom had experienced cardiac arrest before admission. Patients intubated outside the PICU had a shorter duration of ventilation (median, 25 hours vs 84 hours; P < .001). African-Americans were disproportionately represented among the intubated children and had a shorter duration of intubation. Barotrauma occurred in 15 children (6%) before admission. Pharmacologic therapy was highly variable, with similar outcomes. CONCLUSION: Of the children ventilated in the CPCCRN PICUs, 96% survived to hospital discharge. Most of the children who died experienced cardiac arrest before admission. Intubation outside the PICU was correlated with shorter duration of ventilation. Complications of barotrauma and neuromyopathy were uncommon. Practice patterns varied widely among the CPCCRN sites.

The study of severe asthma in Latin America and Spain (1994-2004): characteristics of patients hospitalized with acute severe asthma.

OBJECTIVE: Studies assessing the characteristics and management of patients hospitalized with asthma have been limited to a small number of facilities and have evaluated short time periods. The present study evaluated long-term changes among hospitalized asthma patients at a large number of facilities. METHODS: This was a retrospective, hospital-based observational case series, designated the Study of Severe Asthma in Latin America and Spain, which was conducted in Spain and in eight Latin-American countries. We reviewed the hospital records of 3,038 patients (age range, 15-69 years) hospitalized with acute severe asthma at one of nineteen tertiary-care hospitals in 1994, 1999 and 2004. RESULTS: Over time, the use of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta2 agonists increased significantly, whereas the use of theophylline as a controller medication decreased. The utilization of pulmonary function tests also increased. There was a significant reduction in the mean hospital stay (8.5 days, 7.4 days and 7.1 days in 1994, 1999 and 2004, respectively, p = 0.0001) and a significant increase in the mean of the lowest arterial pH at hospital admission. In contrast, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of cases in which PEF was determined in the emergency room (48.6% in 1994 vs. 43.5% in 2004, p = 0.0001). We found the quality of asthma management and care to be generally better in Spain than in Latin America. CONCLUSIONS: Although there have been certain improvements in the management of asthma between severe exacerbations and during hospitalization, asthma management remains suboptimal in Spain and, especially, in Latin America.

The study of severe asthma in Latin America and Spain (1994-2004): characteristics of patients hospitalized with acute severe asthma / Estudo sobre Asma Grave na América Latina e Espanha (1994-2004): características dos pacientes hospitalizados com asma aguda grave

Objective: Studies assessing the characteristics and management of patients hospitalized with asthma have been limited to a small number of facilities and have evaluated short time periods. The present study evaluated long-term changes among hospitalized asthma patients at a large number of facilities. Methods: This was a retrospective, hospital-based observational case series, designated the Study of Severe Asthma in Latin America and Spain, which was conducted in Spain and in eight Latin-American countries. We reviewed the hospital records of 3,038 patients (age range, 15-69 years) hospitalized with acute severe asthma at one of nineteen tertiary-care hospitals in 1994, 1999 and 2004. Results: Over time, the use of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β2 agonists increased significantly, whereas the use of theophylline as a controller medication decreased. The utilization of pulmonary function tests also increased. There was a significant reduction in the mean hospital stay (8.5 days, 7.4 days and 7.1 days in 1994, 1999 and 2004, respectively, p = 0.0001) and a significant increase in the mean of the lowest arterial pH at hospital admission. In contrast, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of cases in which PEF was determined in the emergency room (48.6% in 1994 vs. 43.5% in 2004, p = 0.0001). We found the quality of asthma management and care to be generally better in Spain than in Latin America. Conclusions: Although there have been certain improvements in the management of asthma between severe exacerbations and during hospitalization, asthma management remains suboptimal in Spain and, especially, in Latin America.

