Produção de corpos generificados em um bloco cirúrgico: uma análise pelo trabalho como atividade / Production of bodies generated in a surgical ward: an analysis by work as an activity / Producción de cuerpos generados en uma unidad quirúrgica: una análisis por trabajo como actividad

Neste artigo, analisamos o trabalho em saúde em um bloco cirúrgico a partir do referencialteóricoda Clínica da Atividade, atentando para a especificidade da performatividade do gênero por entre esta experiência. Para tanto, produzimos um percurso transverso do ponto devista do método, operando por entre Clínica da Atividade e pistas do Método Cartográfico, realizando, ainda, articulações com a proposta praxiográfica. As análises apontam que, apesar das fortes prescrições que compõem o trabalho em um bloco cirúrgico, ostrabalhadores e trabalhadoras problematizam as normas de trabalho e de gênero nas situações laborais, produzindo estilizações. É na atividade que as normas de trabalho, e também de gênero, são colocadas em questão abrindo brechas e críticas a modelos regulatórios, e também violentos, que ancoram, por vezes, as práticas em saúde. A partir dessa pesquisa, apontamos a importância de produzir estudos relativos à produção do gênero em meio aos processos operativos do trabalho. (AU)

In this article, we analyzed the health work in surgical ward based on the theoretical references of the Clinic of Activity, taking into account specificity of gender performativity among this experience. For this purpose, we produced a transversal path from the point of view of the method, operating methodologically between the Clinic of Activity and clues from the Cartographic Method, also performing articulations with the praxiographic. The analyzes point out that, despite the strong prescriptions that make up the work in surgical ward, the workers problematize labor and gender norms in work situations, producing stylizations. It's in the activity that work norms, as well as gender, they are called into question, opening loopholes and criticisms of regulatory models, and also violent, that sometimes anchor health practices. This research indicates the importance of further studies towards the production involving gender and labor processes. (AU)

En este artículo analizamos el trabajo em salud en una Unidad Quirúrgica de un Hospitala partir de los referentes teóricos de la Clínica de Actividad, prestando atención a la especificidad del performatividad de género em esta experiencia.Para eso, producimos un recorrido transversal desde el punto de vista del método, operando entre la Clínica de Actividad y las pistas del Método Cartográfico, realizando también articulaciones com la propuesta praxiográfica. Los análisis muestran que, a pesar de lãs fuertes prescripciones que conforman el trabajo en una unidad quirúrgica, los trabajadores y trabajadoras problematizan las normas laborales y de género em lãs situaciones laborales, produciendo estilizaciones. Es em la actividad donde se cuestionan las normas laborales, así como el género, abriendo lagunas y críticas a modelos regulatorios, y también violentos, que en ocasiones anclanlas prácticas de salud. A partir de esta investigación, señalamos la importancia de producir estudios relacionados com la producción de género em medio de los procesos operativos del trabajo. (AU)

Mortalidad operatoria en cirugía mayor. Análisis retrospectivo en un Servicio de Cirugía / Operative mortality in major surgery. Retrospective analysis in a Surgery Service

RESUMEN Introducción: la propia asistencia médica provoca, en determinadas situaciones, problemas de salud que pueden llegar a ser importantes para el enfermo. El análisis de la mortalidad es uno de los parámetros utilizados para investigar la seguridad en la realización de procederes de cirugía mayor. Objetivo: determinar los factores asociados a la mortalidad operatoria en cirugías mayores. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo, de los pacientes que fallecieron tras la realización de una cirugía mayor, en el Hospital Militar Docente Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy, de Matanzas, en el período comprendido de enero de 2011 a diciembre de 2019. Resultados: la tercera edad aportó 77,3 % de los fallecidos. La hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus y cardiopatía isquémica fueron las principales comorbilidades. El abdomen agudo fue el diagnóstico operatorio más frecuente con 98 (58,3 %). Las complicaciones aportaron el 11,9 % de los fallecidos; los eventos adversos, 29,7 %, y por el curso natural de la enfermedad, murió un 58,3 %. El síndrome de disfunción múltiple de órganos y el shock séptico resultaron las principales causas de muerte (62 %). Conclusiones: la mortalidad operatoria estuvo asociada a factores de riesgo como edad avanzada, enfermedades crónicas y cirugía de urgencia. Los eventos adversos elevan la incidencia de mortalidad en cirugía mayor. Las infecciones son la principal causa de mortalidad operatoria (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: medical care itself causes, in certain situations, health problems that could be very important for the patient. The mortality analysis is one of the parameters used to study safety performing procedures of major surgery. Objective: to determine the factors associated to operatory mortality in major surgeries. Materials and methods: a retrospective, descriptive and observational study was carried out of the patients who passed away after undergoing a major surgery in the Military Hospital Dr. Mario Munoz Monroy in the period between January 2011 and December 2019. Results: 77.3 % of the deceased were elder people. The main co-morbidities were arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease. The most frequent surgery diagnosis was acute abdomen with 98 patients (58.3 %). Complications yielded 11.9 % of the deceases, adverse events 29.7 % and 58.3 % died due to the natural course of the disease. The organs multiple dysfunction syndrome and septic shock were the main causes of dead (62 %). Conclusions: operatory mortality was associated to risk factors like advanced age, chronic diseases and emergency surgery. The adverse events increase mortality incidence in major surgery. Infections are the main causes of operatory mortality (AU).

Nicaraguan surgical and anesthesia infrastructure: survey of Ministry of Health hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Developing countries have surgical and anesthesia needs that are unique and disparate compared to those of developed countries. However, the extent of these disparities and the specific country-based needs are, for the most part, unknown. The goal of this study was to assess the surgical capacity of Nicaragua's public hospitals as part of a multinational study. METHODS: A survey adapted from the World Health Organization Tool for Situational Analysis to Assess Emergency and Essential Surgical care was used to study 28 primary, departmental, regional, and national referral hospitals within the Ministry of Health system. Data were obtained at the national and hospital levels via interviews with administrators and surgical and anesthesia chiefs of services. RESULTS: There are 580 obstetrician/gynecologists (OB/GYN), 1,040 non-OB/GYN surgeons, and 250 anesthesiologists in Nicaragua. Primary, departmental, regional, and national referral hospitals perform an annual average of 374, 4,610, 7,270, and 7,776 surgeries, respectively. All but six primary hospitals were able to perform surgeries. Four hospitals reported routine water shortages. Routine medication shortages were reported in 11 hospitals. Eight primary hospitals lacked blood banks on site. Of 28 hospitals, 22 reported visits from short-term surgical brigades within the past 2 years. Measurement of surgical outcomes was inconsistent across hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical capacity varies by hospital type, with primary hospitals having the least surgical capacity and surgical volume. Departmental, regional, and national referral hospitals have adequate surgical capacity. Surgical subspecialty care appears to be insufficient, as evidenced by the large presence of NGOs and other surgical brigade teams filling this gap.

Evaluación de indicadores en artroplastia: año 2008 / Evaluation of indicators in arthroplasty: year 2008

Objetivo: Estimar indicadores que permitan medir el desempeño de los centros que realizan\r\nartroplastias bajo la cobertura financiera del FNR. Material y Métodos: Indicadores: Se diseñaron y calcularon los siguientes indicadores: Indicadores de Proceso: a) Tiempo entre la fractura y la cirugía menor a 7 días. Indicadores de Resultado: b) Mortalidad Operatoria Cruda. c) Mortalidad Cruda al Año. d) Mortalidad al Año Ajustada por Riesgo Preoperatorio en artroplastia de cadera por fractura. e) Incidencia de Infección Profunda de Sitio Quirúrgico (ISQ). f) Incidencia de Re-intervenciones antes del año de la artroplastia. g) Incidencia de Luxaciones antes del año de la artroplastia. h) Indicadores Funcionales al año. i) Incidencia de Solicitud de Recambios. Se estudiaron los indicadores referidos en los pacientes en quienes se realizó una\r\nartroplastia bajo la cobertura del FNR en el año 2008. Muestreo: para los indicadores ISQ, reintervenciones, luxaciones e indicadores funcionales, se tomó una muestra no proporcional, estratificada por IMAE y por tipo de cirugía. Los IMAE MUCAM y COMEPA se censaron y de los otros IMAE se obtuvieron muestras. Las fracciones de muestreo fueron: a) Artroplastia de Cadera por Artrosis. b) Artroplastia de Cadera por Fractura. c) Artroplastia de Rodilla. La población muestreada correspondió a todos los procedimientos de artroplastia realizados durante el año 2008 bajo la cobertura financiera del FNR. Definiciones: mortalidad Operatoria; mortalidad al año; mortalidad esperada al año en artroplastia de cadera por artrosis; infección de sitio quirúrgico profunda; re-intervención; escala de movilidad; escala de dolor. Fuentes de Datos: Los datos analizados fueron obtenidos de: a) los formularios de solicitud y realización\r\nde la artroplastia que son enviados al FNR por los médicos tratantes y por el cirujano que realiza la cirugía, b) las entrevistas telefónicas realizada a la muestra de pacientes y c) los datos de mortalidad fueron obtenidos de la base de datos de Registros Médicos del FNR.