Objetivo: Estudos que avaliem as características e o gerenciamento de pacientes asmáticos hospitalizados têm sido limitados a um número pequeno de serviços e a curtos períodos de duração. O presente estudo avaliou alteraçõesde longo prazo de pacientes asmáticos hospitalizados em um grande número de serviços. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo,observacional, de base hospitalar, denominado Estudo sobre Asma Grave na América Latina e Espanha, realizado na Espanha e em oito países da América Latina. Foi realizada uma revisão dos registros hospitalares de 3.038 pacientes (variação de idade, 15-69 anos) hospitalizados com asma aguda grave em um dos 19 hospitais terciários em 1994, 1999 e 2004. Resultados: Ao longo do tempo, o uso de corticosteroides inalatórios e de β2-agonistas aumentou significativamente, ao passo que o uso de teofilina, como medicação de controle, decaiu. A utilização de testes de função pulmonar também aumentou. Houve uma redução significativa da média do tempo de internação (8,5 dias, 7,4 dias e 7,1 dias em 1994, 1999 e 2004, respectivamente; p = 0,0001) e um aumento significativo da média do menor pH arterial na admissão. Em contrapartida, houve uma diminuição significativa na proporção de casos submetidos ao PFE no pronto-socorro (48,6% em 1994 vs. 43,5% em 2004; p = 0,0001). O tratamento e o gerenciamento da asma foram, de forma geral, melhores na Espanha que na América Latina. Conclusões: Embora tenha havido avanços no gerenciamento da asma entre exacerbações graves e durante a hospitalização, esse gerenciamento continua subotimizado na Espanha e, em especial, na América Latina.

Inflammatory cell mapping of the respiratory tract in fatal asthma.

BACKGROUND: The site and distribution of inflammation in the airways of asthmatic patients has been largely investigated. Inflammatory cells are distributed in both large and small airways in asthma. It has been demonstrated that distal lung inflammation in asthma may significantly contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease. The upper airways have also been implicated in the overall asthmatic inflammation. Although it is now accepted that lung inflammation is not restricted to the intrapulmonary airways in asthma, little is known about cell distribution in the other lung compartments and their relation to the intrapulmonary airways. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to map the inflammatory process in fatal asthma (FA), from the upper airways to the lung parenchyma. METHODS: Eosinophil, neutrophil, mast cell and lymphocyte content were determined in nasal mucosa, the trachea, intrapulmonary airways and parenchyma (peribronchiolar and distal) of 20 patients with FA and 10 controls. RESULTS: Eosinophil content was higher in all studied areas in FA compared with controls (P<0.02). Mast cell content was higher in the outer area of larger airways, small membranous bronchioles and in peribronchiolar parenchyma of FA compared with controls (P<0.04). CD3+, CD4+and CD20+cells showed increased content in FA intrapulmonary airways compared with controls (P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between CD4+cell content in nasal mucosa and larger airways in asthmatics. Increased neutrophil content was observed only in peribronchiolar parenchyma of FA (P=0.028). CONCLUSION: Eosinophils present a widespread distribution within the respiratory tract in FA, from the nasal mucosa to the distal lung. The outer wall of small membranous bronchioles is the main site of inflammatory changes in FA. There is a localized distribution of alveolar inflammation at the peribronchiolar region for mast cells and neutrophils. Our findings provide further evidence of the importance of the lung periphery in the pathophysiology of FA.

Evaluación y pronóstico del paciente con crisis asmática severa en la emergencia / Evaluation and prognosis of patients with acute severe asthma in the emergency

Los altos niveles de prevalencia del asma a nivel mundial y en Latinoamérica, así como el incremento de su morbimortalidad en las últimas décadas, constituyen un importante problema de salud pública. La evaluación y el tratamiento del paciente asmático en crisis en el área de emergencia es un eslabón fundamental dentro de la estrategia global de manejo de la enfermedad. Este artículo intenta analizar el tema realizando una revisión no sistemática con una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva a la que se incorporan trabajos de los autores en diversos tópicos. Ello significa diez años de investigación clínica en un servicio de emergencia sobre unos 500 pacientes asmáticos con exacerbación aguda. Se identifican los elementos clínicos y de función pulmonar que tienen valor pronóstico. Se recomienda el uso de medidas objetivas de la obstrucción de vía aérea para establecer criterios de predicción. Se dan parámetros concretos y se crea un índice de severidad que ayude en la operativa diaria(AU)

Evaluación y pronóstico del paciente con crisis asmática severa en la emergencia / Evaluation and prognosis of patients with acute severe asthma in the emergency

Los altos niveles de prevalencia del asma a nivel mundial y en Latinoamérica, así como el incremento de su morbimortalidad en las últimas décadas, constituyen un importante problema de salud pública. La evaluación y el tratamiento del paciente asmático en crisis en el área de emergencia es un eslabón fundamental dentro de la estrategia global de manejo de la enfermedad. Este artículo intenta analizar el tema realizando una revisión no sistemática con una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva a la que se incorporan trabajos de los autores en diversos tópicos. Ello significa diez años de investigación clínica en un servicio de emergencia sobre unos 500 pacientes asmáticos con exacerbación aguda. Se identifican los elementos clínicos y de función pulmonar que tienen valor pronóstico. Se recomienda el uso de medidas objetivas de la obstrucción de vía aérea para establecer criterios de predicción. Se dan parámetros concretos y se crea un índice de severidad que ayude en la operativa diaria