[Patient safety in oncology surgery: experience of the São Paulo State Cancer Institute]. / Segurança do paciente em cirurgia oncológica: experiência do Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo.

Patient safety concerns in surgery are increasing. The frequency of surgery-related adverse events and errors is high, and most could be avoided. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) proposed the Universal Protocol (UP-JCAHO) for preventing wrong site, wrong procedure, and wrong person surgery. In Brazil, very few health-care institutions have adopted this Protocol. Thus, there is a need to improve its dissemination and assess its effectiveness. The aim of the present study was to report the experiences of the Sao Paulo State Cancer Institute (ICESP, acronym in Portuguese) in implementing the UP-JCAHO. The Protocol comprises three steps: pre-operative verification process, marking the operative site and Time out immediately before starting the procedure. The ICESP surgical center (SC) has been functioning since November 2008. The UP-JCAHO is applied to all surgeries. A total 1019 surgeries were performed up to June 2009. No errors or adverse events were registered. The implementation of the UP-JCAHO is simple. It can be a useful tool to prevent error and adverse events in SC.

Segurança do paciente em cirurgia oncológica: experiência do Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo / Patient safety in oncology surgery: experience of the São Paulo State Cancer Institute / Seguridad del paciente en cirugía oncológica: experiencia del Instituto del Cáncer del Estado de São Paulo

A preocupação com a segurança do paciente em centro cirúrgico (CC) tem sido crescente, devido à elevada frequência de erros e eventos adversos, que muitas vezes poderiam ser prevenidos. A Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) propôs o Protocolo Universal (PU) para a prevenção do lado, procedimento e paciente errado. No Brasil foram poucas as instituições que o implantaram, sendo necessária a divulgação e avaliação da sua efetividade. O objetivo foi relatar a experiência do Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP) na implantação do PU-JCAHO. O protocolo inclui três etapas: verificação pré-operatória, marcação do sitio cirúrgico (lateralidade) e TIME OUT. O CC do ICESP está em funcionamento desde novembro de 2008. O PU-JCAHO é aplicado integralmente a todas as cirurgias. Até junho de 2009 foram realizadas 1019 cirurgias, sem registro de erro ou evento adverso. A implantação do PU-JCAHO é simples, sendo ferramenta útil para prevenir erros e eventos adversos em CC.

Patient safety concerns in surgery are increasing. The frequency of surgery-related adverse events and errors is high, and most could be avoided. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) proposed the Universal Protocol (UP-JCAHO) for preventing wrong site, wrong procedure, and wrong person surgery. In Brazil, very few health-care institutions have adopted this Protocol. Thus, there is a need to improve its dissemination and assess its effectiveness. The aim of the present study was to report the experiences of the Sao Paulo State Cancer Institute (ICESP, acronym in Portuguese) in implementing the UP-JCAHO. The Protocol comprises three steps: pre-operative verification process, marking the operative site and Time out immediately before starting the procedure. The ICESP surgical center (SC) has been functioning since November 2008. The UP-JCAHO is applied to all surgeries. A total 1019 surgeries were performed up to June 2009. No errors or adverse events were registered. The implementation of the UP-JCAHO is simple. It can be a useful tool to prevent error and adverse events in SC.

La preocupación por la seguridad del paciente en centro quirúrgico (CC, siglas en portugués) ha sido creciente, debido a la elevada frecuencia de errores y eventos adversos que muchas veces podrían ser prevenidos. La Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) propuso el Protocolo Universal (PU) para la prevención de sitio, procedimiento o paciente equivocados. En Brasil, pocas instituciones lo implantaron, haciéndose necesaria la divulgación y evaluación de su efectividad. El objetivo del trabajo fue relatar la experiencia del Instituto del Cáncer del Estado de São Paulo (ICESP) en la implantación del PU-JCAHO. El protocolo incluye tres etapas: verificación preoperatoria, marcación del sitio quirúrgico (lateralidad) y TIME OUT. El CC del ICESP está en funcionamiento desde noviembre de 2008. El PU-JCAHO es aplicado integralmente en todas las cirugías. Hasta junio de 2009 fueron efectuados 1019 procedimientos quirúrgicos, sin registro de error o evento adverso. La implantación del PU-JCAHO es simple, y es una herramienta útil para prevenir errores y eventos adversos en el quirófano.

Utilização de máscara facial cirúrgica descartável no ambiente cirúrgico / Use of disposable surgical face masks at the surgical environment / Utilización de la máscara facial quirúrgica desechables en lo ambiente quirúrgico

As máscaras faciais cirúrgicas são essenciais tanto para a proteção individual dos membros da equipe da Unidade de Centro Cirúrgico (UCC), quanto para a proteção do paciente durante o procedimento. Esse estudo teve como objetivo analisar a utilização da máscara facial cirúrgica pelos acadêmicos e profissionais de saúde na UCC quanto ao tempo, local e forma de utilização. Foram observados 33 acadêmicos e profissionais de um Hospital de Clínicas, no período de janeiro a fevereiro de 2008. Para a coleta dos dados foi utilizado um instrumento específico do tipo checklist e a análise feita segundo estatística descritiva, em freqüência absoluta, relativa e média. Os principais resultados encontrados foram: 81,8% acadêmicos e profissionais utilizaram a máscara cirúrgica cobrindo boca e nariz, 72,7% acadêmicos e profissionais colocaram a máscara no início do procedimento cirúrgico, e 60,6% acadêmicos e profissionais retiraram a máscara pelas tiras. Assim, observou-se que a máscara cirúrgica foi, no geral, utilizada de maneira adequada conforme preconizado por órgãos nacionais e internacionais, fato provavelmente relacionado ao ambiente acadêmico do Hospital analisado, onde há divulgação constante de normas e padrões recomendados.

Surgical masks are essential as for the individual protection of Surgical Center team members as for the patient's protection during the procedure. The present study objective was to assess the wearing of surgical masks by surgical site students and professionals according to time, local and way of use. Thirty-three students and professionals were observed in a Clinic Hospital, from January to February 2008. For data collection, a specific instrument of checklist kind was used, and the evaluation was made based on descriptive statistics and absolute, relative and medium frequency. The main results obtained were: 81,8% of the students and professionals wear the surgical mask covering mouth and nose, 72,7% of the students and professionals wear the mask in the beginning of the procedure, and 60,6% of the students and professionals discarded the mask from the strips. So, the surgical mask was, in general, used in a correct way according to what is advocated by national and international organizations, fact probably connected to the academic environment of the analyzed hospital, where recommended guidelines and patterns divulgation is constant.

Máscaras faciales quirúrgicas son esenciales tanto para la protección individual de los miembros del equipo del Centro Quirúrgico, cuanto para la protección del paciente durante el procedimiento. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la utilización de la máscara quirúrgica por los acadêmicos y profesionales de salud en la Unidad del Sitio Quirúrgico con relación al tiempo, localidad y forma de utilización. Fueron observados 33 académicos y profesionales de Hospital de Clínicas, en el periodo de Enero a Febrero de 2008. Para la coleta de los datos, fue utilizado un instrumento especifico del tipo checklist, y su análisis hecha según estadística descriptiva, en frecuencia absoluta, relativa y media. Los principales resultados encontrados fueron: 81,8% de los acadêmicos y profesionales utilizaran la máscara quirúrgica cubriendo la boca y nariz, 72,7% de los acadêmicos y profesionales punieron la máscara en el inicio de lo procedimiento quirúrgico, y 60,6% de los acadêmicos y profesionales retiraran la máscara por las tiras. Así, fue observado que la máscara quirúrgica fue, en general, utilizada de manera adecuada conforme preconizado por órganos nacionales y internacionales, facto probablemente relacionado al ambiente académico del Hospital analizado, donde hay divulgación constante de normas y padrones recomendados.