Mortalidade relacionada à asma aguda grave em adultos e seu acesso às unidades de tratamento intensivo de Caxias do Sul: estudo comparativo entre os anos de 1992 e 1996 / The mortality rate for acute asthma in adults patients and their accessibility to the intensive care units in the city of Caxias do Sul: a comparative study between the years of 1992 and 1996

O objetivo do presente trabalho é verificar a taxa de mortalidade por asma aguda grave (AAG) em adultos e identificar se houve acesso destes pacientes às unidades de tratamento intensivo (UTIs) de Caxias do Sul. Para tal, os arquivos médicos de todos os hospitais de Caxias do Sul foram retrospectivamente revisados para identificar os pacientes adultos tratados para AAG e a mortalidade por AAG nas UTIs nos anos de 1992 e 1996. Tambem foram revisados os registros de óbito relacionados à asma da Divisäo de Informática e Dados da Saúde da Secretaria de Saúde e Meio Ambiente do Rio Grande do Sul (SSMA-RS) e a populaçäo estimada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) para os anos estudados. Em 1992, foram atendidos cinco pacientes com AAG em UTIs, constatando-se mortalidade zero; 13 morreram registrando-se a taxa de mortalidade por AAG de 4,4:100.000. Em 1996, 11 pacientes foram atendidos com AAG em UTIs, registrando-se um óbito; a taxa de mortalidade por AAG foi de 1,9;100.000. Concluiu-se que a taxa de mortalidade por AAG em Caxias do Sul, nos anos estudados, assemelhou-se aos dados relatados na literatura mundial. No entanto, os pacientes que morreram, em sua maioria, näo tiveram acesso às UTIs. É necessário que o paciente asmático tenha facilitado seu acesso às salas de emergências e às UTIs.

Asma casi fatal (NFA) / Near fatal asthma

Se presenta un paciente de 50 años de edad con diagnóstico de asma casi fatal. Como único antecedente previo de su enfermedad se constata la utilización esporádica de fenoterol, consumiendo en los últimos meses 1 canister cada 15 días, sin control médico previo. Se realiza una revisión de Asma Casi Fatal

Asma casi fatal (NFA) / Near fatal asthma

Se presenta un paciente de 50 años de edad con diagnóstico de asma casi fatal. Como único antecedente previo de su enfermedad se constata la utilización esporádica de fenoterol, consumiendo en los últimos meses 1 canister cada 15 días, sin control médico previo. Se realiza una revisión de Asma Casi Fatal (AU)

[Artificial respiration in status asthmaticus. Five years experience in an intensive care unit]. / Ventilacion mecanica en el estado de mal asmatico. Experiencia de 5 años en la unidad de cuidados intensivos.

A restrospective study was performed on patients presenting with status asthmaticus and admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the Provincial Clinical and Surgical Teaching hospital, Pinar del Río, within a 5-year period and who underwent mechanical ventilation representing 32.65% of the overall number of admissions in the ICU. Fifty seven percent of the patients were women with an average age of 48 years. The mean intubation time was 60 hours. At admission, the patient's clinical condition was assessed, as well as the cause for intubation and ventilatory parameters that are being used up to date. Complications and the mortality rate which increased to 9.38% were also analyzed. All results were compared to the ones from other authors, as well as from the national and international literature.

Sepsis y antibioticoterapia en el estado de mal asmático: experiencias en una unidad de terapia intensiva / Sepsis and antibiotic therapy in asthmaticus status: experience at an intensive care unit

El estudio comprendió 35 pacientes fallecidos, diagnosticados con el estado de mal asmático. Se comparó la muestra con igual número de pacientes egresados vivos que presentaban la mismas características generales. Se analizó tipo y puerta de entrada de la sepsis, influencia del período de intubación en la aparición de infección y eficacia de la antibioticoterapia en ambos grupos. La bronconeumonía fue la infección más frecuente en los fallecidos, proporcional al tiempo de intubación. En este grupo se utilizaron los antibióticos en mayor cuantía que en los egresados vivos y se demostró su inefectividad como medicación profilática