The role of surgeon specialization in improving patient outcomes: a challenge for the Caribbean.

Progressive surgeon specialization has been shown to result in improved patient outcomes for many surgical procedures. This has been demonstrated in improved survival following cancer surgery and improved operative morbidity and mortality for other procedures. Concentrating complex surgical cases in centres where case volume and expertise exist should result in better overall surgical care delivery.

La gestión de riesgo en el control de las infecciones de sitio operatorio / Risk management in the control of the infections of operating sites

Las infecciones intrahospitalarias son eventos adversos con factores de riesgo de producción conocidos, en su mayoría administrables a través de la metodología de gestión de riesgos. En el presente artículo pretendemos mostrar una experiencia realizada por el Comité de Infecciones Intrahospitalarias (IIH) de Clínica las Condes, en el cual se aplicó un programa de Gestión de Riesgos específico orientado a la prevención de infección de sitio opera (ISO), cuyo objetivo fue mejorar el cumplimiento de dos de las siete recomendaciones altamente efectivas en la reducción de ISO, como son: preparación de piel del paciente y profilaxis antibiótica. Fue diseñado un protocolo de seguimiento de procesos, utilizado en todos los pacientes que ingresaron consecutivamente a Clínica Las Condes (CLC) para ser sometidos a diferentes a diferentes intervenciones quirúrgicas, durante los meses de mayo y junio del 2006. En el período en estudio fueron incluidos 599 pacientes, a los cuales se les acompañó en cada una de las etapas que el protocolo de seguimiento determinaba desde la admisión hasta el alta. La evaluación del programa se realizó mediante la comparación de tasas de ISO en dos períodos (pre y post intervención). El programa implementado impactó en la disminución de la tasa de infección de sitio operatorio en los siete indicadores quirúrgicos evaluados con cifras por debajo del standar de CLC, siendo considerado costo favorable. El check list creado (anexo 1) se presenta como una estrategia de reducción de riesgos para permitir el desarrollo del proceso quirúrgico de manera adecuada.

Espaço físico do centro cirúrgico: situação ideal versus realidade / Physical Space of Operating Room: ideal situation versus reality

Centro Cirúrgico é o local onde são realizadas intervenções cirúrgicas, com suporte da ação de uma equipe profissional. É considerada área crítica de um Hospital. Visto que em muitas Instituições, esta unidade não se enquadra aos padrões pré-estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Saúde, avaliou-se a estrutura física do Centro Cirúrgico, de um Hospital de médio porte e comparou-se com o preconizado pelo Ministério. Para tanto, entrevistou-se o Técnico de Segurança do Trabalho. Pôde-se notar que muitas das normas exigidas pelo Ministério da Saúde não são cumpridas, o que pode interferir diretamente na assistência prestada.

Antibiotic use and overuse for appendicectomy in Antigua and Barbuda.

The use of antibiotics for appendicectomy in Antigua and Barbuda, from January 1998 to December 1999, was examined with respect to current Surgical Infection Society guidelines from developed countries. There were 143 cases of appendicectomy performed at Holberton Hospital. The mean patient age and standard deviation (SD) was 28.1 +/- 15.8 years, 57% female. Pathology showed inflammed appendix only in 56%, peri-appendiceal abscess/perforation in 17%, "fibrosed" appendix in 10% and normal appendix in 17%. Postoperative infection (wound infection, fever > three days) was seen in 7/24 (29%) of cases with peri-appendiceal abscess/perforation and 2/119 (1.7%) of the other cases. A subset of 88 cases had antibiotic use reviewed: 3/88 (3.4%) were given no antibiotics, 7/88 (8%) were given one antibiotic, 5/88 (5.7%) were given two antibiotics, 72/88 (81.8%) were given three antibiotics and 1/88 (1.1%) was given four antibiotics. Parenteral antibiotics were given a mean and SD of 5.39 +/- 1.94 days followed by oral antibiotics in 18/88 (20.5%) cases. Those with appendiceal abscess/perforation were treated parenterally for mean and SD of 6.56 +/- 2.35 days, not significantly different from others. Most frequent antibiotics used were gentamicin, metronidazole and ampicillin/penicillin/cloxacillin/cephradine (81.8%). The Surgical Infection Society recommends starting prophylactic antibiotics before surgery, using appropriate spectrum agents for less than 24 hours if not contaminated and less than five days if infected. It may be possible to safely reduce antibiotic use for appendicectomy in Antigua and Barbuda.

Antibiotic use and overuse for appendicectomy in Antigua and Barbuda

The use of antibiotics for appendicectomy in Antigua and Barbuda, from January 1998 to December 1999, was examined with respect to current Surgical Infection Society guidelines from developed countries. There were 143 cases of appendicectomy performed at Holberton Hospital. The mean patient age and standard deviation (SD) was 28.1 +/- 15.8 years, 57female. Pathology showed inflammed appendix only in 56, peri-appendiceal abscess/perforation in 17, [quot ]fibrosed[quot ] appendix in 10and normal appendix in 17. Postoperative infection (wound infection, fever > three days) was seen in 7/24 (29) of cases with peri-appendiceal abscess/perforation and 2/119 (1.7) of the other cases. A subset of 88 cases had antibiotic use reviewed: 3/88 (3.4) were given no antibiotics, 7/88 (8) were given one antibiotic, 5/88 (5.7) were given two antibiotics, 72/88 (81.8) were given three antibiotics and 1/88 (1.1) was given four antibiotics. Parenteral antibiotics were given a mean and SD of 5.39 +/- 1.94 days followed by oral antibiotics in 18/88 (20.5) cases. Those with appendiceal abscess/perforation were treated parenterally for mean and SD of 6.56 +/- 2.35 days, not significantly different from others. Most frequent antibiotics used were gentamicin, metronidazole and ampicillin/penicillin/cloxacillin/cephradine (81.8). The Surgical Infection Society recommends starting prophylactic antibiotics before surgery, using appropriate spectrum agents for less than 24 hours if not contaminated and less than five days if infected. It may be possible to safely reduce antibiotic use for appendicectomy in Antigua and Barbuda.

Se examinó el uso de los antibióticos en apendicectomías en Antigua y Barbuda, en el período comprendido de enero de 1998 a diciembre de 1999, sobre la base de las guías actuales de la Sociedad de Infecciones Quirúrgicas de los países desarrollados. Un total de 143 casos de apendicectomía fueron atendidos en el Hospital Holberton. La edad media de los pacientes y la desviación estándar (DE) fue 28.1 + 15.8 años, 57% mujeres. La patología mostró apéndice inflamado sólo en el 56% de los casos, absceso periapendicular/perforación en 17%, apéndice "fibroso"en el 10% y apéndice normal en el 17%. Se vio infección postoperatoria (infección de heridas, fiebre>tres días) en 7/24 (29%) de los casos con absceso periapendicular/perforación y 2/119 (1.7%) de los otros casos. A un subconjunto de 88 casos se le revisó el uso de antibióticos: a 3/88 (3.4%) no se les dio antibióticos, 7/88 (8%) recibieron un antibiótico, 5/88 (5.7%) recibieron dos antibiótico, 72/88 (81.8%) recibieron tres antibióticos, y 1/88 (1.1%) recibió cuatro antibióticos. Se suministraron antibióticos parenterales para una media y DE equivalente a 5.39 ± 1.94 días, seguidos de antibióticos orales en 18/88 (20.5%) casos. Los pacientes con absceso apendicular/perforación fueron tratados parenteralmente para una media y DE equivalente a 6.56 + 2.35 días, sin diferencia significativa con respecto a los otros. Los antibióticos más frecuentes fueron la gentamicina, el metronidazol, y la ampicilina/ penicilina/ cloxacilina/ cefradina (81.8%). La Sociedad de Infecciones Quirúrgicas recomienda que se comience con antibióticos profilácticos antes de la cirugía, usando agentes de espectro apropiado durantes menos de 24 horas si no hay contaminación y menos de 5 días si hay infección. El uso de antibióticos en la apendicectomía puede reducirse sin peligro en Antigua.

[A proposal of new indices for hospital management]. / Propuesta de índices de gestión de servicios médico-quirúrgicos hospitalarios mediante técnicas estadísticas multivariantes.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis related groups (DRGs) are the most reliable patient classification system in hospital management. When this information is unavailable, other reliable classification system must be used. AIM: To obtain useful indices for hospital management, based on descriptive multivariate techniques. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data on admissions to a University Hospital during 2003 were analyzed. Number of discharges, lethality rate, re-admission rate, number of outpatient consultations, length of hospital stay and surgical complexity index were analyzed, using information obtained by the Operations Management Department. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) technique was applied and the R correlation matrix was used. RESULTS: A total of 24,345 discharges were analyzed. The first two principal components were selected, accounting cumulatively for 76% of data variability (47% for the first and 29% for the second). CONCLUSIONS: The first component may be assimilated to a new index representing the difficulty of the attended cases, which we have termed Case Complexity. The second principal component would explain the number of attended persons, which we have termed Case Load. These two indices allow us to classify hospital services.

Propuesta de índices de gestión de servicios médico-quirúrgicos hospitalarios mediante técnicas estadísticas multivariantes / A proposal of new indices for hospital management

Background: Diagnosis related groups (DRGs) are the most reliable patient classification system in hospital management. When this information is unavailable, other reliable classification system must be used. Aim: To obtain useful indices for hospital management, based on descriptive multivariate techniques. Material and Methods: Data on admissions to a University Hospital during 2003 were analyzed. Number of discharges, lethality rate, re-admission rate, number of outpatient consultations, length of hospital stay and surgical complexity index were analyzed, using information obtained by the Operations Management Department. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) technique was applied and the R correlation matrix was used. Results: A total of 24,345 discharges were analyzed. The first two principal components were selected, accounting cumulatively for 76percent of data variability (47percent for the first and 29percent for the second). Conclusions: The first component may be assimilated to a new index representing the difficulty of the attended cases, which we have termed Case Complexity. The second principal component would explain the number of attended persons, which we have termed Case Load. These two indices allow us to classify hospital services.

Difference between observed and predicted length of stay as an indicator of inpatient care inefficiency.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of the difference between observed and predicted length of stay (OLOS-PLOS) as an inefficiency of care indicator for inpatients. SETTING: The Internal Medicine and the General Surgery departments of Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital in Havana. DESIGN AND STUDY PARTICIPANTS: Two sets of clinical histories were needed for each department: one for deriving the predictive equation and another to validate it. The equation was a linear multiple regression model which included variables recognized as affecting length of stay. The validation group of histories was thoroughly examined and separated into two groups: (i) adequate efficiency or mild problems and (ii) inefficiencies considered to be moderate or severe. This classification was the gold standard to obtain a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the indicator. RESULTS: The function explained 41% of the total variation for Internal Medicine and 70% for General Surgery. The indicator's mean difference between the two validation groups of histories was around 10 days for both departments. The areas under the ROC curve were 0.80 for Internal Medicine and 0.88 for General Surgery. Sensitivity and specificity > 0.7 for detecting inefficiencies of care are achieved with a cut off point of 2 days for Internal Medicine and 1 day for General Surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The use of predictive equations might be quite useful for detecting efficiency problems in inpatient health care.

Avaliaçäo microbiológica ambiental em salas de centros cirúrgicos utilizadas em cirurgias oftalmológicas / Environmental microbiological evaluation of ophthalmic surgery rooms

Objetivo: determinar a flora microbiana ambiental dos centros cirúrgicos oftalmológicos, com os aparelhos de ar condicionado ligados ou näo. Metodologia: placas de cultura foram colocadas por tempo determinado ao lado do campo, durante a cirurgia, em 7 centros cirúrgicos ambulatoriais e 7 hospitalares da cidade de Säo Paulo. Resultados: foram isoladas 258 colônias de microrganismos, sendo 228 de bactérias e 30 de fungos. Do total das bactérias, encontrou-se 78 p/cento de cocos gram-positivos coagulase negativa (Staphylococcus epidermidis e Staphylococcus saprophyticus) e 22 por cento de outras bactérias (S.aureus, bacilos diferóides e Bacillus sp.). Do toal de microrganismos encontrou-se